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Soil and Water Management Challenges & Solutions for Sustainable Agriculture under Climate Change

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A topical collection in Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050). This collection belongs to the section "Air, Climate Change and Sustainability".

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Editor

Prof. Dr. Gabrijel Ondrasek

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Collection Editor

Department of Soil Amelioration, Faculty of Agriculture University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
Interests: biopolymers; agroecosystems; sustainable soil and water management; salinization; salt stress; trace elements; Cd soil-plant transfer
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Topical Collection Information

Dear Colleagues,

Terrestrial agroecosystems are dominant food generators and pivotal utilizers of the most valuable Earth’s resources, notably quality waters and soils, which have been exposed to various anthropogenic pressures for decades, constraining agri-food production. Consequently, a majority of arable pedosphere constrains (salinity/alkalinity, acidity, nutrient deficiency, contamination), and specific management strategies for their amelioration (leaching, drainage, liming, fertilization, bioremediation) are closely linked to appropriate water management in the (sub)surface soil (root) zone. However, optimizing water relations in the arable pedosphere is becoming increasingly challenging due to global climate change and variability. Modern sustainable strategies and approaches to ameliorate suboptimal water conditions (mostly insufficient supply, but waterlogging periodically as well) should be directed toward more efficient management of natural resources given strong competition among related stakeholders in agroecosystems (farmers, urban population, energy-producers).

For this Collection all manuscripts that contain novel science or management and represent a significant contribution within the scope will be considered for publication. All water, soil, land and other environmental resource management approaches, improvements or solutions relevant to agroecosystems and food production at (inter)national, regional or even global level, as well as specific case studies, are welcome.

Prof. Dr. Gabrijel Ondrasek
Collection Editor

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Keywords

agroecosystem
agroforestry
climate changes
conservation agriculture
drainage systems
draughts
footprints in agriculture
global warming
irrigation systems
phytonutrients management
precision agriculture
salinity
soil constrains
soil-plant water relations
water footprint
water (re)use
water scarcity
water stress
water use efficiency
waterlogging

Published Papers (13 papers)

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2022

Jump to: 2021, 2020

13 pages, 5019 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inversion of Wheat Leaf Area Index by Multivariate Red-Edge Spectral Vegetation Index

by Xiaoxuan Wang, Guosheng Cai, Xiaoping Lu, Zenan Yang, Xiangjun Zhang and Qinggang Zhang

Sustainability 2022, 14(23), 15875; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su142315875 - 29 Nov 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1097

Abstract

Leaf area index (LAI) is an important parameter that determines the growth status of winter wheat and impacts the ecological and physical processes of plants in ecosystems. The problem of spectral saturation of winter wheat LAI at the booting stage was easily caused by the inversion of the univariate red-edge spectral vegetation index constructed by the red-edge band. In this paper, a new method that the univariate red-edge spectral vegetation index constructed in the red-edge band is used to invert the spectral saturation of the winter wheat LAI. The multivariable red-edge spectral vegetation index is used to invert the winter wheat LAI. This method can effectively delay the phenomenon of spectral saturation and improve the inversion precision. In this study, the Sentinel-2 data were used to invert the winter wheat LAI. An univariate and multivariate red-edge spectral vegetation index regression model was constructed based on the Red-edge Normalized Difference Spectral Indices 1 (NDSI1), Red-edge Normalized Difference Spectral Indices 2 (NDSI2), Red-edge Normalized Difference Spectral Indices 3 (NDSI3), Modified Chlorophyll Absorption Ratio Index (MCARI), MERIS Terrestrial Chlorophyll Index (MTCI), Transformed Chlorophyll Absorption in Reflectance Index (TCARI), and Transformed Chlorophyll Absorption in Reflectance Index/the optimized soil adjusted vegetation index (TCARI/OSAVI). Based on the correlation coefficient, the coefficient of determination (R²), the root mean square error (RMSE) and noise equivalent value (NE), the best model was selected and verified to generate an inverted map. The results showed that the multivariable red-edge spectral vegetation index of NDSI1 + NDSI2 + NDSI3 + TCARI/OSAVI + MCARI + MTCI + TCARI was the best model for inverting the winter wheat LAI. The R², the RMSE and the NE values were all satisfied the requirements of the inversion precision (R² = 0.8372/0.8818, RMSE = 0.2518/0.1985, NE = 5/5). In summary, this method can be used to judge the growth of winter wheat and provide an accurate basis for monitoring crop growth. Full article

