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Innovation in SMEs and Sustainable Development: The Current Situation and the Way Forward

A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050). This special issue belongs to the section "Sustainable Management".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2023) | Viewed by 48403

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Marketing, School of Business, University of Nicosia, 2417 Nicosia, Cyprus
Interests: strategy; management; marketing; human resource management; business
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Guest Editor
Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
Interests: agribusiness, marketing, and management strategies in the agri-food industry; green marketing and sustainability; logistics; sustainable business models
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Economic Sciences and Management, Master Degree in Business Administration, Open University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
Interests: knowledge acquisition from external sources; knowledge sharing in various contexts; business model innovation, critical failure factors (CFFs); digital transformation of traditional organizations

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Small-and-Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs), despite their heterogeneity and diversity, have been found to be the backbone of the economic growth and development of the ecosystems of their operations (Muñoz-Pascual et al., 2019; Singh et al., 2009; Valaei et al., 2016). Although in the last decade SMEs have been interlaced with traditional markets, SMEs now also direct their businesses to emerging markets (Malik and Jasińska-Biliczak, 2018). A considerable number of SMEs across the world have gradually become innovative-driven actors (Vrontis et al., 2020; Widya-Hasuti et al., 2018). However, little is known about whether SMEs’ innovative actions are a response to the resource constraints they often face, leading them to seek more effective ways to operate and/or produce (e.g., Widya-Hasuti); how they innovate; and to what extent their innovative actions are sustainability related or sustainability driven (Kleine and Von Hauff, 2009; Kron et al., 2013).

Although, current research is evidenced and based on technology innovation, SMEs innovate beyond technology (Vrontis et al., 2020). There is no clear understanding, however, about the sectors of innovative-driven SMEs, the factors of the external environment affecting their innovative actions, the antecedents to SMEs’ sustainable development, or their ability to innovate by themselves. We seek contributions to expand current knowledge of SMEs’ innovation by exploring various types of innovation and their impact on sustainable development. To shed light in SMEs’ innovation, this Special Issue focuses on innovative-driven SMEs operating in various national and international regions and contexts.

For this Special Issue, we welcome empirical and conceptual studies that have a solid conceptualization, analysis, and synthesis in order to contribute to a better understanding of how innovative-driven SMEs achieve sustainable development, with particular reference to the types of innovation and sustainability behavior.

Studies might focus on, but are not limited to, the following topics:

  • Types of innovation and SMEs’ sustainable development;
  • Business model innovation and SMEs’ sustainability;
  • Factors affecting innovative-driven SMEs’ sustainability beyond regional contexts;
  • Antecedents to SMEs’ sustainable innovation;
  • Stakeholder engagement and SMEs’ innovation;
  • Effects of public policies on SMEs’ innovation and sustainable development;
  • The impact of national culture on SMEs’ innovation and sustainable development;
  • Knowledge acquisition and SMEs’ innovation;
  • Strategic partnerships and SMEs’ sustained innovative outcomes;
  • Effects of organizational and individual factors on innovation-driven SMEs’ sustainable development.

References

Kiron, D., Kruschwitz, N., Reeves, M., and Goh, E. (2013). The benefits of sustainability-driven innovation. MIT Sloan Management Review, 54(2), 69.

Kleine, A. and Von Hauff, M. (2009). Sustainability-driven implementation of corporate social responsibility: application of the integrative sustainability triangle. Journal of Business Ethics, 85(3), 517.

Klewitz, J. and Hansen, E. G. (2014). Sustainability-oriented innovation of SMEs: a systematic review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 65, 57–75.

Malik, K. and Jasińska-Biliczak, A. (2018). Innovations and other processes as identifiers of contemporary trends in the sustainable development of SMEs: the case of emerging regional economies. Sustainability, 10(5), 1361.

Muñoz-Pascual, L., Curado, C., and Galende, J. (2019). The triple bottom line on sustainable product innovation performance in SMEs: a mixed methods approach. Sustainability, 11(6), 16–89.

