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Sustainability of Sport Management in the Post-COVID19 Era

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A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050). This special issue belongs to the section "Sustainable Management".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2023) | Viewed by 34927

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Daehwan Kim

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Guest Editor

Department of Marine Sports, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
Interests: sport marketing; sport consumer behavior; sport media; technology in sport

Prof. Dr. Kang Hyoung-Kil

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Guest Editor

Department of Physical Education, Kyungnam University, Changwon, Korea
Interests: perceived quality of life; leisure and recreation administration; social psychological aspects of leisure service consumer

Prof. Dr. Hyunwoong Pyun

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Guest Editor

College of Sport Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
Interests: sports economics

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The sport industry is one of the most influenced areas by COVID19, and there is a wide range of issues to address given the global threat to sport products/services and organizations (Byers et al., 2021). Impacts of COVID19 on sport industry in general and on how sport businesses are managed urge us to rethink sustainability of sport management.

Sport management scholars have mainly focused on environmental aspects of sustainability. However, the conceptualization of sustainability should be enriched by including economic, environmental, social, individual, and ethical aspects (Gassler et al., 2016) to provide meaningful insight into the sport industry in this unprecedented era. In line with this notion, this special issue aims to seek theoretical and practical investigation of sustainability in the field of sport management. Specifically, this special issue calls for research which are related to, but are not limited to:

Sustainability in sport marketing and consumer behavior
Sustainability in sport economics
Sustainability in sport administration and policy
Sustainability in sport tourism
Sustainability in sport events
Sustainability in sport facilities
Sustainability in physical activity and healthcare
Theoretical/critical review on the study of sustainability in sport management

Prof. Dr. Daehwan Kim
Prof. Dr. Kang Hyoung-Kil
Prof. Dr. Hyunwoong Pyun
Guest Editors

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Keywords

sustainability
sport marketing
sport economics
sport administration
sport tourism
sport events
sport facilities
physical activity
sport management

Published Papers (14 papers)

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26 pages, 5370 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Financial Health and Self-Sustainability of a Small European Football League: The Realities of Top-Flight Croatian Football

by Denis Alajbeg, Zoran Bubas and Bojan Moric Milovanovic

Sustainability 2022, 14(24), 16599; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su142416599 - 11 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2472

Abstract

This study aims to evaluate the financial health of Croatian top division clubs, locate their primary source of funding, and assess their capacity for self-sustainability. To conclude the current financial condition and long-term (un)sustainability of Croatian club football, selected financial categories and ratios for HNL clubs from 2018 to 2021 were compared with UEFA benchmarks. The horizontal financial analysis results were presented in aggregate league- and individual club-level form and compared to other leagues, averages, and UEFA recommendations. The research revealed significant operating losses covered by net transfer income, unacceptable high wage-to-revenue ratios, and inferior operating margins. Financial stability should not be upheld only as a means to an end for UEFA licensing but for the long-term viability of every football club and the community in which it is embedded. A focus on long-term internal, organic development (i.e., investing in academies, infrastructure, technology, and human capital, as well as actively supporting young players in the first eleven) can yield an edge against more prosperous competition. Without it, top Croatian clubs will eventually realize that the stream of talented players will thin out and, with it, the golden vein that keeps them financially alive. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability of Sport Management in the Post-COVID19 Era)

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27 pages, 3418 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Management of the Public Financial Model for Sports Support in Slovakia

by Michal Varmus, Milan Kubina, Martin Mičiak, Michal Šarlák and Ivan Greguška

Sustainability 2023, 15(14), 11310; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su151411310 - 20 Jul 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1748

Abstract

Sports represent an undeniable value associated with people’s health and leisure time. Therefore, research on sports management related to the overall setting of a sustainable sports funding model from public resources is vital. This article’s aim was to evaluate the sustainability of this form of sports funding in Slovakia. Since there is no complete, transparent database of the allocated subsidies at the national, regional, and local levels in this country, an important part of the research was the collection of diverse pieces of data. As part of the methodology, the research combines geographical and temporal comparisons of public sports funding at all levels of management. Multiple interviews with members of the professional sports community also provided important qualitative inputs. Due to the identified shortcomings in the current state of the model of public sports funding in Slovakia, it is considered unsustainable. Therefore, the article also contains specific recommendations for the improvement and gradual removal of the identified sustainability barriers. These implications lead to the future creation of a database clearly capturing public sports funding, with rules for its permanent operation and updating. To strengthen the transparency aspect, the database can be powered by blockchain technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability of Sport Management in the Post-COVID19 Era)