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15 pages, 439 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Socio-Economic and Environmental Analyses of Solar Irrigation Systems for Sustainable Agricultural Production

by Charmaine Samala Guno and Casper Boongaling Agaton

Sustainability 2022, 14(11), 6834; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su14116834 - 02 Jun 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 8535

Abstract

Solar irrigation is a climate mitigation technology to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in agricultural production. Despite its potential, small-scale farmers are unable to afford photovoltaic (PV) systems and resort to using the traditional diesel-powered pumps for irrigation. This study aims to analyze the social, economic, and environmental aspects of introducing solar irrigation systems from the perspective of small-scale farmers in developing countries. Applying socio-economic and environmental analyses to the case of the Philippines, the study found the environmental benefits of solar irrigation in terms of the reduction in GHG emissions of up to 26.5 tons CO₂eq/ha/year and the avoidance of emissions of air pollutants such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, and particulate matter. The energy savings between 11.36 and 378.54 L/ha of diesel per year resulted in a range of −USD 1255/ha to USD 68,582/ha net present value, 30% to 2958% with an average of 315% returns on investment, and 0.3 to 30 years payback period with an average of 2.88 years. Regardless of the low awareness of environmental sustainability, most farmers were interested to invest in solar irrigation systems with 69% social acceptance, while the 26% were not interested as they consume a minimal amount of fuel and cannot recover the high investment from the cost savings. This study provided policy recommendations to make solar irrigation accessible to small-scale farmers as well as broader implications to make the agricultural sector more sustainable. Full article

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18 pages, 5365 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization and Prediction of Water Stress Using Time Series and Artificial Intelligence Models

by Amuktamalyada Gorlapalli, Supriya Kallakuri, Pagadala Damodaram Sreekanth, Rahul Patil, Nirmala Bandumula, Gabrijel Ondrasek, Meena Admala, Channappa Gireesh, Madhyavenkatapura Siddaiah Anantha, Brajendra Parmar, Brahamdeo Kumar Yadav, Raman Meenakshi Sundaram and Santosha Rathod

Sustainability 2022, 14(11), 6690; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su14116690 - 30 May 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2199

Abstract

In agroecosystems, drought is a critical climatic phenomenon that affects evapotranspiration and induces water stress in plants. The objective in this study was to characterize and forecast water stress in the Hyderabad region of India using artificial intelligence models. The monthly precipitation data for the period 1982–2021 was characterized by the standardized precipitation index (SPI) and modeled using the classical autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model and artificial intelligence (AI), i.e., artificial neural network (ANN) and support vector regression (SVR) model. The results show that on the short-term SPI3 time scale the studied region experienced extreme water deficit in 1983, 1992, 1993, 2007, 2015, and 2018, while on the mid-term SPI6 time scale, 1983, 1991, 2011, and 2016 were extremely dry. In addition, the prediction of drought at both SPI3 and SPI6 time scales by AI models outperformed the classical ARIMA models in both, training and validation data sets. Among applied models, the SVR model performed better than other models in modeling and predicting drought (confirmed by root mean square error—RMSE), while the Diebold–Mariano test confirmed that SVR output was significantly superior. A reduction in the prediction error of SVR by 48% and 32% (vs. ARIMA), and by 21% and 26% (vs. ANN) was observed in the test data sets for both SPI3 and SPI6 time scales. These results may be due to the ability of the SVR model to account for the nonlinear and complex patterns in the input data sets against the classical linear ARIMA model. These results may contribute to more sustainable and efficient management of water resources/stress in cropping systems. Full article

