Research

20 pages, 8827 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design of Robust Fuzzy Logic Controller Based on Gradient Descent Algorithm with Parallel-Resonance Type Fault Current Limiter for Grid-Tied PV System

by Saif Ul Islam, Kamran Zeb and Soobae Kim

Sustainability 2022, 14(19), 12251; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su141912251 - 27 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1677

Abstract

This article demonstrates a new topology for optimization of the electrical variables and enhancement of low-voltage-ride-through (LVRT) capacity of a grid-tied photovoltaic system (PS) during asymmetrical faults. The proposed topology comprises a fuzzy-logic controller (FLC) based on gradient descent (GD) optimization in association [...] Read more.

This article demonstrates a new topology for optimization of the electrical variables and enhancement of low-voltage-ride-through (LVRT) capacity of a grid-tied photovoltaic system (PS) during asymmetrical faults. The proposed topology comprises a fuzzy-logic controller (FLC) based on gradient descent (GD) optimization in association with parallel-resonance-type fault current limiter (PRFCL) as an LVRT circuitry. Gradient descent is an iterative process to minimize the objective function by updating the variable in the opposite direction of the gradient of the objective function. The PRFCL optimizes the fault variables, specifically preventing voltage sag without any transitional spikes. A 100-kW detailed model of grid-tied PS is used in MATLAB/Simulink to analyze the response of the proposed topology at the point of common coupling (PCC) and PV side variables. A keen comparative study of the conventionally adopted proportional-integral (PI) controller in association with crowbar circuitry is carried out for the justification of the proposed topology. The simulation findings of the proposed topology authenticate the optimal response of variables in terms of stability, robustness, smoothness, and fault tolerance at both the grid side and the PV side. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Optimization of Renewable Energy Systems)

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16 pages, 7838 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization and Performance Analysis of Francis Turbine Runner Based on Super-Transfer Approximate Method under Multi-Energy Complementary Conditions

by Xiaobo Zheng, Yaping Zhao, Huan Zhang, Yongjian Pu, Zhihua Li and Pengcheng Guo

Sustainability 2022, 14(16), 10331; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su141610331 - 19 Aug 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1799

Abstract

Hydropower unit is the compensation power generation of the energy regulating unit in wind–solar–water multi-energy complementary systems that often require the turbine to operate in a partial working condition area, thereby resulting in problems of low hydraulic efficiency and severe vibration during operation. [...] Read more.

Hydropower unit is the compensation power generation of the energy regulating unit in wind–solar–water multi-energy complementary systems that often require the turbine to operate in a partial working condition area, thereby resulting in problems of low hydraulic efficiency and severe vibration during operation. A multi-objective and multi-condition optimization design method for Francis turbine runner based on the super-transfer approximation approach was proposed in this study. The proposed method aims to improve the hydraulic performance of the turbine, enhance and suppress the vibration of the turbine, and expand the operation range of the turbine on the basis of the actual situation given that Francis turbine frequently operates in low- and ultralow-load areas under the condition of multi-energy complementarity and continuous adjustment of operating conditions. Different operating conditions from low load to full load were selected as performance evaluation conditions. The super-transfer approximation method was used to select the weight co-efficient of water turbine operating conditions, and a multi-objective optimization function with the efficiency and cavitation performance of the water turbine as optimization objectives was constructed to ensure that the optimized water turbine can achieve the optimal performance in the full working condition range. Results showed that the pressure distribution on the blade surface of the optimized runner was uniform and the working ability was enhanced under the condition of ensuring the performance stability of optimal and rated conditions when the original runner was optimized. The hydraulic efficiency of the turbine under the low-load conditions OP1 and OP2 increased by 4.61 and 3.17%, respectively. Hence, the optimized runner is suitable for hydraulic turbines under multi-energy complementary conditions. The results of this study can provide a reference for the optimal design and operation of the turbine runner. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Optimization of Renewable Energy Systems)

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13 pages, 1138 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unit Commitment for Power Generation Systems Based on Prices in Smart Grid Environment Considering Uncertainty

by Hassan Shokouhandeh, Mehrdad Ahmadi Kamarposhti, Ilhami Colak and Kei Eguchi

Sustainability 2021, 13(18), 10219; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su131810219 - 13 Sep 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1587

Abstract

With the growing demand for electricity, the inability of governments to provide the necessary resources to invest in the electricity industry and the rising price of fossil fuels, the tendency is to study and pay attention to economic issues in power systems studies. [...] Read more.