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14 pages, 786 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Experiential Patterns Depending on Time Lapses in Virtual Reality Spectatorship (VRS): The Role of Interruption in Reducing Satiation

by Jihyeon Oh, Dae Hee Kim and Daehwan Kim

Sustainability 2022, 14(24), 16678; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su142416678 - 13 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1228

Abstract

Virtual reality spectatorship (VRS) is receiving the limelight as a new form of sports media consumption in the sports industry, but prolonged exposure to the virtual reality (VR) environment is likely to reduce the benefits of VR due to satiation or adaptation. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine the experiential differences in telepresence, flow experience, and satisfaction between a two-dimensional (2D) screen, VRS without interruptions, and VRS with interruptions. For this purpose, 150 participants were recruited and randomly assigned to one of the three conditions. They watched a 12-min-long soccer game and then answered the measurement items. A total of 149 participants were used for the data analyses, including confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), and repeated measures of analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results revealed that VRS offers more enhanced telepresence, flow experience, and satisfaction than a 2D screen. Furthermore, flow experience was enhanced in VRS with interruptions compared to VRS without interruptions. Lastly, satisfaction was found to increase depending on time lapses in VRS with interruptions. The experiential patterns in VRS depending on interruptions and time lapses imply that inserting interruptions such as commercials could be not only beneficial for viewing experiences but also effective practice for increasing revenue from advertising. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability of Sport Management in the Post-COVID19 Era)

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13 pages, 243 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimating the Socio-Economic Value of Dance Curriculum as Public Education in Korea for Sustainable Development: Using Contingent Valuation Method

by Jian Kim and Jeongok Yoon

Sustainability 2022, 14(3), 1635; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su14031635 - 30 Jan 2022

Viewed by 2118

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the socioeconomic value of dance curricula as public education for sustainable development. To demonstrate the legitimacy of dance programming in the arts curriculum, we sought to determine which of the contingent valuation methods (CVMs) is best suited to the application of the WTP model and how the socioeconomic value of school dance is ultimately evaluated. As a research method, we leverage CVM, which is widely used in practical policy research. The results of this study are as follows: As a result of estimating the socioeconomic value of school dances conducted by public education, additional income tax payment was estimated at KRW 22,367 per person. Suppose this is translated into approximately 5.452 million school-aged people (as of 2020, KOSIS), the total benefits of a school dance in Korean public education could be interpreted as an annual utility value of about KRW 121,944,884,000. This study has academic significance in that it demonstrates the socioeconomic value of school dance education as education for sustainable development. In addition, it has practical significance in that it can be used for institutional improvements and policy budgeting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability of Sport Management in the Post-COVID19 Era)

14 pages, 483 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Intervening Effects of Perceived Organizational Support on COVID-19 Pandemic Stress, Job Burnout and Occupational Turnover Intentions of Collegiate Sport Athlete-Facing Professionals

by Yoonki Chun, Michael Sagas and Elodie Wendling

Sustainability 2022, 14(11), 6807; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su14116807 - 02 Jun 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2222

Abstract

Already a challenging position in higher education, collegiate sport athlete-facing professionals have been exposed to excessive stress amid the COVID-19 pandemic that can result in emotional exhaustion and a mass exodus of valued employees within collegiate sport organizations. Accordingly, based on COR theory, we aimed to assess the intervening effects of perceived organizational support that can mitigate job burnout and occupational turnover intentions due to pandemic stress. A total of 427 academic support professionals in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I organizations responded to an online survey measuring pandemic stress, job burnout, occupational turnover intention, and organizational support. Hypotheses were tested through a serial-mediation analysis using the PROCESS macro for SPSS Model 6. Results showed that pandemic stress had a statistically significant effect on occupational turnover through job burnout. It was also confirmed that organizational support fully mediates the relationship between pandemic stress, job burnout, and occupational turnover. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of providing adequate organizational support towards employees under a high level of stress due to the pandemic. As ASPs adapt to the “new normal,” college sport organizations can assist employees by catering the support they provide to meet changing needs, especially by leveraging technologies that have been advanced during the pandemic. Further implications of the findings on collegiate sport organization literature are offered, as are suggestions for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability of Sport Management in the Post-COVID19 Era)