Singh, R. K., Garg, S. K., and Deshmukh, S. G. (2009). The competitiveness of SMEs in a globalized economy. Management Research Review, 33(1), 54–65.

Valaei, N., Rezaei, S., and Ismail, W. K. W. (2017). Examining learning strategies, creativity, and innovation at SMEs using fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis and PLS path modeling. Journal of Business Research, 70, 224–233.

Vrontis, D., Basile, G., Andreano, M. S., Mazzitelli, A., and Papasolomou, I. (2020). The profile of innovation driven Italian SMEs and the relationship between the firms’ networking abilities and dynamic capabilities. Journal of Business Research, 114, 313–324.

Widya-Hasuti, A., Mardani, A., Streimikiene, D., Sharifara, A., and Fausto Cavallaro, F. (2018). The role of process innovation between firm-specific capabilities and sustainable innovation in SMEs: empirical evidence from Indonesia. Sustainability, 10(7), 22–44.

Prof. Dr. Demetris Vrontis
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Antonino Galati
Dr. Evangelia Siachou
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • innovative-driven SMEs
  • sustainable development
  • business model innovation
  • open innovation
  • stakeholder engagement
  • knowledge management

Published Papers (12 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 740 KiB  
Article
The Value of Integrity: Empowering SMEs with Ethical Marketing Communication
by Woon Kian Chong and Nitin Patwa
Sustainability 2023, 15(15), 11673; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su151511673 - 28 Jul 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3980
Abstract
Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have faced criticism for their use of adversarial and deceptive marketing communication practices, which present challenges to ethical and sustainable development. This study aims to examine the factors influencing ethical marketing communication and their impact on value creation. [...] Read more.
Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have faced criticism for their use of adversarial and deceptive marketing communication practices, which present challenges to ethical and sustainable development. This study aims to examine the factors influencing ethical marketing communication and their impact on value creation. With a robust dataset comprising responses from 183 participants and an impressive 85% response rate, structural equation modeling through ADANCO was employed to analyze the influence of each ethical communication factor on value creation. The findings reveal a positive relationship between ethical communication and value creation, benefiting all stakeholders involved. Moreover, the study emphasizes the importance of adhering to ethical principles and establishing mutually beneficial agreements with stakeholders to achieve successful outcomes in ethical communication. These findings underscore the significance of adopting ethical marketing communication practices to drive value creation and promote societal well-being. By incorporating ethical principles into their communication strategies, businesses can enhance their brand reputation, cultivate trust among customers, and contribute to the overall betterment of society. Full article
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20 pages, 4334 KiB  
Article
Identifying ESG Trends of International Container Shipping Companies Using Semantic Network Analysis and Multiple Case Theory
by Jeongmin Lee, Jinwoo Lee, Changhee Lee and Yulseong Kim
Sustainability 2023, 15(12), 9441; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su15129441 - 12 Jun 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2894
Abstract
Strengthened International Maritime Organization environmental regulations, the Poseidon principles, and other environmental changes require shipping companies to expand their Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) investments. ESG management is evolving as an essential requirement to enhance the competitiveness of global liner shipping companies. Under [...] Read more.
Strengthened International Maritime Organization environmental regulations, the Poseidon principles, and other environmental changes require shipping companies to expand their Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) investments. ESG management is evolving as an essential requirement to enhance the competitiveness of global liner shipping companies. Under these circumstances, this study aims to provide policy guidelines and future directions for the development of ESG management in Korean shipping companies. Accordingly, we selected four companies under THE Alliance, which is an ESG standard leader in shipping. Based on each shipping company’s sustainability reports from 2019 to 2021, we analyzed the major ESG performance factors required for a company to achieve its sustainability goals, developing four research questions. Based on multiple case study theory, we compared each company’s ESG management status and main characteristics using the quadruple helix model, proposing three measures to improve the ESG management of Korean shipping companies: 1. Cultivate ESG experts specialized in the maritime field; 2. Strengthen support for small- and medium-sized companies; 3. Construct a maritime-specialized ESG evaluation system and introduce voluntary management culture. Our findings contribute to the maritime industry’s development by identifying necessary factors and proposing improvement directions that will help Korean shipping companies to secure global competitiveness. Full article