With the growing demand for electricity, the inability of governments to provide the necessary resources to invest in the electricity industry and the rising price of fossil fuels, the tendency is to study and pay attention to economic issues in power systems studies. In this paper a new modified version of gray wolf optimization (MGWO) is proposed to solve the unit commitment (UC) problem in a power system in case of uncertainty. Market price variation is the main source of uncertainty in the UC program. Therefore, a model based on normal probability density function (PDF) is present for reducing the market price uncertainty effect in the model. Simulations are done for a standard 10 thermal units power system, and the results of the optimization by the proposed MGWO are compared with the previous version of the GWO algorithm and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm results. The simulation results confirm the superiority of the proposed MGWO algorithm over the two algorithms PSO and GWO. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Optimization of Renewable Energy Systems)

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21 pages, 6372 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Operation Modes of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Generation System for Remote Consumers’ Power Supply

by Aleksandr Kulikov, Aleksey Loskutov, Andrey Kurkin, Andrey Dar’enkov, Andrey Kozelkov, Valery Vanyaev, Andrey Shahov, Andrey Shalukho, Rustam Bedretdinov, Ivan Lipuzhin and Evgeny Kryukov

Sustainability 2021, 13(16), 9355; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su13169355 - 20 Aug 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2389

Abstract

At the present stage of electric power industry development, special attention is being paid to the development and research of new efficient energy sources. The use of hydrogen fuel cells is promising for remote autonomous power supply systems. The authors of the paper [...] Read more.

At the present stage of electric power industry development, special attention is being paid to the development and research of new efficient energy sources. The use of hydrogen fuel cells is promising for remote autonomous power supply systems. The authors of the paper have developed the structure and determined the optimal composition of a hybrid generation system based on hydrogen fuel cells and battery storage and have conducted studies of its operating modes and for remote consumers’ power supply efficiency. A simulation of the electromagnetic processes was carried out to check the operability of the proposed hybrid generation system structure. The simulation results confirmed the operability of the structure under consideration, the calculation of its parameters reliability and the high quality of the output voltage. The electricity cost of a hybrid generation system was estimated according to the LCOE (levelized cost of energy) indicator, its value being 1.17 USD/kWh. The factors influencing the electricity cost of a hydrogen generation system have been determined and ways for reducing its cost identified. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Optimization of Renewable Energy Systems)

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17 pages, 5567 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Evaluation of the Flow around a New Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Concept

by Ion Malael and Ioana Octavia Bucur

Sustainability 2021, 13(16), 9012; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su13169012 - 12 Aug 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1700

Abstract

In order to develop a sustainable economy based on the efficient use of green energy resources, it is necessary to research and innovate systems such as wind turbines. In this paper, a new configuration for vertical axis wind turbines was proposed and numerically [...] Read more.

In order to develop a sustainable economy based on the efficient use of green energy resources, it is necessary to research and innovate systems such as wind turbines. In this paper, a new configuration for vertical axis wind turbines was proposed and numerically analyzed using CFD methods. The concept is based on solving the starting problem of lift-based vertical axis wind turbines. The new concept consists of three blades with different chords, arranged at different radii so that the interaction between the blades is reduced and the operation in the vortex wake is minimal, thus reducing the losses. Through comparing a classic case of an H-Darrieus wind turbine with the new concept, not only were satisfying results regarding the blade-to-blade interaction presented, but an increased efficiency of up to 10% was also observed. Among the presented results is the variation of the vorticity magnitude at different positions of the blades, thus, the concept’s blade-to-blade interaction is reduced. Conclusions drawn after the investigation are in favor of the proposed geometry and the concept should be pursued further. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Optimization of Renewable Energy Systems)

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14 pages, 1600 KiB

Open AccessArticle

CFD Prediction of Performance of Wind Turbines Integrated in the Existing Civil Infrastructure

by Samuel Handsaker, Iheanyichukwu Ogbonna and Konstantin Volkov

Sustainability 2021, 13(15), 8514; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su13158514 - 30 Jul 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1455

Abstract

Power generation from wind energy is almost entirely performed in rural locations or at sea, and very little attention has been given to the use of wind turbines in urban locations. Since the re-emergence of wind turbines, the majority of their applications are [...] Read more.

Power generation from wind energy is almost entirely performed in rural locations or at sea, and very little attention has been given to the use of wind turbines in urban locations. Since the re-emergence of wind turbines, the majority of their applications are in large commercial wind farms in rural areas or out at sea, and there is an increasing focus on the use of wind turbines within an urban environment possibly using existing structures, such as bridges and viaducts. There are very few existing buildings which have been designed from the ground-up to include wind turbines in the structure. In order to estimate the wind resources and the performance of a turbine at a particular site, a CFD model is designed and CFD calculations are performed. In order to simplify the modelling of a wind turbine actuator, disc theory is applied. Actuator disc theory is used, as it allows the aerodynamic behaviour of a wind turbine to be analyzed by just considering the energy extraction process without a specific wind turbine design. The power output of wind turbines installed beneath an already existing civil infrastructure is determined and analyzed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Optimization of Renewable Energy Systems)

