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Sustainable Integration of Renewable Power Generation Systems

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A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050). This special issue belongs to the section "Energy Sustainability".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (26 March 2023) | Viewed by 24926

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Paolo Sdringola

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Guest Editor

Energy Efficiency Department, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, 00123 Rome, Italy
Interests: energy conversion systems for traditional and renewables sources; CHP/CCHP and district heating; energy efficiency in civil and industrial sectors; energy audits and monitoring; environmental impacts and containment technologies; energy efficiency and mini grid at high altitude; life cycle assessment (LCA) and carbon footprint of products and processes; carbon credits
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Umberto Desideri

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Guest Editor

Department of Energy, System, Territory and Construction Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
Interests: innovative and high efficiency fossil fired power generation systems; renewable energy systems; hydrogen and fuel cells; carbon capture and storage; energy saving in buildings and industry; tri-generation and polygeneration; energy efficient buildings; building integrated renewable energy systems; LCA (life cycle assessment) and carbon footprint studies
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In recent decades, sustainable development has been one of the main objectives in the global agenda, across geographical and economic boundaries. Energy plays a decisive role in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), such as employment growth, industry, innovation, and infrastructure, sustainable cities and communities, clean energy, and climate change.

At the global level, the energy sector is responsible for more than two-thirds of greenhouse gas emissions and 80% of CO₂. Alongside lower future demand for energy in the heating and cooling sector, a shift to increased demand for electricity due to household electrical appliances, and electrification in heating and transport are expected. In order to reduce anthropogenic emissions and complete the decarbonisation of the global economy, achieving climate neutrality in the second half of the century, effective actions should involve energy production, storage, transmission, distribution, and usage, with the support of efficient technologies, management models, the integration of clean and renewable sources, the integration of different utility grids and users currently not considered in energy demand and supply, such as water distribution, electric transport, innovative power to chemicals and power to fuel technologies and integration of power generation with district heating networks. An increasing share of demand load covered by distributed generation and non-programmable renewable sources is expected, resulting in the reliability and quality of energy supplied, reduced environmental impact, lower transmission and distribution losses, and better seasonal balancing of the load profile.

The Special Issue focuses on the Sustainable Integration of Renewable Power Generation Systems, to gather knowlodge on innovation, research, and demonstration activities and results in energy conservation, conversion, renewable technology penetration and improved energy efficiency, in order to be an overall framework for scientists, researchers, policy and decision makers. They may include different territorial scales (country, city, district, single building unit), cross-cutting technologies, energy-related products and services, the identification of parties and roles (producers, users, aggregators, etc.), as well as energy, environmental, social and economic impacts of sustainable integration strategies.

Authors are encouraged to submit contributions on methods, tools, applications and practices on the following topics:

energy (co)generation, storage, transmission, distribution, and usage: strategies, applications and implications of energy efficiency;
renewable energy sources, as biomass, solar, wind, and geothermal: technologies, distributed or centralized (poly)generation plants; integrated management of energy vectors;
energy processes, systems and services: modeling, analysis and optimization;
distributed generation: infrastructures; supply-side/demand-side management; integration strageties; hybrid systems for generation and storage;
integration of renewable energy with different utilization grids: transport, water distribution, heat/cooling district heating, power to gas and power to fuel technologies;
green chemicals from renewable energy;
efficient energy networks: neutral and low temperature district heating; integration of renewable sources, heat recovery, and high-efficiency generation plants; prosumer engagement tools;
multi-target optimisation models;
integration of thermal and electrical energy storages;
smart mini grid, energy community, and collective self-consumption from renewable systems;
energy transition of non-interconnected areas;
power-to-heat/-cool and power-to-heat-to-power strategies for grid balancing;
financing support schemes;
impact assessment and mitigation of environmental pollutants.

You may choose our Joint Special Issue in Electrochem.