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22 pages, 1561 KiB  
Article
An Integrated Framework for Sustainable Development in Agri-Food SMEs
by Aleksandra Figurek and Alkis Thrassou
Sustainability 2023, 15(12), 9387; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su15129387 - 11 Jun 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1572
Abstract
The primary objective of this study is the development of an integrated framework for sustainable development in agri-food Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) with a variety of production types. Dealing with the significant research problem of defining a successful record-keeping system, as this [...] Read more.
The primary objective of this study is the development of an integrated framework for sustainable development in agri-food Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) with a variety of production types. Dealing with the significant research problem of defining a successful record-keeping system, as this is the foundation of an integrated information framework in agri-food SMEs, this research identifies and explicates the several conceptual, methodological, organizational, and technical concerns related to the data collection, processing, and recording, as well as information generation in agri-food SMEs. Two main fields of research are distinguished: the micro-level, which is related to the monitoring of agri-food SMEs, and the macro-level, which relates to the collection, processing, and collective interpretation of different types of data. The findings show how the creation of a database for all levels of analysis, primarily business analyses, followed by an analysis of the development of the agri-food sector, as a whole and by individual regions and branches, etc., constitutes the basis for the effective operation and ongoing improvement of an integrated framework for the sustainable development of agri-food SMEs. Methodologically, this study employs the system approach, system analysis, and synthesis sequence to produce business, economic, and social findings of theoretical and practicable worth to scholars, executives, and decision makers. Full article
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14 pages, 998 KiB  
Article
How Organizational Resources and Managerial Features Affect Business Performance: An Analysis in the Greek Wine Industry
by Maria Crescimanno, Claudio Mirabella, Valeria Borsellino, Emanuele Schimmenti, Demetris Vrontis, Salvatore Tinervia and Antonino Galati
Sustainability 2023, 15(4), 3522; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su15043522 - 14 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1775
Abstract
Despite the growing interest of the wine industry in quality and environmental certifications and the influence of these standards on positioning in international markets, scholarly research has paid proportionally limited attention to the link between winery export intensity and the adoption of internationally [...] Read more.
Despite the growing interest of the wine industry in quality and environmental certifications and the influence of these standards on positioning in international markets, scholarly research has paid proportionally limited attention to the link between winery export intensity and the adoption of internationally recognized standards. This study aims to analyze which factors make an organizational model performant, and to verify the impact of the adoption of third-party certifications on the export performance by using the resource-based view (RBV) theory as a theoretical lens. Findings show that younger wineries are more oriented towards the adoption of voluntary quality and environmental certifications, and they achieve the best economic performance, expressed in terms of overall turnover on the market. On the contrary, the better export performance is achieved by the largest group of wineries, which make the greatest effort in promotion and advertising activities and sell their products through intermediaries, while showing a low adoption of certifications. Our results have a number of theoretical and practical implications. Full article
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19 pages, 1019 KiB  
Article
Innovation in SMEs, AI Dynamism, and Sustainability: The Current Situation and Way Forward
by Ranjan Chaudhuri, Sheshadri Chatterjee, Demetris Vrontis and Sumana Chaudhuri
Sustainability 2022, 14(19), 12760; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su141912760 - 07 Oct 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2717
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine artificial intelligence (AI) dynamism and its impact on sustainability of firms, including small and medium enterprises (SMEs). In addition, this study investigates the moderating effects of technological and leadership support for AI technology deployment and [...] Read more.
