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Plant Breeding Supporting the Sustainable Field Crop Production
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Plant Breeding Supporting the Sustainable Field Crop Production

A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050). This special issue belongs to the section "Sustainable Agriculture".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2022) | Viewed by 27619

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Balázs Varga

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Cereal Breeding Department, Centre for Agricultural Research, 2462 Martonvásár, Hungary
Interests: breeding; abiotic stress tolerance, plant protection; improving adaptability of plants; increasing water and nutrient use efficiency; effects of climate change; elevated CO2

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Improving the sustainability of agricultural production has key importance in minimizing its negative environmental impacts. The efficiency-targeted technologies (low-input farming, water-sawing tillage, etc.) could be only effective if the harvested crop can also make the most of the resources. Plant breeding is the first step of achieving sustainable farming besides the technology development because the plant's adaptability, resistance and yielding capacity could be driving factors in realising these goals.

Climate change and extreme weather events such as droughts, heat waves, floods and frost are the major factors that underline the need for varieties and hybrids having wide adaptation capacity. The changing environmental conditions support the spreading of invasive pests and weeds, further making favourable conditions for the distribution of plant diseases. Therefore, the modern breeding programme should focus on improving abiotic and biotic stress tolerance and biodiversity as well.

Agriculture, especially field crop production, is in charge of environmental pollution and reducing biodiversity and the health status of ecosystems. Water scarcity is a merging issue worldwide; therefore, improving the water and nutrient use efficiency of the cultivated crops could contribute to reserving the limited resources. The reduction of water demand could decrease the yield losses under drought conditions and lower irrigation-water demand could prevent the destruction of soil conditions, while soil health status is also a key factor in field production.

This Special Issue will aim to share the results of the recent researches from all over the world and highlight the attention of the scientific community to research topics. Furthermore, this Special Issue could contribute to the implementation of actual knowledge into practice which would be an essential step to meet the goals of sustainable agriculture.

Dr. Balázs Varga
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sustainability is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • plant breeding
  • drought stress
  • salinity
  • heat stress
  • fertilization
  • irrigation
  • water uptake
  • water use efficiency
  • nutrient use efficiency
  • pest and diseases resistance
  • disease and weed control, organic plant production
  • low-input farming

Published Papers (12 papers)

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Editorial

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5 pages, 212 KiB  
Editorial
Plant Breeding Supporting the Sustainable Field Crop Production
by Balázs Varga
Sustainability 2023, 15(5), 4040; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su15054040 - 23 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1267
Abstract
The population of Earth exceed eight billion in 2022 and it is growing even faster [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Breeding Supporting the Sustainable Field Crop Production)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