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25 pages, 36839 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Approach for Design Optimization and Parametric Analysis of Symmetric Compound Parabolic Concentrator for Photovoltaic Applications

by Faisal Masood, Perumal Nallagownden, Irraivan Elamvazuthi, Javed Akhter and Mohammad Azad Alam

Sustainability 2021, 13(9), 4606; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su13094606 - 21 Apr 2021

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3108

Abstract

A compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) is a non-imaging device generally used in PV, thermal, or PV/thermal hybrid systems for the concentration of solar radiation on the target surface. This paper presents the geometric design, statistical modeling, parametric analysis, and geometric optimization of a [...] Read more.

A compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) is a non-imaging device generally used in PV, thermal, or PV/thermal hybrid systems for the concentration of solar radiation on the target surface. This paper presents the geometric design, statistical modeling, parametric analysis, and geometric optimization of a two-dimensional low concentration symmetric compound parabolic concentrator for potential use in building-integrated and rooftop photovoltaic applications. The CPC was initially designed for a concentration ratio of “2×” and an acceptance half-angle of 30°. A MATLAB code was developed in-house to provoke the CPC reflector’s profile. The height, aperture width, and concentration ratios were computed for different acceptance half-angles and receiver widths. The interdependence of optical concentration ratio and acceptance half-angle was demonstrated for a wide span of acceptance half-angles. The impact of the truncation ratio on the geometric parameters was investigated to identify the optimum truncation position. The profile of truncated CPC for different truncation positions was compared with full CPC. A detailed statistical analysis was performed to analyze the synergistic effects of independent design parameters on the responses using the response surface modeling approach. A set of optimized design parameters was obtained by establishing specified optimization criteria. A 50% truncated CPC with an acceptance half-angle of 21.58° and receiver width of 193.98 mm resulted in optimum geometric dimensions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Optimization of Renewable Energy Systems)

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24 pages, 3007 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Improvement of Self-Starting Capabilities of Vertical Axis Wind Turbines with New Design of Turbine Blades

by Samuel Mitchell, Iheanyichukwu Ogbonna and Konstantin Volkov

Sustainability 2021, 13(7), 3854; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su13073854 - 31 Mar 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2729

Abstract

A lift-driven vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) generates peak power when it is rotating at high tip-speed ratios (TSR), at which time the blades encounter angles of attack (AOA) over a small range from zero to 30 degrees. However, its ability to self-start [...] Read more.

A lift-driven vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) generates peak power when it is rotating at high tip-speed ratios (TSR), at which time the blades encounter angles of attack (AOA) over a small range from zero to 30 degrees. However, its ability to self-start is dependent upon its performance at low TSRs, at which time the blades encounter a range of AOAs from zero to 180 degrees. A novel vented aerofoil is presented with the intention of improving the performance of a lift-driven VAWT at low TSRs without hampering the performance of the wind turbine at high TSRs. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation is used to predict the aerodynamic characteristics of a new vented aerofoil based on the well documented NACA0012 profile. Simulations are performed using the SST turbulence model. The results obtained show a reduction in the coefficient of tangential force (the force that generates torque on the wind turbine) at low AOAs (less than 90 degrees) of no more than 30%, while at high AOAs (more than 90 degrees) an improvement in the tangential force of over 100% is observed. Using a simple momentum based performance prediction model, these results suggest that this would lead to an increase in torque generation by a theoretical three-bladed VAWT of up to 20% at low TSRs and a minor reduction in coefficient of performance of up to 9% at TSR of 2 and closer to 1% at higher TSRs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Optimization of Renewable Energy Systems)

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17 pages, 592 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Coordinated Planning of Energy Storage and Tie-Lines to Boost Flexibility with High Wind Power Integration

by Fahad Alismail, Mohamed A. Abdulgalil and Muhammad Khalid

Sustainability 2021, 13(5), 2526; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su13052526 - 26 Feb 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1599

Abstract

Since renewable power is intermittent and uncertain, modern grid systems need to be more elegant to provide a reliable, affordable, and sustainable power supply. This paper introduces a robust optimal planning strategy to find the location and the size of an energy storage [...] Read more.

Since renewable power is intermittent and uncertain, modern grid systems need to be more elegant to provide a reliable, affordable, and sustainable power supply. This paper introduces a robust optimal planning strategy to find the location and the size of an energy storage system (ESS) and feeders. It aims to accommodate the wind power energy integration to serve the future demand growth under uncertainties. The methodology was tested in the IEEE RTS-96 system and the simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed optimal sizing strategy. The findings validate the improvements in the power system reliability and flexibility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Optimization of Renewable Energy Systems)

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