The purpose of this study is to examine artificial intelligence (AI) dynamism and its impact on sustainability of firms, including small and medium enterprises (SMEs). In addition, this study investigates the moderating effects of technological and leadership support for AI technology deployment and sustainability for manufacturing and production firms. We developed a theoretical model through the lenses of expectation disconfirmation theory (EDT), technology–trust–fit (TTF) theory, contingency theory, and the knowledge contained in the existing literature. We tested the proposed theoretical model using factor-based PLS-SEM technique by analyzing data from 343 managers of SMEs. The findings of this study demonstrate that organizational characteristics, situational characteristics, technological characteristics, and individual characteristics all impacted SMEs’ deployment of AI technologies for the purpose of achieving sustainability, with technological and leadership support acting as moderators. Full article
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15 pages, 303 KiB  
Article
Performance Measurement in R&D Projects: Relevance of Indicators Based on US and German Experts
by Vaida Zemlickienė and Zenonas Turskis
Sustainability 2022, 14(18), 11737; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su141811737 - 19 Sep 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1389
Abstract
To turn technologies into successful products, it is necessary to understand the development process from ideas to the market and to know how to measure performance. Performance measurement is critical for technology developers and investors in monitoring whether performance meets expectations to make [...] Read more.
To turn technologies into successful products, it is necessary to understand the development process from ideas to the market and to know how to measure performance. Performance measurement is critical for technology developers and investors in monitoring whether performance meets expectations to make decisions about actions for improving R&D characteristics. This article emphasizes indicators for R&D project performance measurement, especially relevant for measuring project performance in company, start-up and spin-off companies, where the project is perceived as an independent business unit. A clear set of indicators for measuring and controlling the performance of R&D projects for policy representatives would allow them to identify problematic areas in the implementation of R&D projects and to make well-aimed decisions for the promotion and financing of technology development. What indicators should be used to measure the performance of R&D projects? Attempts to find the answer to the question in science were unsuccessful. This article aims to select indicators for measuring the performance of R&D projects and identify and compare their relevance among US and German experts. Research is carried out in different countries, and their results create opportunities for mutual learning and more intensive international cooperation in technological development. In order to achieve a goal, essential decision-making points in R&D projects were identified, and a general set of R&D performance evaluation indicators were prepared based on a literature analysis. Later, two groups of experts from the US and Germany selected from the general list indicators suitable only for evaluating R&D projects and evaluated their relevance. The obtained evaluation results of the US and German experts were processed using the MCDM method and compared. Full article
22 pages, 677 KiB  
Article
A Study of the Relationship between Corporate Culture and Corporate Sustainable Performance: Evidence from Chinese SMEs
by Siyuan Wang and Linglan Huang
Sustainability 2022, 14(13), 7527; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su14137527 - 21 Jun 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4676
Abstract
Sustainable development is a significant issue facing small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Drawing on the literature of corporate sustainable development and the resource-based view, this study aims to examine how corporate flexibility and control culture influence sustainable performance by triggering innovation capabilities and [...] Read more.
Sustainable development is a significant issue facing small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Drawing on the literature of corporate sustainable development and the resource-based view, this study aims to examine how corporate flexibility and control culture influence sustainable performance by triggering innovation capabilities and investigate the moderating role of leadership style (i.e., transformational and transactional). The 186 matched questionnaire data from managers and employees in Chinese SMEs reveal that the flexibility and control culture are positively and negatively related to innovation capability, respectively, and that the latter mediates their influence on sustainable performance. Moreover, transformational leadership positively (negatively) moderates the relationship between flexibility (control) culture and innovation capability, while transactional leadership positively moderates the relationship between control culture and innovation capability. This study enriches the theoretical literature on corporate sustainable performance and provides management insights into how SMEs could survive and achieve sustained growth through corporate culture. Full article
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16 pages, 491 KiB  
Article
Adoption of Social Media Marketing for Sustainable Business Growth of SMEs in Emerging Economies: The Moderating Role of Leadership Support
by Sheshadri Chatterjee, Ranjan Chaudhuri, Georgia Sakka, Balakrishna Grandhi, Antonino Galati, Evangelia Siachou and Demetris Vrontis
Sustainability 2021, 13(21), 12134; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su132112134 - 03 Nov 2021