8 pages, 1557 KiB  
Article
Screening Wild Pepper Germplasm for Resistance to Xanthomonas hortorum pv. gardneri
by Zoltán Gábor Tóth, Máté Tóth, Sándor Fekete, Zoltán Szabó and Zoltán Tóth
Sustainability 2023, 15(2), 908; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su15020908 - 04 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1553
Abstract
Bacterial spot disease on peppers is caused by four species of the genus Xanthomonas. This disease causes black spot lesions not only on the leaves but also on the fruit, leading to yield and quality loss. Xanthomonas species cause major disease outbreaks [...] Read more.
Bacterial spot disease on peppers is caused by four species of the genus Xanthomonas. This disease causes black spot lesions not only on the leaves but also on the fruit, leading to yield and quality loss. Xanthomonas species cause major disease outbreaks in tropical, subtropical and humid continental regions worldwide. Bacterial blight caused by xanthomonads occurs on both greenhouse- and field-grown peppers and is particularly important in areas characterized by hot and humid environmental conditions. As pesticides are currently not sufficiently effective in the control of bacterial spot, the development of pepper varieties resistant to Xanthomonas species, including X. hortorum pv. gardneri, is of primary importance for sustainable production. In our research, 119 lines of Capsicum baccatum from the USDA ARS gene bank (Griffin, GA) and MATE (Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences) were tested against strains of X. hortorum pv. gardneri under greenhouse conditions. Four accessions of the wild pepper species C. baccatum appeared to be resistant to seven strains of X. hortorum pv. gardneri in greenhouse trials. The resistant genotypes of X. hortorum pv. gardneri identified in this study can be used for the resistance gene pyramidation against different bacterial spotted Xanthomonas species in pepper. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Breeding Supporting the Sustainable Field Crop Production)
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18 pages, 2328 KiB  
Article
Phenotypic Variability of Wheat and Environmental Share in Soil Salinity Stress [3S] Conditions
by Borislav Banjac, Velimir Mladenov, Sofija Petrović, Mirela Matković-Stojšin, Đorđe Krstić, Svetlana Vujić, Ksenija Mačkić, Boris Kuzmanović, Dušana Banjac, Snežana Jakšić, Danilo Begić and Rada Šućur
Sustainability 2022, 14(14), 8598; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su14148598 - 14 Jul 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1715
Abstract
Through choosing bread wheat genotypes that can be cultivated in less productive areas, one can increase the economic worth of those lands, and increase the area under cultivation for this strategic crop. As a result, more food sources will be available for the [...] Read more.
Through choosing bread wheat genotypes that can be cultivated in less productive areas, one can increase the economic worth of those lands, and increase the area under cultivation for this strategic crop. As a result, more food sources will be available for the growing global population. The phenotypic variation of ear mass and grain mass per ear, as well as the genotype × environment interaction, were studied in 11 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars and 1 triticale (Triticosecale W.) cultivar grown under soil salinity stress (3S) during three vegetation seasons. The results of the experiment set on the control variant (solonetz) were compared to the results obtained from soil reclaimed by phosphogypsum in the amount of 25 t × ha−1 and 50 t × ha−1. Using the AMMI analysis of variance, there was found to be a statistically significant influence of additive and non-additive sources of variation on the phenotypic variation of the analyzed traits. Although the local landrace Banatka and the old variety Bankut 1205 did not have high enough genetic capacity to exhibit high values of ear mass, they were well-adapted to 3S. The highest average values of grain mass per ear and the lowest average values of the coefficient of variation were obtained in all test variants under microclimatic condition B. On soil reclaimed by 25 t × ha−1 and 50 t × ha−1 of phosphogypsum, in microclimate C, the genotypes showed the highest stability. The most stable genotypes were Rapsodija and Renesansa. Under 3S, genotype Simonida produced one of the most stable reactions for grain mass per ear. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Breeding Supporting the Sustainable Field Crop Production)
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13 pages, 4080 KiB  
Article
Improved and Highly Efficient Agrobacterium rhizogenes-Mediated Genetic Transformation Protocol: Efficient Tools for Functional Analysis of Root-Specific Resistance Genes for Solanum lycopersicum cv. Micro-Tom
by Máté Tóth, Zoltán Gábor Tóth, Sándor Fekete, Zoltán Szabó and Zoltán Tóth
Sustainability 2022, 14(11), 6525; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su14116525 - 26 May 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2349
Abstract
Gene function analysis, molecular breeding, and the introduction of new traits in crop plants all require the development of a high-performance genetic transformation system. In numerous crops, including tomatoes, Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation is the preferred method. As one of our ongoing research [...] Read more.