Dr. Paolo Sdringola
Prof. Dr. Umberto Desideri
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sustainability is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

energy supply
renewables energy integration
energy processes systems and services
energy efficiency and energy saving
innovative energy technologies and components
energy storage, transmission and distribution
energy management (supply-side/demand-side)
distributed generation
cogeneration and poly-generation
district energy systems
energy communities
remote electrification and energy supply
climate change mitigation
environmental impact reduction
energy policies

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

23 pages, 2554 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Renewable Energy Communities in Italy and the Role of Public Administrations: The Experience of the Municipality of Assisi between Challenges and Opportunities

by Elisa Moretti and Ettore Stamponi

Sustainability 2023, 15(15), 11869; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su151511869 - 02 Aug 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1383

Abstract

The pressing necessity to address climate change calls for the reduction in carbon emissions in the energy sector. Renewable energy communities (RECs) provide environmental, financial, and societal advantages that facilitate the shift towards sustainable energy sources. This paper examines the development of RECs in Italy through a case study in the Municipality of Assisi, and investigates the pivotal role played by public administrations as catalysts in the formation of RECs. Despite facing unique challenges and constraints, Assisi leverages RECs and the proactive approach of the local government to overcome barriers hindering the implementation of renewable energy projects. A municipality-led REC of a total power of 2 MWp by 2030, using clusters of prosumers and consumers and including energy-intensive municipal facilities, is investigated. Through rigorous simulations and the resulting shared energy, the study conducts a comprehensive analysis encompassing technical, energy, and economic aspects. The results, including relevant energy indices, are presented and various scenarios are discussed as the energy shared varies. Finally, sensitivity analyses show that the profitability strongly depends on the cost of energy, the remuneration from the sale, and the value of the incentive earned on the shared energy: the simple payback time ranges from 8 to 14 years and NPV varies from EUR 0.8 to 4.5 M. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Integration of Renewable Power Generation Systems)

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16 pages, 2597 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Two-Layer Optimization Planning Model for Integrated Energy Systems in Hydrogen Refueling Original Station

by Mengxuan Yan, Shen-En Peng, Chun Sing Lai, Si-Zhe Chen, Jing Liu, Junhua Xu, Fangyuan Xu, Loi Lei Lai and Gang Chen

Sustainability 2023, 15(10), 7941; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su15107941 - 12 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1205

Abstract

With the aggravation of global environmental pollution problems and the need for energy restructuring, hydrogen energy, as a highly clean resource, has gradually become a hot spot for research in countries around the world. Facing the requirement of distributed hydrogen in refueling the original station for hydrogen transportation and other usage, this paper proposes a comprehensive energy system planning model for hydrogen refueling stations to obtain the necessary devices construction, the devices’ capacity decisions, and the optimal operation behaviors of each device. Comparing to traditional single hydrogen producing technics in the traditional planning model, the proposed model in this paper integrates both water-electrolysis-based and methanol-based manufacturing technics. A two-level optimization model is designed for this comprehensive system. The result of the numerical study shows that the proposed model can achieve a better optimal solution for distributed hydrogen production. Also, it considers the single producing situation when price of one primary resource is sufficient higher than the other. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Integration of Renewable Power Generation Systems)

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40 pages, 34578 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wave Energy Convertor for Bilateral Offshore Wave Flows: A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Study

by A. H. Samitha Weerakoon, Young-Ho Lee and Mohsen Assadi

Sustainability 2023, 15(9), 7152; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su15097152 - 25 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1202

Abstract

Human activities have adversely affected the Earth’s habitable environment. Carbon emissions and other greenhouse gas emissions are the primary cause of climate change and ozone layer depletion. In addition, the exponential decay of fossil fuel resources has resulted in the rising demand for renewable and environmentally-friendly energy sources. Wave energy is the most consistent of all intermittent renewable energy sources and offers a promising solution to our energy needs. This study focuses on harnessing offshore wave energy resources, specifically targeting offshore conditions with the highest energy density. A novel direct drive cross-flow turbine with an improved augmentation channel shape was designed and analyzed using commercial computational fluid dynamics software. The turbine’s base model reached a maximum efficiency of 54.3%, with 33.4 kW of power output at 35 rev/min and a 3.0 m head. Bidirectional flow simulations were carried out, and the peak cyclic efficiency was recorded at 56.8% with a 36.4 kW average power output. The nozzle entry arc angle of 150 degrees was found to be the most efficient, and the numerical simulation’s fully developed solution computed the flow behavior through the runner and nozzle under steady-state conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Integration of Renewable Power Generation Systems)

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31 pages, 16106 KiB

Open AccessArticle

CFD Investigation and Optimization on the Aerodynamic Performance of a Savonius Vertical Axis Wind Turbine and Its Installation in a Hybrid Power Supply System: A Case Study in Iran

by Shayan Farajyar, Farzad Ghafoorian, Mehdi Mehrpooya and Mohammadreza Asadbeigi

