Symmetry in Fluid Flow II

A special issue of Symmetry (ISSN 2073-8994). This special issue belongs to the section "Mathematics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2022) | Viewed by 23316

Special Issue Editor

Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 191-0065, Japan
Interests: computational fluid dynamics; magnetohydrodynamics; modeling of interfacial flows; thermal convection; thermocappilary convection; centrifugal force; taylor–couette flow; boundary layer; transition stability
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Fluid flows sometimes exhibit symmetricity under certain conditions. However, such a symmetric flow is not always realized if such conditions are changed. For example, the plane Poiseuille flow, which exhibits a parabolic velocity profile formed between two parallel walls, has an exact symmetric solution of Navier-Stokes equation, but its symmetricity breaks under the condition of a high Reynolds number. This kind of flow transition from a steady symmetric state to another more complex state is not only realized in fluid flow experiments or analyses but also observed in natural fluid flow phenomena. The breaks of flow symmetry have been studied theoretically, experimentally, and numerically in the fields of fluid mechanics and thermal engineering because of their importance and relevance in terms of flow control and heat transfer enhancement. However, breaks of flow symmetry have not been sufficiently elucidated due to the non-linear characteristics of fluid flow. This Special Issue focuses on breaks of flow symmetry due to various kinds of factors such as shear, buoyancy, centrifugal force, and surface tension, and it is dedicated to the recent advances in the topics listed in the keywords below.

Dr. Toshio Tagawa
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • Buoyancy
  • Rayleigh–Benard convection
  • Multiphase flows
  • Surface tension
  • Thermocappilary convection
  • Centrifugal force Taylor–Couette flow Boundary layer Transition Stability

Published Papers (12 papers)

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Editorial

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3 pages, 164 KiB  
Editorial
Symmetry in Fluid Flow II
by Toshio Tagawa
Symmetry 2023, 15(5), 1002; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym15051002 - 29 Apr 2023
Viewed by 705
Abstract
Fluid flows sometimes exhibit symmetricity under certain conditions [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Fluid Flow II)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