Gene function analysis, molecular breeding, and the introduction of new traits in crop plants all require the development of a high-performance genetic transformation system. In numerous crops, including tomatoes, Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation is the preferred method. As one of our ongoing research efforts, we are in the process of mapping a broad-spectrum nematode resistance gene (Me1) in pepper. We work to transform tomato plants with candidate genes to confer resistance to nematodes in Solanaceae members. The transformation technology development is designed to produce a reproducible, rapid, and highly effective Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation system of Micro-Tom. In our system, a transformation efficiency of over 90% was achieved. The entire procedure, starting from the germination of seeds to the establishment of transformed plants in soil, was completed in 53 days. We confirmed the presence of the NeoR/KanR and DsRed genes in the transformed roots by polymerase chain reaction. The hairy root plants were infected with nematodes, and after 3 months, the presence of DsRed and NeoR/KanR genes was detected in the transformant roots to confirm the long-term effectiveness of the method. The presented study may facilitate root-related research and exploration of root–pathogen interactions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Breeding Supporting the Sustainable Field Crop Production)
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28 pages, 12698 KiB  
Article
General Defense Response under Biotic Stress and Its Genetics at Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)
by János Szarka, Zoltán Timár, Regina Hári, Gábor Palotás and Balázs Péterfi
Sustainability 2022, 14(11), 6458; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su14116458 - 25 May 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1546
Abstract
Since the beginning of resistance breeding, protection of plants against pathogens has relied on specific resistance genes encoding rapid tissue death. Our work has demonstrated in different host–pathogen relationships that plants can defend themselves against pathogens by cell growth and cell division. We [...] Read more.
Since the beginning of resistance breeding, protection of plants against pathogens has relied on specific resistance genes encoding rapid tissue death. Our work has demonstrated in different host–pathogen relationships that plants can defend themselves against pathogens by cell growth and cell division. We first demonstrated this general defence response (GDR) in plants by identifying the gds gene in pepper. Subsequently, the existence of a genetic system for tissue defence became apparent and we set the goal to analyse it. The gdr 1 + 2 genes, which operate the complete GDR system, protect plant tissues from pathogens in a direcessive homozygous state in both host and non-host relationships. The inheritance pattern of the two genes follows a 12:3:1 cleavage of the dominant epistasis. With the knowledge of the gds and gdr 1 + 2 genes, the role of tissue-preserving (GDR) and tissue-destructive (HR) pathways in disease development and their relationship was determined. The genes encoding the general defence response have a low stimulus threshold and are not tissue-destructive and pathogen-specific. They are able to fulfil the role of the plant immune system by providing a general response to various specific stresses. This broad-spectrum general defence system is the most effective in the plant kingdom. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Breeding Supporting the Sustainable Field Crop Production)
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17 pages, 2079 KiB  
Article
Phenotypic and Molecular Characterization of Rice Genotypes’ Tolerance to Cold Stress at the Seedling Stage
by Nasira Akter, Partha Sarathi Biswas, Md. Abu Syed, Nasrin Akter Ivy, Amnah Mohammed Alsuhaibani, Ahmed Gaber and Akbar Hossain
Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 4871; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su14094871 - 19 Apr 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2210
Abstract
Rice plants are affected by low-temperature stress during germination, vegetative growth, and reproductive stages. Thirty-nine rice genotypes including 36 near-isogenic lines (NILs) of BRRI dhan29 were evaluated to investigate the level of cold tolerance under artificially induced low temperature at the seedling stage. [...] Read more.
Rice plants are affected by low-temperature stress during germination, vegetative growth, and reproductive stages. Thirty-nine rice genotypes including 36 near-isogenic lines (NILs) of BRRI dhan29 were evaluated to investigate the level of cold tolerance under artificially induced low temperature at the seedling stage. Three cold-related traits, leaf discolouration (LD), survivability, and recovery rate, were measured to determine the level of cold tolerance. Highly significant variation among the genotypes was observed for LD, survivability, and recovery rate. Three NILs, IR90688-74-1-1-1-1-1, IR90688-81-1-1-1-1-1, and IR90688-103-1-1-1-1-1, showed tolerance in all three traits, while IR90688-118-1-1-1-1-1 showed cold tolerance with LD and recovery rate. IR90688-92-1-1-1-1-1, IR90688-125-1-1-1-1-1, IR90688-104-1-1-1-1-1, IR90688-124-1-1-1-1-P2, IR90688-15-1-1-1-1-1, and IR90688-27-1-1-1-1-1 showed significantly higher yield coupled with short growth duration and good grain quality. Genetic analysis with SSRs markers revealed that the high-yielding NILs were genetically 67% similar to BRRI dhan28 and possessed cold tolerance at the seedling stage. These cold-tolerant NILs could be used as potential resources to broaden the genetic base of the breeding germplasm to develop high-yielding cold-tolerant rice varieties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Breeding Supporting the Sustainable Field Crop Production)
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21 pages, 3983 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Temperature and Water Stresses on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
by Hussein Khaeim, Zoltán Kende, István Balla, Csaba Gyuricza, Adnan Eser and Ákos Tarnawa
Sustainability 2022, 14(7), 3887; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su14073887 - 25 Mar 2022
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 5295
Abstract
Temperature and moisture are essential factors in germination and seedling growth. The purpose of this research was to assess the germination and growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds under various abiotic stressors. It was conducted in the Agronomy Institute of the [...] Read more.