Sustainability 2023, 15(6), 5318; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su15065318 - 16 Mar 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2134

Abstract

In this study, a 3D-CFD simulation on the effect of various design and operating parameters, namely the number of blades, overlap ratio, spacing size, arc angle, shape factor, presence of curtain, wind velocity, and multi-bucket rotor, on the aerodynamic performance of a Savonius vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) is conducted. In order to evaluate the effect of each parameter, the rotor’s power coefficient (Cp) for different tip speed ratio (TSR) values and overall torque as a function of the azimuth angle are investigated. The results show that the generated power of a solid rotor with more buckets is less than that of the two-bladed rotor, and by decreasing the overlap ratio and spacing size, Cp values are enhanced. Moreover, a rotor with a larger bucket arc angle has less Cp value and total torque, in addition to shape factor, which changes the configuration of the rotor by adding arms, thus enhancing the aerodynamic performance of the prototype. Furthermore, it is shown that installing a curtain in the upstream section of the rotor improves Cp value by directing airflow. Moreover, it is observed that by increasing inlet wind velocity and, subsequently, the Reynolds number, generated power is boosted. In addition, it is noted that a suitable multi-bucket rotor configuration can boost generated power. Finally, the optimum design is achieved by using the Kriging method. Based on the optimization results, a 2-bladed Savonius VAWT with an overlap ratio of 0, spacing size of 0 (m), arc angle of 170°, shape factor of 0.5, and inlet wind velocity of 12 (m/s) at TSR = 0.37 introduces the highest efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Integration of Renewable Power Generation Systems)

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21 pages, 3816 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Standardization of Power-from-Shore Grid Connections for Offshore Oil & Gas Production

by Tiago A. Antunes, Rui Castro, Paulo J. Santos and Armando J. Pires

Sustainability 2023, 15(6), 5041; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su15065041 - 12 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1606

Abstract

Offshore oil and gas (O&G) production is typically powered by local diesel engines or gas turbines. Power-from-shore (PFS) is an alternative that takes advantage of onshore renewable production and reduces greenhouse emissions but is limited to bespoke projects that are tailored to the characteristics of each site. This lack of repetition leads to an increase in the construction risk, delivery time, and lifecycle costs, therefore limiting their large-scale deployment. Furthermore, the absence of standardized designs is also notorious in mature applications such as offshore wind farms (OWF) despite their long-standing track record, with the negative consequences extensively covered in the literature. This research paper addresses offshore transmission standardization in two parts. First, by providing the scientific community with a review of the existing offshore O&G production and substations and secondly, by outlining a lean optioneering algorithm for the cost-optimized and technically feasible selection of the key design criteria. The exercise is centred on the main limiting component of the transmission systems—the cables. As such, it addresses their operational range and the cost to calculate the most effective configuration in terms of voltage and rated power. The end goal, based on the spread of connection proposals, is to cluster the candidates to a limited set of grid connection options, the achievement of which the model has been shown to be adequate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Integration of Renewable Power Generation Systems)

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21 pages, 12566 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modelling a Prototype of Bidirectional Substation for District Heating with Thermal Prosumers

by Paolo Sdringola, Mattia Ricci, Maria Alessandra Ancona, Federico Gianaroli, Cristina Capodaglio and Francesco Melino

Sustainability 2023, 15(6), 4938; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su15064938 - 10 Mar 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1456

Abstract

The performance of the innovative configurations of the “efficient” thermal networks is a key topic in scientific research, focusing on distribution temperatures and integration with high-efficiency plants and renewable sources. As it already happens for the electricity prosumers, a thermal prosumer may feed the district heating network through a bidirectional exchange substation with the excess of the locally produced thermal energy (e.g., by means of solar thermal plant) or with the waste heat recovered in the industrial processes. The Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA) and the Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna (UNIBO) designed a bidirectional substation prototype, based on a return-to-supply configuration, and tested steady-state and dynamic conditions to evaluate performances and optimization measures. In this paper, the Modelica language and Dymola software were used to run a multi-domain simulation and model-based design of the substation, starting from a new heat exchanger model featuring variable efficiency, based on the thermal resistance scaling method. Control systems and components were customized from models in standard libraries in order to reproduce the substation behavior under defined operating settings, and the model was validated on the abovementioned experimental tests. Numerical results in terms of exchanged powers, temperatures and flow rates were systematically compared to experimental data, demonstrating a sufficient agreement. In particular, the absolute mean deviation—in terms of temperature—between experimental and numerical data assessed over the entire tests remains contained in +/−1 °C. As further step of the analysis, an optimized model could be included as a component in a district heating network for further investigations on the prosumers’ effects on an existing traditional grid (e.g., in case of deep renovation of urban areas connected to district heating and/or creation of micro energy communities). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Integration of Renewable Power Generation Systems)

