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Symmetry
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Symmetries and the Pauli Exclusion Principle
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Symmetries and the Pauli Exclusion Principle

A special issue of Symmetry (ISSN 2073-8994). This special issue belongs to the section "Physics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2022) | Viewed by 19388

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Catalina Oana Curceanu

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
LNF-INFN (National Laboratory of Frascati, National Institute for Nuclear Physics), 00044 Frascati, Italy
Interests: nuclear and quantum experimental physics
Dr. Kristian Piscicchia

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Centro Fermi - Historical Museum of Physics and Enrico Fermi Study and Research Center, 00184 Roma, Italy
Interests: nuclear and quantum experimental and phenomenological physics

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The Pauli Exclusion Principle, as a manifestation of the spin–statistics relation, is deeply connected to space–time symmetries. Possible violations or deformations of these symmetries may refect in violations of the Pauli Exclusion Principle. Recent experiments set strong limits on the probability that the principle gets violated. In this issue we shall focus on the relation between various symmetries and their possible violations or deformations and the consequences of the Pauli Exclusion Principle for various classes of fermions, such as (but not only): electrons, nucleons and neutrinos. In particular, we shall consider the CPT and Lorentz symmetries, as well as noncommutative theories, also inspired from quantum gravity scenarios. Recent experimental results from experiments searching for small violations of the Pauli Exclusion Principle will be discussed, together with the limits they impose on symmetries/asymmetries embedded in our theories about nature and the universe.

Dr. Catalina Oana Curceanu
Dr. Kristian Piscicchia
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Symmetry is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Spin-statstics and symmetries
  • Discrete symmetries and the Pauli Exclusion Principle
  • CPT symmetry and the Pauli Exclusion Principle
  • Lorentz symmetry and the Pauli Exclusion Pinciple
  • Permutation symmetry
  • Noncommutativity and (violation of) the Pauli Exclusion Principle
  • Experiments searching for the Pauli Exclusion Principle violation