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18 pages, 759 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predicting the Sustainability of Pickleball Competitions as a New Sport from the Behavioral Intention of Pickleball Players

by Songyan Wang, Chao-Chien Chen, Yen-Hsu Chu, Hsiao-Hsien Lin, Kuo-Chiang Ting and Chin-Hsien Hsu

Sustainability 2023, 15(7), 6137; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su15076137 - 03 Apr 2023

Viewed by 1617

Abstract

This study focused on predicting the behavioral intentions of pickleball players. It analyzed the predictability of pickleball players’ behavioral beliefs on their attitudes, normative beliefs on subjective norms, control beliefs on perceived behavioral control, attitudes on behavioral intentions, subjective norms on behavioral intentions, and perceived behavioral control on behavioral intentions. The subjects were pickleball players, and purposive sampling was adopted for the questionnaire survey. A total of 226 valid questionnaires were collected. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling. The results show that behavioral beliefs had a significant impact on attitudes; normative beliefs had a significant impact on subjective norms; control beliefs had a significant impact on perceived behavioral control; attitudes had no significant impact on behavioral intentions; subjective norms had a significant impact on behavioral intentions; and perceived behavioral control had a significant impact on behavioral intentions. In the future, researchers are suggested to extensively collect empirical data from players of different levels in pickleball competitions through interviews or on-site observations, and the analyses based on relevant theories can be conducive to the predictive analysis of the behavioral intentions of pickleball players, and practical suggestions are proposed regarding the sustainability of pickleball competitions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability of Sport Management in the Post-COVID19 Era)

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11 pages, 255 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physical Activity and Depression among Korean Female College Students Due to COVID-19

by Young-Eun Song and Seungyup Lim

Sustainability 2022, 14(24), 16326; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su142416326 - 07 Dec 2022

Viewed by 1140

Abstract

College students’ physical activity and depression are important factors that can predict physical and psychological health after middle age. In particular, it is necessary to approach these two variables with interest in female college students who show less physical activity and a higher tendency to depression than male students, especially at a time when physical activity is reduced due to COVID-19. The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between differences in depression according to the amount of physical activity before and after the COVID-19 pandemic and variables for female college students. A total of 467 students attending colleges in two cities participated in the study. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire and Beck Depression Inventory were used to assess physical activity and depression, respectively. For the analysis, descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson’s correlation analysis were conducted. The results are as follows: first, the total physical activity of female college students decreased, and depression increased due to COVID-19. Second, depression levels differed among female college students according to their level of physical activity before and after the pandemic. Finally, a negative correlation was found between the amount of physical activity and the level of depression among female college students. In conclusion, the amount of physical activity and depression of female college students were judged to be affected by the COVID-19 outbreak, and thereafter, experimental studies to reduce depression in female college students by increasing physical activity are required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability of Sport Management in the Post-COVID19 Era)

13 pages, 276 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Sporting Events on Air Pollution: An Empirical Examination of National Football League Games

by Nicholas Watanabe, Grace Yan and Christopher McLeod

Sustainability 2023, 15(6), 5568; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su15065568 - 22 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4128

Abstract

(1) Background: Prior research has found that large-scale sporting events may potentially impose negative consequences on the environment, thus impeding the sustainability goals of the sport industry. Along these lines, the current study extends the literature by examining the impact that National Football League (NFL) games have on local-area air pollution. (2) Methods: Air Quality Index (AQI) data measuring six major forms of air pollution were gathered from air monitors positioned close to NFL stadiums and matched with the number of attendees at games. From this, multiple regression analysis was utilized to estimate whether the number of fans was related to changes in air pollution. (3) Results: The regression models found that Ozone and Nitrogen Dioxide levels increased as more individuals attended NFL games. Additional robustness checks and falsification tests suggest that the average NFL event results in an approximately two-percent increase in Ozone levels. (4) Conclusions: The findings from this study contribute to the literature by providing evidence that highly attended sporting events increase pollution levels in the areas near stadiums. Thus, governments and sport organizations should consider low-emission methods to get fans to travel to games in order to reduce their environmental impact. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability of Sport Management in the Post-COVID19 Era)