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31 pages, 13456 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A 3D Study of the Darrieus Wind Turbine with Auxiliary Blades and Economic Analysis Based on an Optimal Design from a Parametric Investigation

by Mohammadreza Asadbeigi, Farzad Ghafoorian, Mehdi Mehrpooya, Sahel Chegini and Azad Jarrahian

Sustainability 2023, 15(5), 4684; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su15054684 - 06 Mar 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1726

Abstract

Due to the high consumption of energy in recent years and global efforts to replace fossil fuels with clean energy, the need for high-efficiency renewable energy systems has become necessary. Small VAWTs are suitable candidates for clean energy production, due to their advantages over other power systems; nevertheless, their aerodynamic performance is modest. This paper attempts to improve the Darrieus VAWT performance by examining the turbine design parameters through the CFD method by adopting the SST k-ω turbulence model and finding the optimum turbine by utilizing the Kriging optimization model. Finally, by using the suggested optimized turbine, the economic analysis conducted to assess the total net present cost indicated the ideal hybrid power. The CFD results from different parameters show that the three-bladed turbine achieved maximum C_p and turbine with σ = 1.2 and optimal C_p by 34.4% compared to the medium solidity. The symmetrical airfoil t/c of 21% registered 19% and 48% performance enhancement at

λ

= 2.5 in comparison to t/c = 15% and 12%, respectively. Increasing the H/D ratio results in a better performance at the initial TSR, while a low H/D attained the highest C_p value. The stall condition can be delayed in low TSRs with toe-out blades upstream and obtained an increase of 22.4% in power obtained by β= −6° compared to the zero pitch angle. The assistance of auxiliary blades working in a wider range of TSR is shown and the turbine starting power augmented by 75.8%. The Kriging optimization model predicted the optimal C_p = 0.457, which can be attained with an optimal turbine with N = 3, σ = 1.2, NACA 0021 airfoil, AR = 0.8, and β= −6° operating at

λ

= 2.8. Finally, the results of the economic analysis indicate that the hybrid energy system consisting of a VAWT, a battery, and a converter can be applied for satisfying the site load demand with a lower net present cost and cost of energy compared to other feasible hybrid energy systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Integration of Renewable Power Generation Systems)

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24 pages, 4573 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Long-Term Scenario Analysis of Electricity Supply and Demand in Iran: Time Series Analysis, Renewable Electricity Development, Energy Efficiency and Conservation

by Mahdi Asadi, Iman Larki, Mohammad Mahdi Forootan, Rouhollah Ahmadi and Meisam Farajollahi

Sustainability 2023, 15(5), 4618; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su15054618 - 04 Mar 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2618

Abstract

Electricity plays a vital role in the economic development and welfare of countries. Examining the electricity situation and defining scenarios for developing power plant infrastructure will help countries avoid misguided policies that incur high costs and reduce people’s welfare. In the present research, three scenarios from 2021–2040 have been defined for Iran’s electricity status. The first scenario continues the current trend and forecasts population, electricity consumption, and carbon dioxide emissions from power plants with ARIMA and single and triple exponential smoothing time series algorithms. As part of the second scenario, only non-hydro renewable resources will be used to increase the electricity supply. By ensuring the existence of potential, annual growth patterns have been defined, taking into account the renewable electricity generation achieved by successful nations. The third scenario involves integrating operating gas turbines into combined cycles in exchange for buyback contracts. Economically, this scenario calculates return on investment through an arrangement of various contracts for the seller company and fuel savings for the buyer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Integration of Renewable Power Generation Systems)

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14 pages, 2818 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Least Squares Monte Carlo Simulation-Based Decision-Making Method for Photovoltaic Investment in Korea

by Jungmin An, Dong-Kwan Kim, Jinyeong Lee and Sung-Kwan Joo

Sustainability 2021, 13(19), 10613; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su131910613 - 24 Sep 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2096