Published Papers (8 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

10 pages, 697 KiB  
Article
Testing the Pauli Exclusion Principle with the VIP-2 Experiment
by Fabrizio Napolitano, Sergio Bartalucci, Sergio Bertolucci, Massimiliano Bazzi, Mario Bragadireanu, Cesidio Capoccia, Michael Cargnelli, Alberto Clozza, Luca De Paolis, Raffaele Del Grande, Carlo Fiorini, Carlo Guaraldo, Mihail Iliescu, Matthias Laubenstein, Johann Marton, Marco Miliucci, Edoardo Milotti, Federico Nola, Kristian Piscicchia, Alessio Porcelli, Alessandro Scordo, Francesco Sgaramella, Hexi Shi, Diana Laura Sirghi, Florin Sirghi, Oton Vazquez Doce, Johann Zmeskal and Catalina Curceanuadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Symmetry 2022, 14(5), 893; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym14050893 - 27 Apr 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2159
Abstract
Violations of the Pauli Exclusion Principle (PEP), albeit small, could be motivated by physics beyond the Standard Model, ranging from violation of Lorentz invariance to extra space dimensions. This scenario can be experimentally constrained through dedicated, state-of-the-art X-ray spectroscopy, searching for a forbidden [...] Read more.
Violations of the Pauli Exclusion Principle (PEP), albeit small, could be motivated by physics beyond the Standard Model, ranging from violation of Lorentz invariance to extra space dimensions. This scenario can be experimentally constrained through dedicated, state-of-the-art X-ray spectroscopy, searching for a forbidden atomic transition from the L shell to the K shell already occupied by two electrons. The VIP-2 Experiment located at the underground Gran Sasso National Laboratories of INFN (Italy) tests PEP violations by introducing new electrons via a direct current in a copper conductor, measuring the X-ray energies through a silicon drift detector. Bayesian and frequentist analyses of approximately six months of data taken with the fully operational setup is presented, setting the strongest limit to date on the PEP violation shown by the VIP collaboration. The upper bound on PEP violation are placed at 90% CL β2/2≤6.8×10−42 with the Bayesian approach, and β2/2≤7.1×10−42 with the frequentist CLs technique. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetries and the Pauli Exclusion Principle)
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13 pages, 507 KiB  
Article
Particle Dark Matter Density and Entropy Production in the Early Universe
by Arnab Chaudhuri, Maxim Yu. Khlopov and Shiladitya Porey
Symmetry 2022, 14(2), 271; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym14020271 - 29 Jan 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1600
Abstract
Dark Matter (DM) density is reduced if entropy production takes place after DM particles abundance is frozen out in the early universe. We study a possibility of such reduction due to entropy production in the electroweak phase transition (EWPT). We compare scenarios of [...] Read more.
Dark Matter (DM) density is reduced if entropy production takes place after DM particles abundance is frozen out in the early universe. We study a possibility of such reduction due to entropy production in the electroweak phase transition (EWPT). We compare scenarios of entropy production in the standard model (SM) and its simplest extension, the two-Higgs doublet model (2HDM). Assuming the EWPT is of second order in the SM scenario and the first order in the 2HDM, we calculate the entropy release in these scenarios and the corresponding dilution of preexisting DM density in the early universe. We find the effect of dilution in EWPT significant for confrontation with observations of any form of possible DM (including primordial black holes (PBHs)), which is frozen out, decoupled, frozen in, or formed before EWPT. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetries and the Pauli Exclusion Principle)
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14 pages, 1002 KiB  
Article
Semi-Analytical Monte Carlo Method to Simulate the Signal of the VIP-2 Experiment
by Edoardo Milotti, Sergio Bartalucci, Sergio Bertolucci, Massimiliano Bazzi, Mario Bragadireanu, Michael Cargnelli, Alberto Clozza, Catalina Curceanu, Luca De Paolis, Raffaele Del Grande, Carlo Guaraldo, Mihail Iliescu, Matthias Laubenstein, Johann Marton, Marco Miliucci, Fabrizio Napolitano, Kristian Piscicchia, Alessandro Scordo, Hexi Shi, Diana Laura Sirghi, Florin Sirghi, Laura Sperandio, Oton Vázquez Doce and Johann Zmeskaladd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Symmetry 2021, 13(1), 6; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym13010006 - 22 Dec 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1943
Abstract
The VIP-2 collaboration runs an apparatus in the Gran Sasso underground laboratories of the Italian Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN) designed to search for anomalous X-rays from electron-atom interactions due to violations of the fundamental antisymmetry of multi-electron wavefunctions. The experiment implements the [...] Read more.
The VIP-2 collaboration runs an apparatus in the Gran Sasso underground laboratories of the Italian Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN) designed to search for anomalous X-rays from electron-atom interactions due to violations of the fundamental antisymmetry of multi-electron wavefunctions. The experiment implements the scheme first proposed by Ramberg and Snow, where a current source injects electrons into a metal strip (the experiment’s target). In this paper we describe the structure of a Monte Carlo program to simulate a new upgrade of the experiment, where the anomalous X-ray emission is modulated by an arbitrary time-varying input current. A novel feature of the simulation algorithm is that the Monte Carlo program is based on a mixture of analytical and numerical methods. We report preliminary, exploratory results on the expected detection rate for different modulations of the injected current; these results are a starting point on the way to optimize the modulation scheme and indicate a large potential improvement of the detection sensitivity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetries and the Pauli Exclusion Principle)
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12 pages, 8484 KiB  
Article
Pauli Crystals–Interplay of Symmetries
by Mariusz Gajda, Jan Mostowski, Maciej Pylak, Tomasz Sowiński and Magdalena Załuska-Kotur
Symmetry 2020, 12(11), 1886; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym12111886 - 16 Nov 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1896
Abstract
Recently observed Pauli crystals are structures formed by trapped ultracold atoms with the Fermi statistics. Interactions between these atoms are switched off, so their relative positions are determined by joined action of the trapping potential and the Pauli exclusion principle. Numerical modeling is [...] Read more.
Recently observed Pauli crystals are structures formed by trapped ultracold atoms with the Fermi statistics. Interactions between these atoms are switched off, so their relative positions are determined by joined action of the trapping potential and the Pauli exclusion principle. Numerical modeling is used in this paper to find the Pauli crystals in a two-dimensional isotropic harmonic trap, three-dimensional harmonic trap, and a two-dimensional square well trap. The Pauli crystals do not have the symmetry of the trap—the symmetry is broken by the measurement of positions and, in many cases, by the quantum state of atoms in the trap. Furthermore, the Pauli crystals are compared with the Coulomb crystals formed by electrically charged trapped particles. The structure of the Pauli crystals differs from that of the Coulomb crystals, this provides evidence that the exclusion principle cannot be replaced by a two-body repulsive interaction but rather has to be considered to be a specifically quantum mechanism leading to many-particle correlations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetries and the Pauli Exclusion Principle)
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25 pages, 2114 KiB  
Article
Chern-Simons Current of Left and Right Chiral Superspace in Graphene Wormhole
by Salvatore Capozziello, Richard Pinčák and Erik Bartoš
Symmetry 2020, 12(5), 774; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym12050774 - 07 May 2020
Cited by 35 | Viewed by 3645
Abstract
Starting from the basic definitions of Chern-Simons current, it is possible to calculate its values with a quantum machine learning approach, the so-called supersymmetric support Dirac machine. The related supercurrent is generated from the coupling between three states of the quantum flux of [...] Read more.
Starting from the basic definitions of Chern-Simons current, it is possible to calculate its values with a quantum machine learning approach, the so-called supersymmetric support Dirac machine. The related supercurrent is generated from the coupling between three states of the quantum flux of a modified Wilson loop of Cooper pairs. We adopt the Holo-Hilbert spectrum, in frequency modulation, to visualize the network as the coupling of convolutional neuron network in a superstatistic theory where the theory of superconductors is applied. According to this approach, it is possible to calculate the number of carbon atoms in the spinor network of a graphene wormhole. A supercurrent of Cooper pairs is produced as graviphoton states by using the Holo-Hilbert spectral analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetries and the Pauli Exclusion Principle)
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19 pages, 771 KiB  
Article
The Role of the Pauli Exclusion Principle in Nuclear Physics Models
by Josué R. M. Berriel-Aguayo and Peter O. Hess
Symmetry 2020, 12(5), 738; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym12050738 - 05 May 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2378
Abstract
The Pauli Exclusion Principle (PEP) is one of the most basic concepts in physics, but also the most difficult to implement in many-fermion systems, which are common in nuclear physics. To investigate the consequences of ignoring the PEP, we discuss several algebraic models [...] Read more.
The Pauli Exclusion Principle (PEP) is one of the most basic concepts in physics, but also the most difficult to implement in many-fermion systems, which are common in nuclear physics. To investigate the consequences of ignoring the PEP, we discuss several algebraic models in nuclear structure physics, in particular cluster models. Sometimes they tend to ignore the Pauli Exclusion Principle for practical reasons, leading to flawed interpretations. Though at first sight there seems to be an agreement to experiment, often it is due to the limited number of states known experimentally. We discuss several models which include or not the PEP, illustrating through their differences the importance of the PEP. This contribution is also a review of recently published results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetries and the Pauli Exclusion Principle)
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Review