13 pages, 592 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Inclusive Leadership and Autocratic Leadership on Employees’ Job Satisfaction and Commitment in Sport Organizations: The Mediating Role of Organizational Trust and The Moderating Role of Sport Involvement

by Jihyeon Oh, Dae Hee Kim and Daehwan Kim

Sustainability 2023, 15(4), 3367; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su15043367 - 12 Feb 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5751

Abstract

Leadership and organizational trust have become increasingly important in sport organizations. This study investigated the separate effects of inclusive leadership and autocratic leadership on organizational trust and the moderating role of sport involvement in these relationships. A total of 250 sport organization employees participated in the survey. This study conducted confirmatory factor analysis and latent moderated structural equation modeling (LMS) to test the research hypotheses. We found that while inclusive leadership was positively related to organizational trust, autocratic leadership was negatively related to organizational trust. Organizational trust positively influenced employees’ job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The findings also confirmed that sport involvement moderated the relationship between inclusive leadership and organizational trust. Furthermore, sport involvement had a marginally significant moderating effect on the relationship between autocratic leadership and organizational trust. The results of this study provide meaningful insight into sport organizations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability of Sport Management in the Post-COVID19 Era)

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18 pages, 654 KiB

Open AccessReview

Road Racing Event Management Satisfaction: A Scoping Review of the Literature in Different Populations

by Sandra Ferreira, Paula Batista, Juan Antonio Sánchez-Sáez, Javier Sánchez-Sánchez and Maria José Carvalho

Sustainability 2023, 15(3), 2251; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su15032251 - 25 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1356

Abstract

The main purpose of this scoping literature review is to map empirical research concerning the satisfaction of road race participants, as well as what leads to their return and how events should be promoted and managed. The search was made on EBSCO, Academic Search Complete, Business Source Complete, Web of Science online database for studies between 2000 and 2020 using the following as keywords: “road race”, “marathon”, “running event”, “running”, “satisfaction”, “event loyalty”, “consumer behaviour”, “marketing”, and “communication”. After applying the inclusion criteria, 32 studies were selected. The descriptive analysis showed that satisfaction with the event depends on the quality of service provided, the image of the event, satisfaction with personal performance, perceived economic value, and disconfirmation of expectation, while the intention to revisit is largely affected by satisfaction with the event in different populations. In addition, various market segmentations are obtained according to the age and the gender, as well as important management and marketing information. The conclusions of this review can contribute to a better management and organization of road racing events around the world. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability of Sport Management in the Post-COVID19 Era)

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12 pages, 241 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Examining Consumer Motivations for Play-to-Earn Gaming: Application of Analytic Hierarchy Process Analysis

by Minseok Lee and Chanmin Park

Sustainability 2023, 15(18), 13311; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su151813311 - 05 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1324

Abstract

This study aims to explore the participation preferences of players in Play-to-Earn (PTE) games, a topic of growing relevance as PTE games gain increasing attention. These games offer players the unique opportunity to earn real-world rewards through virtual gameplay activities. By examining the factors that drive players’ decision-making in PTE games, we deepen our understanding of the intersection between virtual economies and real-world financial needs. The insights from this study can provide game developers and policymakers with valuable information to design and implement effective strategies that support individuals seeking alternative income sources and new economic models in the face of unprecedented challenges. To determine the prioritization of motivating factors among PTE game players, we utilized the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) analysis as part of a three-stage process: a literature review (Stage 1), expert evaluation (Stage 2), and AHP analysis (Stage 3). The study derived 12 critical factors in PTE gameplay from literature review, divided into three primary elements, each with four sub-factors. These primary factors include Gaming Experience (comprising Fun factor, Game Quality, Game Genre, and Challenge), Financial Outcomes (consisting of Tokenomics, ROI, Game Company Reliability, and Coin Price), and PTE Game Awareness (including Management, Game Entry Timing, Game Platform, and Community). This study uncovers the three primary factors that encourage participation in PTE games, with Gaming Experience emerging as the most critical, followed by Financial Outcomes and PTE Game Awareness. This finding underlines the need for game developers to prioritize the gaming experience to ensure the development and sustainability of PTE games. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability of Sport Management in the Post-COVID19 Era)