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 6289
Abstract
Social media marketing (SMM) plays an important role in business communication, marketing, operations, and other activities. There is a growing interest among researchers, academicians, and practitioners to understand the role of SMM in business sustainability in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in an [...] Read more.
Social media marketing (SMM) plays an important role in business communication, marketing, operations, and other activities. There is a growing interest among researchers, academicians, and practitioners to understand the role of SMM in business sustainability in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in an emerging economy, like India. Few studies have attempted to understand this role. Thus, the aim of this study is to examine the impact of adopting social media marketing for sustainable business growth of SMEs in an emerging economy. The study also investigates the moderating role of SME leadership support on the relationship between SMM usage and sustainable business growth of SMEs. After reviewing the existing literature and technology adoption model, a theoretical model is developed, which is then validated using a structural equation modeling technique to analyze 304 samples of Indian SMEs that use different social media marketing applications in their enterprises. This study confirmed that SMM tools significantly and positively improve the sustainable growth of SMEs in an emerging economy. Additionally, the study also found that SME leadership team plays a vital role in supporting actual usage of SMM tools that accelerate sustainable business growth of SMEs. Full article
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14 pages, 675 KiB  
Article
Factors Affecting ESG towards Impact on Investment: A Structural Approach
by Satyabrata Aich, Ayusha Thakur, Deepanjan Nanda, Sushanta Tripathy and Hee-Cheol Kim
Sustainability 2021, 13(19), 10868; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su131910868 - 30 Sep 2021
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 10745
Abstract
Recent disasters have emphasized the need for further action to protect businesses and society from long-term sustainability threats. We believe that the crisis is hastening nascent ESG trends, and that the increased focus on a company’s environmental and social impact will last long [...] Read more.
Recent disasters have emphasized the need for further action to protect businesses and society from long-term sustainability threats. We believe that the crisis is hastening nascent ESG trends, and that the increased focus on a company’s environmental and social impact will last long after crises have passed. We refined three fundamental concepts that guide our thinking on investing based on environmental, social, and governance factors as our approach to sustainable investing has evolved. The ESG factor assessments are more of an inherent aspect of a sound investment process than a separate investment discipline. When ESG variables are considered, the focus is on long-term risk adjusted investment returns. Investors should choose the strategy that best matches with their goals and interests. ESG investing is not a simple yes or no answer. The research gap extracted from the previous studies is to determine the relationship among the influencing factors of ESG and its priority with their driving and dependence capabilities. We used an ISM Approach to uncover the interrelationships and influencing behavior among the elements for considering ESG in investment after conducting a thorough literature research and consulting with experts. Here interpretive structural modeling (ISM) was used to explore the links among such extracted factors and its interdependencies. There was also focus on the short-term and long-term factors to achieve our desired objective. Our research will assist businesses in attracting and obtaining finance. The results of this analysis will be helpful for leaders to understand the impact of ESG on the investment aspects of an organization. Full article
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17 pages, 1627 KiB  
Article
Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises’ Business Vulnerability Cluster in Indonesia: An Analysis Using Optimized Fuzzy Geodemographic Clustering
by Rezzy Eko Caraka, Robert Kurniawan, Bahrul Ilmi Nasution, Jamilatuzzahro Jamilatuzzahro, Prana Ugiana Gio, Mohammad Basyuni and Bens Pardamean
Sustainability 2021, 13(14), 7807; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su13147807 - 13 Jul 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4603
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused effects in many sectors, including in businesses and enterprises. The most vulnerable businesses to COVID-19 are micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs). Therefore, this paper aims to analyze the business vulnerability of MSMEs in Indonesia using the fuzzy [...] Read more.