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14 pages, 2544 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Land and Water Productivity in Intercropped Systems of Walnut—Buckwheat and Walnut–Barley: A Case Study

by Helena Žalac, Vladimir Zebec, Vladimir Ivezić and Goran Herman

Sustainability 2022, 14(10), 6096; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su14106096 - 17 May 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1697

Abstract

Intercropping arable crops in orchards is a sustainable land use for intensifying agricultural production, under the condition of plants’ complementarity in sharing resources. This study investigated the aspects of water use and yields in intercropped systems of walnut and crops. To assess possible temporal complementarity between crops and trees, a summer crop—buckwheat—and a winter crop—barley—were intercropped in walnut orchards. The land and water productivity were studied under two designs: in an older, denser orchard and a younger one, with wider tree spacing. The results showed a reduction in yields and water productivity (WP) of intercrops due to the competition with walnut trees, with the exception of buckwheat in the younger orchard, where this summer crop surprisingly achieved the highest yield and WP. Nevertheless, in the system with mature fruiting trees, intercropping with winter barley was 53% more productive per unit of land and 83% more water-productive than growing walnut and barley separately but also 48% more land-productive and 70% more water-productive than the walnut–buckwheat system. Our results indicate positive effects of trees on microclimates but also emphasize the importance of species selection and systems design on the overall productivity of intercropped systems. Full article

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10 pages, 929 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Organic Amendments and Moisture Regime on Soil CO₂-C Efflux and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Degradation

by Mohamed Hamza EL-Saeid and Adel R. A. Usman

Sustainability 2022, 14(7), 4116; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su14074116 - 30 Mar 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1179

Abstract

In this study, a 30-day incubation experiment was performed to investigate the interactive effects of soil moisture content and two types of organic manure (animal manure: M and wheat straw: WS) on organic C mineralization and the degradation of PAH compounds. Specifically, washed sandy soil sample free from PAHs was treated with combined standard solution containing six different PAHs; pyrene (Pyr), fluoranthene (Flt), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), benzo[g,h,i]perylene (BghiP), benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF), and indeno[123-cd]pyrene (IP). The soil samples treated with PAHs were amended with M or WS and then, the soil samples were incubated and subjected to two levels of moisture content (50% and 100% field capacity, FC). The results indicate that CO₂–C rates were the highest at day 1, but they tended to be decreased sharply when incubation time increased. The results showed that the higher rate of CO₂-C efflux rate and cumulative were observed in M and WS treatments at 100% FC. Applying organic amendments at 50% FC increased the total cumulative CO₂-C from 21.6 mg kg⁻¹ to 228 mg kg⁻¹ for M and to 216 mg kg⁻¹ for WS. Meanwhile, applying organic amendments at 50% FC increased the total cumulative CO₂-C from 30 mg kg⁻¹ to 381 mg kg⁻¹ for M and to 492 mg kg⁻¹ for WS. The highest increases at 100% FC could be explained by the optimum water content at field capacity. PAHs concentrations decreased significantly in the presence of organic amendments in relation to enhance CO₂-C efflux (soil respiration) and to decrease soil pH. It could be concluded that applying organic amendments might be a useful technique to remediate soil PAHs through mineralization. Full article

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2021

Jump to: 2022, 2020

17 pages, 1701 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Understanding the Social Licence of Carbon Farming in the Australian Rangelands

by Alex Baumber, Rebecca Cross, Cathy Waters, Graciela Metternicht and Hermann Kam

Sustainability 2022, 14(1), 174; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su14010174 - 24 Dec 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3485

Abstract

Carbon farming has expanded in Australia’s rangelands over recent years, incentivised under the Australian Government’s Emissions Reduction Fund. While this has largely been driven by economic benefits for landholders, the long-term viability of the carbon farming industry depends on its ability to obtain and maintain a social licence to operate in affected communities. Using a combination of survey, interview and focus group methods, involving key stakeholders in far-western New South Wales (NSW), this study reveals that the greatest threat to the social licence of carbon farming is the lack of confidence in governance related to policy complexity and uncertainty. Procedural fairness is a relative strength because of the involvement of trusted community members, and the trust-building strategies employed by the aggregators who recruit landholders to carbon farming. Perceptions of distributional fairness are strengthened by the benefits beginning to flow through rangeland communities, but are weakened by concerns around the equity of eligibility and the land management rules. A focus on participatory policy development, aligning rules with local values and local-scale trust building, is required in order to enhance the social licence for carbon farming in the NSW rangelands. Full article