27 pages, 10857 KiB  
Article
Influence of Centrifugal Buoyancy in Thermal Convection within a Rotating Spherical Shell
by Hidemoto Satake and Toshio Tagawa
Symmetry 2022, 14(10), 2021; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym14102021 - 26 Sep 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1988
Abstract
The dynamo action, which is of importance in the study of the geomagnetism mechanism, is considered to be caused by the convection structure formed inside a rotating spherical shell. This convection structure elongated in the rotation axis is generated by the action of [...] Read more.
The dynamo action, which is of importance in the study of the geomagnetism mechanism, is considered to be caused by the convection structure formed inside a rotating spherical shell. This convection structure elongated in the rotation axis is generated by the action of both heat and rotation on the fluid inside a spherical shell. In this study, we analyzed thermal convection in such a rotating spherical shell and attempted to understand the phenomenon of this convective structure. It is known that each value of the Prandtl number, the Ekman number and the Rayleigh number and their balance are important for the generation of such convective structure. We fixed these three parameters and considered the effect of centrifugal buoyancy as the Froude number additionally. To investigate how the effects of centrifugal buoyancy affect the convective structure, we carried out both three-dimensional numerical simulations and linear stability analyses. In particular, we focused on the transition from axisymmetric flow to non-axisymmetric flow having wavenumbers in the toroidal direction and investigated both growth rate and phase velocity of the disturbance. It was found that axisymmetric flow tends to be maintained as the effect of centrifugal buoyancy increases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Fluid Flow II)
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27 pages, 5078 KiB  
Article
Unified Theory of Unsteady Planar Laminar Flow in the Presence of Arbitrary Pressure Gradients and Boundary Movement
by Nihad E. Daidzic
Symmetry 2022, 14(4), 757; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym14040757 - 06 Apr 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1537
Abstract
A general unified solution of the plane Couette–Poiseuille–Stokes–Womersley incompressible linear fluid flow in a slit in the presence of oscillatory pressure gradients with periodic synchronous vibrating boundaries is presented. Oscillatory flow remains stable and laminar with no-slip boundary conditions applied. Eigenfunction expansion method [...] Read more.
A general unified solution of the plane Couette–Poiseuille–Stokes–Womersley incompressible linear fluid flow in a slit in the presence of oscillatory pressure gradients with periodic synchronous vibrating boundaries is presented. Oscillatory flow remains stable and laminar with no-slip boundary conditions applied. Eigenfunction expansion method is used to obtain the exact analytical solution of the general linear inhomogeneous boundary value problem. Fourier expansion of arbitrary harmonic pressure gradient and non-harmonic wall oscillations was used to calculate arbitrary driving of the fluid. In-house developed optimized computational fluid dynamics marching-in-time finite-volume method was used to test and verify all analytical results. A number of particular transients, steady-state and combined flows were obtained from the general analytical result. Generalized Stokes and Womersley flows were solved using the analytical computations and numerical experiments. The combined effects of periodic non-harmonic wall movements with oscillatory pressure gradients offers rich and interesting flow patterns even for a linear Newtonian fluid and may be particularly interesting for pumping-assist microfluidic devices. The main motivation for developing a unified solution of the unsteady laminar planar Couette–Stokes–Poiseuille–Womersley flow originates in a need for, but is not limited to, in-depth exploration of flow patterns in hemodynamic and microfluidic pumping applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Fluid Flow II)
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16 pages, 4157 KiB  
Article
Investigation of the Drag-Reduction Phenomenon on Plasma-Modified Surface
by Gutembergy Ferreira Diniz, Ivan Alves de Souza, João Freire de Medeiros Neto, Anderson Wagner Menezes, Jailson Alves de Souza, Jayme Ortiz, Thércio Henrique de Carvalho Costa, Kleiber Lima de Bessa and Michelle Cequeira Feitor
Symmetry 2022, 14(3), 524; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym14030524 - 03 Mar 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1818
Abstract
Drag is one of the main energy-dissipating phenomena in engineering applications. Drag-reduction mechanisms have been studied to reduce this cost. Superhydrophobic surfaces (SHS) have high water repellency and have been studied as an alternative mechanism for reducing drag. The high level of repellency [...] Read more.
Drag is one of the main energy-dissipating phenomena in engineering applications. Drag-reduction mechanisms have been studied to reduce this cost. Superhydrophobic surfaces (SHS) have high water repellency and have been studied as an alternative mechanism for reducing drag. The high level of repellency is due to the hierarchical structures in the micro- and nano-scales, making these surfaces able to trap air layers that impose the condition of slipping. The present work investigated the phenomenon of drag reduction on surfaces made of Sylgard® 184 elastomer and modified by low-pressure plasma treatments. Atmospheres with 40% Argon and 60% Acetylene, and 20% Argon and 80% Acetylene were used, varying the treatment times from 10 to 15 min of exposure to Acetylene. The surface, morphological and chemical modifications were confirmed by XPS and AFM analyses, showing the impression of a rough structure on the nanometric scale with deposition of chemical elements from the gas plasma. Furthermore, the obtained SHS showed lower resistance to flow, tested by the imposition of flow in channels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Fluid Flow II)
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13 pages, 3484 KiB  
Article
Effect of Asymmetry of Channels on Flows in Parallel Plates with a Sudden Expansion
by Takuya Masuda and Toshio Tagawa
Symmetry 2021, 13(10), 1857; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym13101857 - 03 Oct 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1613
Abstract
