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Technologies
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Microwave Energy Applications
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Microwave Energy Applications

A special issue of Technologies (ISSN 2227-7080). This special issue belongs to the section "Innovations in Materials Processing".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2014) | Viewed by 43050

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Manoj Gupta

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Materials Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117576, Singapore
Interests: metal additive manufacturing; processing; characterization; lightweight materials; nanocomposites
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Microwave technology is an energy saving futuristic technology applicable to many diverse fields and a variety of materials. It has emerged predominantly in several fields of Materials Science and Technology due to its manifold characteristic advantages (fast reaction rates and reduced processing temperatures) over conventional techniques. The heating of a sample being volumetric and fast, the MW processing modifies the structure and microstructure (e.g. size of nanoparticles) and can thus tailor the materials to obtain desired properties. Accordingly, this Special Issue aims to publish papers in the area of microwave energy applications related to techniques (such as single mode, multimode); materials (metals, polymers, ceramics, dielectric, magnetic, bioceramics, composites, bulk and thin films); and applications (such as metal production, sintering, waste processing, etc.).

Prof. Dr. Manoj Gupta
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Technologies is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • microwaves
  • H-field
  • E-field
  • hybrid processing
  • sintering
  • melting
  • waste processing
  • metals
  • ceramics
  • polymers
  • nanoparticles
  • composites
  • minerals
  • waste processing