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15 pages, 2045 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Combined Impacts of Climate and Land Use Changes on Long-Term Streamflow in the Upper Halda Basin, Bangladesh

by Farzana Raihan, Gabrijel Ondrasek, Mohammad Shahidul Islam, Joseph M. Maina and Linda J. Beaumont

Sustainability 2021, 13(21), 12067; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su132112067 - 01 Nov 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2191

Abstract

In Bangladesh, rapid population growth and associated land-use changes are escalating water scarcity issues, which will be further exacerbated under ongoing climate change. As such, predicting the consequences of climate and land-use change on freshwater supplies is critical for the sustainable management of water resources. In this study, a Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) associated with a Land Cover Model (LCM) were used to simulate long-term stream flows in the Halda Basin, Bangladesh, under baseline and future climate and land-use change scenarios. In addition, the separate and combined impacts of both types of change on long-term streamflow projections were assessed. Results indicate that by the 2060s, the maximum temperature of the Halda Basin may rise by 1.6 °C in comparison to the baseline 1986–2005 period, while minimum temperature will also increase, albeit at a lower rate than maximum temperature. Precipitation during the dry season is expected to increase, although it may decline in the monsoon period. Simulations show that these changes in climate are likely to increase future streamflow in the Halda catchment, with monthly streamflow influenced mainly by the variability in precipitation. The LCM projected decreases in grassland along with cultivated land at the expense of artificial areas. Combined, future climate and land-use changes are projected to increase annual streamflow, with climate change likely to be a greater driver of altered streamflow than land-use changes. Our results should guide environmental management authorities in more sustainable and strategic water resource planning under global climate change. Full article

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13 pages, 2725 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Keyline in Bean Crop (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) for Soil and Water Conservation

by Ma. del Carmen Ponce-Rodríguez, Francisco Oscar Carrete-Carreón, Gerardo Alonso Núñez-Fernández, José de Jesús Muñoz-Ramos and María-Elena Pérez-López

Sustainability 2021, 13(17), 9982; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su13179982 - 06 Sep 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2963

Abstract

Soil erosion is a common problem worldwide, and in Durango, Mexico, it occurs in 77.4% of territory. Faced with this problem, the hydrological keyline design (HKD) is an alternative that helps to retain soil, increase infiltration, and keep the water uniformly in the land in order to recover its fertility. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of HKD on moisture and soil conservation in a rainfed agricultural plot during the spring–summer 2018 cycle with a bean crop (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in the state of Durango, Mexico. Two treatments were established: control and HKD. The variables to measure the effect of the treatments were: soil water content, water erosion, bean yield, and yield components. The results indicated differences (p < 0.05) between treatments for the moisture and erosion variables; the HKD retained more water than the control by five percent, while sediment transport was lower in the HKD. No differences (p > 0.05) were found regarding bean yield and yield components. However, the yield was 126% higher than regional average in terms of rainfed bean production. Therefore, the implementation of the HKD had a positive impact by retaining soil and moisture. Full article

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15 pages, 1530 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Benefits of Legume Species in an Agroforestry Production System of Yellow Pitahaya in the Ecuadorian Amazon

by Yadira Vargas-Tierras, Alejandra Díaz, Carlos Caicedo, Julio Macas, Alfonso Suárez-Tapia and William Viera

Sustainability 2021, 13(16), 9261; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su13169261 - 18 Aug 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3556