In order to quantitatively grasp the influence of asymmetry of a channel, flow in an eccentric sudden expansion channel, in which the channel centers are different on the upstream and downstream sides, was calculated to be less than the Reynolds number of 400, [...] Read more.
In order to quantitatively grasp the influence of asymmetry of a channel, flow in an eccentric sudden expansion channel, in which the channel centers are different on the upstream and downstream sides, was calculated to be less than the Reynolds number of 400, where the expansion rate was 2. The asymmetry of a channel is expressed by an eccentricity S, where a symmetric expansion channel is S = 0 and a channel with one side step is S = 1. Both flows firstly reattached on the wall located on the short and long side of a sudden expansion and were observed in the range of S ≤ 0.2, although only the former was seen in the range of S > 0.2. The critical Reynolds number of the multiple solutions increases parabolically to S. At least two separation vortices occur, and the third separation vortex is generated in both solutions above the critical Reynolds number of the third vortex. The length of an entrance region increases linearly to the Reynolds number and slightly with the increase in S. The pressure drop coefficient is proportional to the power of the Reynolds number and increases with S. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Fluid Flow II)
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14 pages, 320 KiB  
Article
Symmetries and Related Physical Balances for Discontinuous Flow Phenomena within the Framework of Lagrange Formalism
by Marcel Mellmann and Markus Scholle
Symmetry 2021, 13(9), 1662; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym13091662 - 09 Sep 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1484
Abstract
By rigorous analysis, it is proven that from discontinuous Lagrangians, which are invariant with respect to the Galilean group, Rankine–Hugoniot conditions for propagating discontinuities can be derived via a straight forward procedure that can be considered an extension of Noether’s theorem. The use [...] Read more.
By rigorous analysis, it is proven that from discontinuous Lagrangians, which are invariant with respect to the Galilean group, Rankine–Hugoniot conditions for propagating discontinuities can be derived via a straight forward procedure that can be considered an extension of Noether’s theorem. The use of this general procedure is demonstrated in particular for a Lagrangian for viscous flow, reproducing the well known Rankine–Hugoniot conditions for shock waves. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Fluid Flow II)
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19 pages, 8905 KiB  
Article
Laboratory Investigation of Hydraulic Parameters on Inclined Drop Equipped with Fishway Elements
by Rasoul Daneshfaraz, Ehsan Aminvash, Mohammad Bagherzadeh, Amir Ghaderi, Alban Kuriqi, Amir Najibi and Ana M. Ricardo
Symmetry 2021, 13(9), 1643; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym13091643 - 07 Sep 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2415
Abstract
This study aims to provide a way to increase the energy dissipation of flow in the inclined drop with environmental and economic considerations. Eighty-one experiments were performed on three types of simple inclined drop and inclined drop equipped with hole and without hole [...] Read more.
This study aims to provide a way to increase the energy dissipation of flow in the inclined drop with environmental and economic considerations. Eighty-one experiments were performed on three types of simple inclined drop and inclined drop equipped with hole and without hole fishway elements with a 200~600 L/min flow rate. In this study, the effect of using fishway elements on hydraulic parameters regarding flow pattern, energy dissipation, relative downstream depth, relative aeration length, relative length of the hydraulic jump, and downstream Froude number of an inclined drop was investigated through physical modeling following the symmetry law. The results showed that in all experimental models, with increasing the relative critical depth parameter, the energy dissipation values increase, and the downstream Froude number decreases. The parameters of relative downstream depth, relative length of a hydraulic jump, and relative aeration length also increase with increasing relative critical depth. On average, 88% of the flow energy dissipation increases with the design of the fishway elements on the structure compared to the simple drop. Model M7 (with holes fish elements) shows the highest energy dissipation, and Model M2 (without holes fish elements) has the highest flow aeration length and relative downstream water depth. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Fluid Flow II)
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19 pages, 363 KiB  
Article
A Three-Function Variational Principle for Stationary Nonbarotropic Magnetohydrodynamics
by Asher Yahalom
Symmetry 2021, 13(9), 1632; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym13091632 - 05 Sep 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1376
Abstract
The current paper is devoted to the introduction of simpler Eulerian variational principles from which all the relevant equations of nonbarotropic stationary magnetohydrodynamics can be derived for magnetic fields that lie on surfaces. A variational principle is given in terms of three independent [...] Read more.
The current paper is devoted to the introduction of simpler Eulerian variational principles from which all the relevant equations of nonbarotropic stationary magnetohydrodynamics can be derived for magnetic fields that lie on surfaces. A variational principle is given in terms of three independent variables for stationary nonbarotropic magnetohydrodynamic flows. This is a smaller number of variables than the eight variables that appear in the standard equations of nonbarotropic magnetohydrodynamics, which are the magnetic field, the velocity field, the specific entropy, and the density. We further investigate the case in which the flow along magnetic lines is not ideal. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Fluid Flow II)
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17 pages, 32186 KiB  
Article
Estimating the Reattachment Length by Realizing a Comparison between URANS k-Omega SST and LES WALE Models on a Symmetric Geometry
by Daniel Teso-Fz-Betoño, Martin Juica, Koldo Portal-Porras, Unai Fernandez-Gamiz and Ekaitz Zulueta
Symmetry 2021, 13(9), 1555; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym13091555 - 24 Aug 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2897
Abstract