Temperature and moisture are essential factors in germination and seedling growth. The purpose of this research was to assess the germination and growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds under various abiotic stressors. It was conducted in the Agronomy Institute of the Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary. Six distinct temperature levels were used: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 °C. Stresses of drought and waterlogging were quantified using 25 water levels based on single-milliliter intervals and as a percentage based on thousand kernel weight (TKW). Seedling density was also tested. Temperature significantly influenced germination duration and seedling development. 20 °C was ideal with optimal range of 15 °C to less than 25 °C. Germination occurred at water amount of 75% of the TKW, and its ideal range was lower and narrower than the range for seedling development. Seed size provided an objective basis for defining germination water requirements. The current study established an optimal water supply range for wheat seedling growth of 525–825 percent of the TKW. Fifteen seeds within a 9 cm Petri dish may be preferred to denser populations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Breeding Supporting the Sustainable Field Crop Production)
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14 pages, 3174 KiB  
Article
Elevated Atmospheric CO2 Concentration Influences the Rooting Habits of Winter-Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Varieties
by Balázs Varga, Zsuzsanna Farkas, Emese Varga-László, Gyula Vida and Ottó Veisz
Sustainability 2022, 14(6), 3304; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su14063304 - 11 Mar 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1274
Abstract
The intensity and the frequency of extreme drought are increasing worldwide. An elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration could counterbalance the negative impacts of water shortage; however, wheat genotypes show high variability in terms of CO2 reactions. The development of the root system [...] Read more.
The intensity and the frequency of extreme drought are increasing worldwide. An elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration could counterbalance the negative impacts of water shortage; however, wheat genotypes show high variability in terms of CO2 reactions. The development of the root system is a key parameter of abiotic stress resistance. In our study, biomass and grain production, as well as the root growth of three winter-wheat varieties were examined under optimum watering and simulated drought stress in a combination with ambient and elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations. The root growth was monitored by a CI-600 in situ root imager and the photos were analyzed by RootSnap software. As a result of the water shortage, the yield-related parameters decreased, but the most substantial yield reduction was first detected in Mv Karizma. The water shortage influenced the depth of the intensive root development, while under water-limited conditions, the root formation occurred in the deeper soil layers. The most intensive root development was observed until the heading, and the maximum root length was recorded at the beginning of the heading. The period of root development took longer under elevated CO2 concentration. The elevated CO2 concentration induced an accelerated root development in almost every soil layer, but generally, the CO2 fertilization induced in the root length of all genotypes and under each treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Breeding Supporting the Sustainable Field Crop Production)
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15 pages, 1013 KiB  
Article
The Stimulation of Superoxide Dismutase Enzyme Activity and Its Relation with the Pyrenophora teres f. teres Infection in Different Barley Genotypes
by Viola Kunos, Mónika Cséplő, Diána Seress, Adnan Eser, Zoltán Kende, Andrea Uhrin, Judit Bányai, József Bakonyi, Magda Pál and Klára Mészáros
Sustainability 2022, 14(5), 2597; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su14052597 - 23 Feb 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2289
Abstract
Changes in superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity were examined in infected barley seedlings of five cultivars with the goal to study the role of SOD in the defense mechanism induced by Pyrenophora teres f. teres (PTT) infection. Our results showed that although there [...] Read more.
Changes in superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity were examined in infected barley seedlings of five cultivars with the goal to study the role of SOD in the defense mechanism induced by Pyrenophora teres f. teres (PTT) infection. Our results showed that although there were differences in the responses of the cultivars, all three PTT isolates (H-618, H-774, H-949) had significantly increased SOD activity in all examined barley varieties at the early stages of the infection. The lowest SOD activity was observed in the case of the most resistant cultivar. Our results did not show a clear connection between seedling resistance of genotypes and SOD enzyme activity; however, we were able to find strong significant correlations between the PTT infection scores on the Tekauz scale and the SOD activity. The measurement of the SOD activity could offer a novel perspective to detect the early stress responses induced by PTT. Our results suggest that the resistance of varieties cannot be estimated based on SOD enzyme activity alone, because many antioxidant enzymes play a role in fine-tuning the defense response, but SOD is an important member of this system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Breeding Supporting the Sustainable Field Crop Production)
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15 pages, 2675 KiB  
Article
New Methods for Testing/Determining the Environmental Exposure to Glyphosate in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Plants
by Dóra Farkas, Katalin Horotán, László Orlóci, András Neményi and Szilvia Kisvarga