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused effects in many sectors, including in businesses and enterprises. The most vulnerable businesses to COVID-19 are micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs). Therefore, this paper aims to analyze the business vulnerability of MSMEs in Indonesia using the fuzzy spatial clustering approach. The fuzzy spatial clustering approach had been implemented to analyze the social vulnerability to natural hazards in Indonesia. Moreover, this study proposes the Flower Pollination Algorithm (FPA) to optimize the Fuzzy Geographically Weighted Clustering (FGWC) in order to cluster the business vulnerability in Indonesia. We performed the data analysis with the dataset from Indonesia’s national socioeconomic and labor force survey (SUSENAS and SAKERNAS). We first compared the performance of FPA with traditional FGWC, as well as several known optimization algorithms in FGWC such as Artificial Bee Colony, Intelligent Firefly Algorithm, Particle Swarm Optimization, and Gravitational Search Algorithm. Our results showed that FPAFGWC has the best performance in optimizing the FGWC clustering result in the business vulnerability context. We found that almost all of the regions in Indonesia outside Java Island have vulnerable businesses. Meanwhile, in most of Java Island, particularly the JABODETABEK area that is the national economic backbone, businesses are not vulnerable. Based on the results of the study, we provide the recommendation to handle the gap between the number of micro and small enterprises (MSMEs) in Indonesia. Full article
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13 pages, 692 KiB  
Article
Linking Green and Sustainable Entrepreneurial Intentions and Social Networking Sites; The Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy and Risk Propensity
by Iftikhar Hussain, Mehrab Nazir, Saadia Bano Hashmi, Imrab Shaheen, Sabahat Akram, Muhammad Arfaq Waseem and Adeel Arshad
Sustainability 2021, 13(13), 7050; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su13137050 - 23 Jun 2021
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 3653
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of the use of social networking sites on university graduate students’ green sustainable entrepreneurial intentions by developing a mediating effect. This study provided a research framework using Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior and Shapero’s model to illustrate the [...] Read more.
This study investigated the impact of the use of social networking sites on university graduate students’ green sustainable entrepreneurial intentions by developing a mediating effect. This study provided a research framework using Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior and Shapero’s model to illustrate the relationship between self-efficacy and risk propensity towards green and sustainable entrepreneurial intentions. This research model posited a relationship between the use of social networking sites and green and sustainable entrepreneurship intentions with a mediating role of risk propensity and self-efficacy. The structural questionnaire was adopted, validated, and disseminated to the 300 respondents of university students. This study’s findings confirmed that there was a significant positive effect of the use of social networking sites on green and sustainable entrepreneurship intentions with the indirect impact of risk propensity and self-efficacy. These substantial outcomes have essential practices and academic implications for representatives, policy makers, and entrepreneurial institutes, such as how to direct the use of such relative niche technologies for communication and the role of the internet to promote green and sustainable entrepreneurial practices among young people. Full article
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24 pages, 1367 KiB  
Article
A Study on Developing a Communicative Rational Action Scale
by Ahmet Yavuz Çamlı, Florina Oana Virlanuta, Bedrettin Türker Palamutçuoğlu, Nicoleta Bărbuță-Mișu, Şeref Güler and Deniz Züngün
Sustainability 2021, 13(11), 6317; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su13116317 - 02 Jun 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2294
Abstract
The aim of this study is to develop a Communicative Rational Action Scale and analyze its validity and reliability. The scale has been prepared for all administrators and especially for firm administrators based on Max Weber’s rationalizing theory and Jürgen Habermas’ communicative action [...] Read more.
The aim of this study is to develop a Communicative Rational Action Scale and analyze its validity and reliability. The scale has been prepared for all administrators and especially for firm administrators based on Max Weber’s rationalizing theory and Jürgen Habermas’ communicative action theory. The scale reveals to what extent administrators’ behaviors are communicatively rational while deciding or acting. In total, 282 participants joined this study. The sample group consisted of senior administrators of 87 firms acting in Turkey’s different Organized Industrial Zones or Free Zones. Data were analyzed by the SPSS 21 and AMOS 22 programs. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were applied to the obtained data. In order to test item discrimination, total item correlations were calculated and items under the value of 0.40 were removed from the scale. Exploratory factor analysis revealed 21 articles and five factors. The correlation coefficient of the 21-article scale with a similar scale is 0.979 (p < 0.001). The Cronbach’s alpha value is 0.945 and the test–retest correlation parameter is r = 0.793 (p < 0.001). In conclusion, it was determined by confirmatory factor analysis that the Communicative Rational Action Scale has a good cohesion criterion, and it is a valid and reliable assessment instrument. Full article
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