Abstract

Solar power for clean energy is an important asset that will drive the future of sustainable energy generation. As interest in sustainable energy increases with Korea’s renewable energy expansion plan, a strategy for photovoltaic investment (PV) is important from an investor’s point of view. Previous research primarily focused on assessing and analyzing the impact of the volatility but paid little attention to the modeling decision-making project to obtain the optimal investment timing. This paper utilizes a Least Squares Monte Carlo-based method for determining the timing of PV plant investment. The proposed PV decision-making method is designed to simulate the total PV generation revenue period with all uncertain PV price factors handled before determining the optimal investment time. The numerical studies with nine different scenarios considering system marginal price (SMP) and renewable energy certificate (REC) spot market price in Korea demonstrated how to determine the optimal investment time for different PV capacities. Therefore, the proposed method can be used as a decision-making tool to provide PV investors with information on the best time to invest in the renewable energy market. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Integration of Renewable Power Generation Systems)

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16 pages, 2449 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Energy Transition toward Cleaner Energy Resources in Nepal

by Tika Ram Pokharel and Hom Bahadur Rijal

Sustainability 2021, 13(8), 4243; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su13084243 - 11 Apr 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 6047

Abstract

Energy is an important input for socioeconomic development and human well-being. The rationality of energy transitions toward cleaner energy resources is not only to improve individual living conditions, but also to enhance the economic growth of a nation. Nepal is considered to be one of the countries with a low per-capita electricity use, heavily relying on traditional energy resources such as firewood and agricultural residues. The country is rich in hydropower resources. However, various economic and socioeconomic constraints have left the significant potential for hydroelectricity untapped. This study describes the energy transition patterns in Nepal based on a literature review and field survey of household energy use in the winter. We collected data from 516 households in the Solukhumbu, Panchthar, and Jhapa districts of Nepal. The rate of per-capita electricity consumption was 330 kWh/capita/year, which is significantly lower than that of other contemporary global societies such as India 1000 and China 4900 kWh/capita/year. The increasing trend in hydroelectricity production has optimistically transformed the energy sector toward cleaner resources; this correlates with the GDP per capita. Solar home systems, mini- and micro-hydropower plants, biogas technology, and improved cook stoves have been widely used, which has lowered the health and environmental burdens in rural areas. By analysing the survey data, we found that 25% of the households only relied on traditional cooking fuel, while 67% and 8% of the households relied on mixed and commercial cooking fuels, respectively. Moreover, 77% and 48% of traditional and mixed-fuel-using households were unhappy with current cooking fuels while 40% and 66% of these households preferred to use clean cooking fuels. The share of traditional energy resources decreased from 78% to 68%, while that of commercial energy resources increased from 20% to 28% from 2014/15 to 2019/20. This study suggests that future energy policies and programs should acknowledge the reality of energy transition to achieve sustainability by establishing reliable and clean sources of energy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Integration of Renewable Power Generation Systems)

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Review

Jump to: Research

41 pages, 4690 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Survey of Commercial and Industrial Demand Response Flexibility with Energy Storage Systems and Renewable Energy

by Roksana Yasmin, B. M. Ruhul Amin, Rakibuzzaman Shah and Andrew Barton

Sustainability 2024, 16(2), 731; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su16020731 - 15 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1602

Abstract

The transition from traditional fuel-dependent energy systems to renewable energy-based systems has been extensively embraced worldwide. Demand-side flexibility is essential to support the power grid with carbon-free generation (e.g., solar, wind.) in an intermittent nature. As extensive energy consumers, commercial and industrial (C&I) consumers can play a key role by extending their flexibility and participating in demand response. Onsite renewable generation by consumers can reduce the consumption from the grid, while energy storage systems (ESSs) can support variable generation and shift demand by storing energy for later use. Both technologies can increase the flexibility and benefit by integrating with the demand response. However, a lack of knowledge about the applicability of increasing flexibility hinders the active participation of C&I consumers in demand response programs. This survey paper provides an overview of demand response and energy storage systems in this context following a methodology of a step-by-step literature review covering the period from 2013 to 2023. The literature review focuses on the application of energy storage systems and onsite renewable generation integrated with demand response for C&I consumers and is presented with an extensive analysis. This survey also examines the demand response participation and potential of wastewater treatment plants. The extended research on the wastewater treatment plant identifies the potential opportunities of coupling biogas with PV, extracting the thermal energy and onsite hydrogen production. Finally, the survey analysis is summarised, followed by critical recommendations for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Integration of Renewable Power Generation Systems)

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