18 pages, 1000 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Empowering High-Quality Development of the Chinese Sports Education Market in Light of the “Double Reduction” Policy: A Hybrid SWOT-AHP Analysis

by Zelin Liu, Xiyan Duan, Hongling Cheng, Zhaoran Liu, Ping Li and Yang Zhang

Sustainability 2023, 15(3), 2107; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su15032107 - 22 Jan 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2855

Abstract

Background: The “Double Reduction” policy changed the education market landscape overnight in China. This study aimed to develop a strategic development model for the sports education market within the context of the “Double Reduction” policy. Methods: This study employed a hybrid model of SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) and AHP (analytic hierarchy process). First, SWOT factors were identified by a literature review and survey. In 2022, 30 managers and 251 parents from Changsha and Tianjin were surveyed regarding the sports education market. Second, five decision-makers from the Changsha sports education market performed a pairwise comparison of the AHP analysis, which was used to determine weights, consistency ratios, and intensities of SWOT factors. Third, the strategic vector method was used to develop the strategic development model. Results: Sixteen SWOT factors were determined. The strategic quadrilateral’s center of gravity is positioned in quadrant II (−0.0595, 0.0246). The strategic azimuth is 157.5°, and the strategic coefficient is 0.49. The strategic vector is located at the striving zone of the adjustment type. Conclusions: A conservative business strategy should be implemented in the current sports education market. Four novel strategies were proposed to support the high-quality development of the Chinese sports education market. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability of Sport Management in the Post-COVID19 Era)

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12 pages, 624 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Water Sport Tourists’ Hesitation in Decision-Making during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Moderating Effect of Destination Image

by Jeongmyeong Song, Myungkyu Jung, Kwangho Park and Ho Yeol Yu

Sustainability 2022, 14(8), 4414; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su14084414 - 07 Apr 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2086

Abstract

Understanding the effect of risk factors on tourists’ hesitation in choosing a destination is vital for successful management in tourism, especially in the pandemic era. Based on protection motivation theory, this study investigated the impact of sport tourists’ perceived risk associated with COVID-19 on their hesitation to choose a tourist destination in the context of water sport tourism. Further, we examined whether the relationship changes according to the levels of tourists’ destination image. Data from a survey of water sport tourists (n = 312) were analyzed using structural equation modeling and Hayes PROCESS macro with bootstrapping procedures. Findings of this research empirically demonstrated that risk factors influence hesitation in choosing a destination. Furthermore, the moderating effect of destination image on the influences of perceived risks on hesitation was identified. The study’s theoretical and practical contributions to the sport tourism literature are also discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability of Sport Management in the Post-COVID19 Era)

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22 pages, 897 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Esports Content Attributes on Viewing Flow and Well-Being: A Focus on the Moderating Effect of Esports Involvement

by Chaoyu Yin, Yihan Huang, Daehwan Kim and Kyungun Kim

Sustainability 2023, 15(16), 12207; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su151612207 - 09 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2354

Abstract

Despite being recognized as a global entertainment phenomenon, the nature of esports has been a subject of ongoing debate due to its content attributes and the controversial impact it has on individuals’ physical and mental well-being. We contend that the fundamental source of contention lies within the inherent content attributes of esports. Drawing on uses and gratification theory (UG) and cognitive appraisal theory, the purpose of the current study was to explore how esports content attributes and viewers’ individual characteristics (esports involvement) influence the viewer’s experience (flow experience) and well-being (happiness and vitality). The results of a latent moderated structural equations (LMS) modeling analysis using a total of 539 viewers revealed that entertainment, reliability, and diversity significantly influenced flow experience, which in turn influenced viewers’ happiness and vitality. Esports involvement was found to have moderating effects on the relationship between reliability and usefulness attributes and flow experience. The findings of this research provide important contributions to the literature and have implications for sport marketing managers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability of Sport Management in the Post-COVID19 Era)

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