Sustainability 2022, 14(2), 588; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su14020588 - 06 Jan 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2254
Abstract
Glyphosate is still the subject of much debate, as several studies report its effects on the environment. Sunflower (GK Milia CL) was set up as an experimental plant and treated with glyphosate concentrations of 500 ppm and 1000 ppm in two treatments. Glyphosate [...] Read more.
Glyphosate is still the subject of much debate, as several studies report its effects on the environment. Sunflower (GK Milia CL) was set up as an experimental plant and treated with glyphosate concentrations of 500 ppm and 1000 ppm in two treatments. Glyphosate was found to be absorbed from the soil into the plant organism through the roots, which was also detectable in the leaf and root. Glyphosate was also significantly detected in the plant 5 weeks after treatment and in plants that did not receive glyphosate treatment directly, so it could be taken up through the soil. Based on the morphological results, treatment with higher concentrations (1000 ppm) of glyphosate increased the dried mass and resulted in shorter, thicker roots. Histological results also showed that basal and transporter tissue distortions were observed in the glyphosate-treated plants compared to the control group. Cells were distorted with increasing concentration, vacuoles formed, and the cell wall was weakened in both the leaf-treated and inter-row-treated groups. In the future, it will be worth exploring alternative agricultural technologies that can reduce the risk of glyphosate while increasing economic outcomes. This may make the use of glyphosate more environmentally conscious. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Breeding Supporting the Sustainable Field Crop Production)
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23 pages, 7711 KiB  
Article
CO2 Responses of Winter Wheat, Barley and Oat Cultivars under Optimum and Limited Irrigation
by Zsuzsanna Farkas, Angéla Anda, Gyula Vida, Ottó Veisz and Balázs Varga
Sustainability 2021, 13(17), 9931; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su13179931 - 03 Sep 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1981
Abstract
Field crop production must adapt to the challenges generated by the negative consequences of climate change. Yield loss caused by abiotic stresses could be counterbalanced by increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration, but C3 plant species and varieties have significantly different reactions to [...] Read more.
Field crop production must adapt to the challenges generated by the negative consequences of climate change. Yield loss caused by abiotic stresses could be counterbalanced by increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration, but C3 plant species and varieties have significantly different reactions to CO2. To examine the responses of wheat, barley and oat varieties to CO2 enrichment in combination with simulated drought, a model experiment was conducted under controlled environmental conditions. The plants were grown in climate-controlled greenhouse chambers under ambient and enriched (700 ppm and 1000 ppm) CO2 concentrations. Water shortage was induced by discontinuing the irrigation at BBCH stages 21 and 55. Positive CO2 responses were determined in barley, but the CO2-sink ability was low in oats. Reactions of winter wheat to enriched CO2 concentration varied greatly in terms of the yield parameters (spike number and grain yield). The water uptake of all wheat cultivars decreased significantly; however at the same time, water-use efficiency improved under 1000 ppm CO2. Mv Ikva was not susceptible to CO2 fertilization, while no consequent CO2 reactions were observed for Mv Nádor and Mv Nemere. Positive CO2 responses were determined in Mv Kolompos. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Breeding Supporting the Sustainable Field Crop Production)
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10 pages, 1313 KiB  
Article
Pro197Thr Substitution in Ahas Gene Causing Resistance to Pyroxsulam Herbicide in Rigid Ryegrass (Lolium Rigidum Gaud.)
by Barbara Kutasy, Zsolt Takács, Judit Kovács, Verëlindë Bogaj, Syafiq A. Razak, Géza Hegedűs, Kincső Decsi, Kinga Székvári and Eszter Virág
Sustainability 2021, 13(12), 6648; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su13126648 - 10 Jun 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2110
Abstract
Lolium rigidum Gaud. is a cross-pollinated species characterized by high genetic diversity and it was detected as one of the most herbicide resistance-prone weeds, globally. Acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) resistant populations cause significant problems in cereal production; therefore, monitoring the development of AHAS resistance [...] Read more.
Lolium rigidum Gaud. is a cross-pollinated species characterized by high genetic diversity and it was detected as one of the most herbicide resistance-prone weeds, globally. Acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) resistant populations cause significant problems in cereal production; therefore, monitoring the development of AHAS resistance is widely recommended. Using next-generation sequencing (NGS), a de novo transcriptome sequencing dataset was presented to identify the complete open reading frame (ORF) of AHAS enzyme in L. rigidum and design markers to amplify fragments consisting of all of the eight resistance-conferring amino acid mutation sites. Pro197Thr, Pro197Ala, Pro197Ser, Pro197Gln, and Trp574Leu amino acid substitutions have been observed in samples. Although the Pro197Thr amino acid substitution was already described in SU and IMI resistant populations, this is the first report to reveal that the Pro197Thr in AHAS enzyme confers a high level of resistance (ED50 3.569) to pyroxsulam herbicide (Triazolopyrimidine). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Breeding Supporting the Sustainable Field Crop Production)
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