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17 pages, 1331 KiB  
Review
Modern State of the Pauli Exclusion Principle and the Problems of Its Theoretical Foundation
by Ilya G. Kaplan
Symmetry 2021, 13(1), 21; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym13010021 - 24 Dec 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2703
Abstract
The Pauli exclusion principle (PEP) can be considered from two aspects. First, it asserts that particles that have half-integer spin (fermions) are described by antisymmetric wave functions, and particles that have integer spin (bosons) are described by symmetric wave functions. It is called [...] Read more.
The Pauli exclusion principle (PEP) can be considered from two aspects. First, it asserts that particles that have half-integer spin (fermions) are described by antisymmetric wave functions, and particles that have integer spin (bosons) are described by symmetric wave functions. It is called spin-statistics connection (SSC). The physical reasons why SSC exists are still unknown. On the other hand, PEP is not reduced to SSC and can be consider from another aspect, according to it, the permutation symmetry of the total wave function can be only of two types: symmetric or antisymmetric. They both belong to one-dimensional representations of the permutation group, while other types of permutation symmetry are forbidden. However, the solution of the Schrödinger equation may have any permutation symmetry. We analyze this second aspect of PEP and demonstrate that proofs of PEP in some wide-spread textbooks on quantum mechanics, basing on the indistinguishability principle, are incorrect. The indistinguishability principle is insensitive to the permutation symmetry of wave function. So, it cannot be used as a criterion for the PEP verification. However, as follows from our analysis of possible scenarios, the permission of states with permutation symmetry more general than symmetric and antisymmetric leads to contradictions with the concepts of particle identity and their independence. Thus, the existence in our Nature particles only in symmetric and antisymmetric permutation states is not accidental, since all symmetry options for the total wave function, except the antisymmetric and symmetric, cannot be realized. From this an important conclusion follows, we may not expect that in future some unknown elementary particles that are not fermions or bosons can be discovered. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetries and the Pauli Exclusion Principle)
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15 pages, 2887 KiB  
Review
The Pauli Exclusion Principle and the Problems of Its Experimental Verification
by Ilya G. Kaplan
Symmetry 2020, 12(2), 320; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym12020320 - 23 Feb 2020
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 6193
Abstract
The modern state of the Pauli exclusion principle is shortly discussed. We describe the discovery by Pauli, his principle for electrons, and how it was generalized for all elementary particles in the framework of quantum mechanics. The motivations and theoretical conceptions that induced [...] Read more.
The modern state of the Pauli exclusion principle is shortly discussed. We describe the discovery by Pauli, his principle for electrons, and how it was generalized for all elementary particles in the framework of quantum mechanics. The motivations and theoretical conceptions that induced the experiments for verification of the Pauli exclusion principle are analyzed. The results and methodology of two different types of experiments are discussed: (1) the search of unusual atoms and nuclei in the stable non-Pauli states, and (2) the experiments in which the emitted radiation of non-Pauli transitions is measured. In conclusion, the comments on the discussed experiments that follow from the general quantum mechanical conceptions and group theory are formulated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetries and the Pauli Exclusion Principle)
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