Abstract

Agroforestry systems have become an alternative that promotes the conservation of natural resources and the sustainable production of fruit crops in the Ecuadorian Amazon. However, it is required to demonstrate the benefit of the companion species that make up these production systems. The objective of this research was to determine how the legume species within an agroforestry system influence the yield of yellow dragon fruit (pitahaya), carbon sequestration and nutritional contribution. The experiment was carried out in Palora (province of Morona Santiago) and organized in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments were two agroforestry arrangements and the monoculture as a control treatment. Erythrina poeppigiana, Gliricidia sepium and Flemingia macrophylla were used in the agroforestry arrangements for the contribution of biomass. Results showed that during the five years of study, pitahaya yield was influenced by the quality of the leaf litter (biomass) incorporated in to the fruit crop. Biomass from E. poeppigiana and F. macrophylla as companion crops contributed a greater amount of Ca and Mg, increased C sequestration and crop yield. The results suggest that the use of legume species in agroforestry systems positively affects pitahaya productivity, enabling sustainable agriculture in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Full article

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34 pages, 1664 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of Biochar in Regulating the Carbon, Phosphorus, and Nitrogen Cycles Exemplified by Soil Systems

by Shu-Yuan Pan, Cheng-Di Dong, Jenn-Fang Su, Po-Yen Wang, Chiu-Wen Chen, Jo-Shu Chang, Hyunook Kim, Chin-Pao Huang and Chang-Mao Hung

Sustainability 2021, 13(10), 5612; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su13105612 - 18 May 2021

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 5732

Abstract

Biochar is a carbon-rich material prepared from the pyrolysis of biomass under various conditions. Recently, biochar drew great attention due to its promising potential in climate change mitigation, soil amendment, and environmental control. Obviously, biochar can be a beneficial soil amendment in several ways including preventing nutrients loss due to leaching, increasing N and P mineralization, and enabling the microbial mediation of N₂O and CO₂ emissions. However, there are also conflicting reports on biochar effects, such as water logging and weathering induced change of surface properties that ultimately affects microbial growth and soil fertility. Despite the voluminous reports on soil and biochar properties, few studies have systematically addressed the effects of biochar on the sequestration of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in soils. Information on microbially-mediated transformation of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) species in the soil environment remains relatively uncertain. A systematic documentation of how biochar influences the fate and transport of carbon, phosphorus, and nitrogen in soil is crucial to promoting biochar applications toward environmental sustainability. This report first provides an overview on the adsorption of carbon, phosphorus, and nitrogen species on biochar, particularly in soil systems. Then, the biochar-mediated transformation of organic species, and the transport of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in soil systems are discussed. This review also reports on the weathering process of biochar and implications in the soil environment. Lastly, the current knowledge gaps and priority research directions for the biochar-amended systems in the future are assessed. This review focuses on literatures published in the past decade (2009–2021) on the adsorption, degradation, transport, weathering, and transformation of C, N, and P species in soil systems with respect to biochar applications. Full article

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16 pages, 15560 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Between Sand Dunes and Hamadas: Environmental Sustainability of the Thar Desert, West India

by Jiri Chlachula

Sustainability 2021, 13(7), 3602; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su13073602 - 24 Mar 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 6873

Abstract

Extensive geographic areas of the world show a long-term atmospheric moisture deficit. Desertification of Rajasthan is concurrent with the strengthened weather extremality and mean annual air temperature (MAAT) rise over the western part of the Indian subcontinent. The present landscape aridification due to the precipitation decrease and reinforced windiness generates surface-cover dryness, aeolian erosion with a mass sediment transfer, salinity of excessively irrigated lands and groundwater depletion; altogether these pose major geo-environmental threats and settlement risks of the expanding Thar Desert. Livestock-overgrazing of sparse-vegetation contributes to ecological pressure to the fragile wasteland ecosystems with approximately three-quarters of the countryside affected to a certain extent by degradation and >50% exposed to wind erosion. Sand dune stabilisation by the drought-adapted tree plantation, the regional hydrology network regulation and the arid-land farming based on new xerophytic cultigens are the key land-use and mitigation strategies. Specific geomorphic palaeosettings predetermined patterned adaptive forms of the ancient desert inhabitation. Geo- and eco-tourism contributes to the arid-zone socioeconomic sustainability with regard to the rich natural and cultural heritage of the area. This study outlines the main effects of the current climate variations on the pristine and occupied lands of western Rajasthan, and the past and present relief transformations, and reviews the modern anthropogenic responses to desertification. Full article