In this study, a water reattachment length was calculated by adopting two different models. The first was based on Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) k-omega with Shear Stress Transport (SST); the second was a Large Eddy Simulation (LES) with Wall-Adapting Local Eddy-Viscosity (WALE). Both [...] Read more.
In this study, a water reattachment length was calculated by adopting two different models. The first was based on Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) k-omega with Shear Stress Transport (SST); the second was a Large Eddy Simulation (LES) with Wall-Adapting Local Eddy-Viscosity (WALE). Both models used the same mesh and were checked with Taylor length-scale analysis. After the analysis, the mesh had 11,040,000 hexahedral cells. The geometry was a symmetrical expansion–contraction tube with a 4.28 expansion ratio that created mechanical energy losses, which were taken into account. Moreover, the reattachment length was estimated by analyzing the speed values; the change of speed value from negative to positive was used as the criterion to recognize the reattachment point. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Fluid Flow II)
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16 pages, 7158 KiB  
Article
Application of Gamma Attenuation Technique and Artificial Intelligence to Detect Scale Thickness in Pipelines in Which Two-Phase Flows with Different Flow Regimes and Void Fractions Exist
by Mohammed Alamoudi, Mohammad Amir Sattari, Mohammed Balubaid, Ehsan Eftekhari-Zadeh, Ehsan Nazemi, Osman Taylan and El Mostafa Kalmoun
Symmetry 2021, 13(7), 1198; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym13071198 - 02 Jul 2021
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 2712
Abstract
Scale deposits can reduce equipment efficiency in the oil and petrochemical industry. The gamma attenuation technique can be used as a non-invasive effective tool for detecting scale deposits in petroleum pipelines. The goal of this study is to propose a dual-energy gamma attenuation [...] Read more.
Scale deposits can reduce equipment efficiency in the oil and petrochemical industry. The gamma attenuation technique can be used as a non-invasive effective tool for detecting scale deposits in petroleum pipelines. The goal of this study is to propose a dual-energy gamma attenuation method with radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) to determine scale thickness in petroleum pipelines in which two-phase flows with different symmetrical flow regimes and void fractions exist. The detection system consists of a dual-energy gamma source, with Ba-133 and Cs-137 radioisotopes and two 2.54-cm × 2.54-cm sodium iodide (NaI) detectors to record photons. The first detector related to transmitted photons, and the second one to scattered photons. The transmission detector recorded two signals, which were the counts under photopeak of Ba-133 and Cs-137 with the energy of 356 keV and 662 keV, respectively. The one signal recorded in the scattering detector, total counts, was applied to RBFNN as the inputs, and scale thickness was assigned as the output. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Fluid Flow II)
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11 pages, 886 KiB  
Article
Pseudo-Laminarization of Mixed Microbubble Water and Complex Fluids in Capillary Flows
by Takaki Kobayashi, Akiomi Ushida and Taisuke Sato
Symmetry 2021, 13(7), 1141; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym13071141 - 25 Jun 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1377
Abstract
Symmetry in fluid flow is determined by external factors such as magnetic or electric fields. Owing to the electrical properties of fluids, liquids containing fine bubble or ionic surfactant molecules differ from the normal fluid flow. Therefore, the pressure drop and frictional coefficient [...] Read more.
Symmetry in fluid flow is determined by external factors such as magnetic or electric fields. Owing to the electrical properties of fluids, liquids containing fine bubble or ionic surfactant molecules differ from the normal fluid flow. Therefore, the pressure drop and frictional coefficient in a pipe are measured and estimated for water alone, for mixed microbubble water (MB), and for complex fluids (anionic surfactant solution and polymer solution) in capillary flow with constant flow rate. For water alone, good agreement is obtained between the experimental and theoretical values for laminar Hagen–Poiseuille flow and the Blasius expression in turbulent flow. For the MB, pseudo-laminarization is suggested up to a Reynolds number of 4.2×103. Both the anionic surfactant solution and the polymer solution exhibit the same tendency as that of the MB. In explaining these behaviors, elasticity and electrical interaction are discussed, and electrical interaction on the capillary wall is strongly suggested to be a contributing factor. Additionally, surface tension is investigated and supports the discussion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Fluid Flow II)
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16 pages, 7028 KiB  
Article
Feasibility Study of Using X-ray Tube and GMDH for Measuring Volume Fractions of Annular and Stratified Regimes in Three-Phase Flows
by Gholam Hossein Roshani, Peshawa Jammal Muhammad Ali, Shivan Mohammed, Robert Hanus, Lokman Abdulkareem, Adnan Alhathal Alanezi, Ehsan Nazemi, Ehsan Eftekhari-Zadeh and El Mostafa Kalmoun
Symmetry 2021, 13(4), 613; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym13040613 - 06 Apr 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 1971
Abstract
In this paper, the feasibility of using an X-ray tube instead of radioisotope sources for measuring volume fractions of gas, oil, and water in two typical flow regimes of three-phase flows, namely, annular and stratified, is evaluated. This study’s proposed detection system is [...] Read more.
In this paper, the feasibility of using an X-ray tube instead of radioisotope sources for measuring volume fractions of gas, oil, and water in two typical flow regimes of three-phase flows, namely, annular and stratified, is evaluated. This study’s proposed detection system is composed of an X-ray tube, a 1 inch × 1 inch NaI detector, and one Pyrex-glass pipe to model different volume fractions for two flow regimes, annular and stratified. Group method of data handling (GMDH), a powerful regression tool, was also implemented to analyze the obtained data. The obtained results in this work indicate that a simple system based on an X-ray tube and just one NaI detector could be a potential alternative to radioisotope-based systems for separate measurements of gas, oil, and water volume fractions in annular and stratified flow regimes of a three-phase flow. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Fluid Flow II)
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