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13 pages, 1804 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Chia Seed Mucilage on the Rhizosphere Hydraulic Characteristics

by Faisal Hayat, Mohanned Abdalla and Muhammad Usman Munir

Sustainability 2021, 13(6), 3303; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su13063303 - 17 Mar 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2172

Abstract

The rhizosphere is one of the major components in the soil–plant–atmosphere continuum which controls the flow of water from the soil into roots. Plant roots release mucilage in the rhizosphere which is capable of altering the physio-chemical properties of this region. Here, we showed how mucilage impacted on rhizosphere hydraulic properties, using simple experiments. An artificial rhizosphere, treated or not with mucilage, was placed in a soil sample and suction was applied to mimic the negative pressure in plant xylem. The measured water contents and matric potential were coupled with numerical models to estimate the water retention curve and hydraulic conductivity. A slower loss of water was observed in the treated scenario which resulted in an increase in water retention. Moreover, a slightly lower hydraulic conductivity was initially observed in the treated scenario (8.44 × 10⁻⁴ cm s⁻¹) compared to the controlled one in saturated soil. Over soil drying, a relatively higher unsaturated hydraulic conductivity was observed. In summary, we demonstrated that mucilage altered the rhizosphere hydraulic properties and enhanced the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. These findings improve our understanding of how plants capture more water, and postulate that mucilage secretion could be an optimal trait for plant survival during soil drying. Full article

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2020

Jump to: 2022, 2021

20 pages, 1277 KiB

Open AccessDiscussion

Paris Climate Agreement: Promoting Interdisciplinary Science and Stakeholders’ Approaches for Multi-Scale Implementation of Continental Carbon Sequestration

by Tiphaine Chevallier, Maud Loireau, Romain Courault, Lydie Chapuis-Lardy, Thierry Desjardins, Cécile Gomez, Alexandre Grondin, Frédéric Guérin, Didier Orange, Raphaël Pélissier, Georges Serpantié, Marie-Hélène Durand, Pierre Derioz, Goulven Gildas Laruelle, Marie-Hélène Schwoob, Nicolas Viovy, Olivier Barrière, Eric Blanchart, Vincent Blanfort, Michel Brossard, Julien Demenois, Mireille Fargette, Thierry Heulin, Gil Mahe, Raphaël Manlay, Pascal Podwojewski, Cornélia Rumpel, Benjamin Sultan and Jean-Luc Chotte Show full author list Hide full author list

Sustainability 2020, 12(17), 6715; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su12176715 - 19 Aug 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4404

Abstract

The Paris Climate Agreements and Sustainable Development Goals, signed by 197 countries, present agendas and address key issues for implementing multi-scale responses for sustainable development under climate change—an effort that must involve local, regional, national, and supra-national stakeholders. In that regard, Continental Carbon Sequestration (CoCS) and conservation of carbon sinks are recognized increasingly as having potentially important roles in mitigating climate change and adapting to it. Making that potential a reality will require indicators of success for various stakeholders from multidisciplinary backgrounds, plus promotion of long-term implementation of strategic action towards civil society (e.g., law and policy makers, economists, and farmers). To help meet those challenges, this discussion paper summarizes the state of the art and uncertainties regarding CoCS, taking an interdisciplinary, holistic approach toward understanding these complex issues. The first part of the paper discusses the carbon cycle’s bio-geophysical processes, while the second introduces the plurality of geographical scales to be addressed when dealing with landscape management for CoCS. The third part addresses systemic viability, vulnerability, and resilience in CoCS practices, before concluding with the need to develop inter-disciplinarity in sustainable science, participative research, and the societal implications of sustainable CoCS actions. Full article

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Published Papers (13 papers)

2022

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2021

Jump to: 2022, 2020

2020

Jump to: 2022, 2021

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