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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3775 KiB  
Article
Microwave-Assisted Preparation of High Entropy Alloys
by Paolo Veronesi, Roberto Rosa, Elena Colombini and Cristina Leonelli
Technologies 2015, 3(4), 182-197; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/technologies3040182 - 07 Oct 2015
Cited by 39 | Viewed by 6862
Abstract
Microwaves at the ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical, reserved internationally) frequency of 2450 or 5800 MHz have been used to prepare FeCoNiCuAl, FeCrNiTiAl and FeCoCrNiAl2.5 high entropy alloys by direct heating of pressed mixtures of metal powders. The aim of this work [...] Read more.
Microwaves at the ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical, reserved internationally) frequency of 2450 or 5800 MHz have been used to prepare FeCoNiCuAl, FeCrNiTiAl and FeCoCrNiAl2.5 high entropy alloys by direct heating of pressed mixtures of metal powders. The aim of this work is to explore a new microwave-assisted near-net-shape technology, using a powder metallurgy approach for the preparation of high entropy alloys, able to overcome the limits of current melting technologies (defects formation) or solid state ones (time demanding). High entropy alloy compositions have been selected so as to comprise at least one ferromagnetic element and one highly reactive couple, like Ni-Al, Ti-Al, Co-Al or Fe-Al. Results show that direct microwave heating of the powder precursors occurs, and further heating generation is favored by the ignition of exothermal reactions in the load. Microwaves have been applied both for the ignition and sustaining of such reactions, showing that by the proposed technique, it is possible to control the cooling rate of the newly-synthesized high entropy alloys. Results showed also that microwave heating in predominant magnetic field regions of the microwave applicator is more effective at controlling the cooling rate. The herein proposed microwave-assisted powder metallurgy approach is suitable to retain the shape of the load imparted during forming by uniaxial pressing. The homogeneity of the prepared high entropy alloys in all cases was good, without the dendritic segregation typical of arc melting, even if some partially-unreacted powders were detected in the samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave Energy Applications)
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3971 KiB  
Article
Microwave Absorption of Barium Borosilicate, Zinc Borate, Fe-Doped Alumino-Phosphate Glasses and Its Raw Materials
by Ashis Kumar Mandal and Ranjan Sen
Technologies 2015, 3(2), 111-125; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/technologies3020111 - 19 May 2015
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 7454
Abstract
This study presents microwave absorption of raw materials used in barium borosilicate, Fe-doped alumina phosphate and zinc borate glass. Microwave absorption was investigated for the raw materials SiO2, Na2CO3, BaCO3, BPO4, Al(PO3)3, [...] Read more.
This study presents microwave absorption of raw materials used in barium borosilicate, Fe-doped alumina phosphate and zinc borate glass. Microwave absorption was investigated for the raw materials SiO2, Na2CO3, BaCO3, BPO4, Al(PO3)3, Mg(PO3)2, Al(OH)3, TiO2. The study shows that SiO2 could be heated directly above 1000 °C within 30 min at 1.5 kW microwave output (MW) power and 0.8 kW MW power is necessary to initiate heating (from 260 °C). Microwave heating of material with low dielectric loss has been investigated by increasing MW power. Microwave absorption of above glass systems has also been investigated. Dielectric properties such as loss tangent of glass as a function of temperature are presented. Glass melting under direct microwave heating was demonstrated for the studied glass systems. Temperature-Microwave power-Time (T-P-t) profiles for the three glasses indicate maximum MW output power ~1 kW, 0.65 kW and ~1 kW for barium borosilicate, zinc borate glass and alumino-phosphate glass for 60 g glass melting. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave Energy Applications)
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4051 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Calcium Fluoroaluminosilicate Based Glass Ionomer Luting Cements Processed Both by Conventional and Microwave Assisted Methods
by Nagaraja Upadhya P., Keloth Kaitheri Srinivasan, A. Vasudeva Adhikari and Lakshmi Narayan Satapathy
Technologies 2015, 3(2), 58-73; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/technologies3020058 - 25 Mar 2015
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5728
Abstract
Calcium fluoroaluminosilicate glasses (CAS) are used in the formulation of glass ionomer cements for dental applications. However, the cements obtained from CAS glasses were found to be radiolucent. In this study, the influence of substituting Zn, Sr and Mg for Ca of CAS [...] Read more.
Calcium fluoroaluminosilicate glasses (CAS) are used in the formulation of glass ionomer cements for dental applications. However, the cements obtained from CAS glasses were found to be radiolucent. In this study, the influence of substituting Zn, Sr and Mg for Ca of CAS glasses was investigated with respect to the structure and setting characteristics, mechanical properties, and radiopacity of cements designed for luting applications. Three glass compositions based on substitution of Zn, Sr and Mg for Ca at 1:1 molar ratio was synthesized. They were coded as the G 021 (Ca: Zn), G 022 (Ca: Sr), G 023 (Ca: Mg). G 021 and G 022 glasses were processed by conventional melt quench route, whereas G 023 was processed by microwave melt–quench route. Each glass was then mixed with Fuji Type I GIC liquid in order to evaluate the properties of novel cements at different powder/liquid ratios. X-ray diffraction and Fourier Transform-Infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed the structure of the processed glasses. The average particle size of the processed glass powders was within specification limits for luting applications (<15 μm). The substitution of Zn, Sr and Mg for Ca at 1:1 molar ratio increased the reactivity of the respective glasses. This has been reflected in their respective setting characteristics and mechanical properties. The optimal combination of setting time, strength and radiopacity for the cements examined here was shown by G 022 cements. The microwave melting can be utilized for processing ionomer glasses as it did not alter the structure and properties of G 023 cement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave Energy Applications)
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3658 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Grain Structure, Electrical and Magnetic Properties of BaTiO3 and Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 Ceramics Sintered Using Microwave and Conventional Techniques
by Santiranjan Shannigrahi and Chee Kiang Ivan Tan
Technologies 2015, 3(1), 47-57; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/technologies3010047 - 17 Mar 2015
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 6024
Abstract
BaTiO3 (BT) and Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 (NZF) ceramic disc specimens were prepared using commercial grade powders sintering by conventional (CV) and microwave (MW) sintering techniques. In both the sintering techniques the set sintering temperatures were in the [...] Read more.
BaTiO3 (BT) and Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 (NZF) ceramic disc specimens were prepared using commercial grade powders sintering by conventional (CV) and microwave (MW) sintering techniques. In both the sintering techniques the set sintering temperatures were in the range of 850 °C to 1000 °C and time from 0.5 to 2 h. Structure, microstructure, dielectric, ferroelectric and magnetic properties have been compared for the as sintered BT and NZF ceramic specimens. Comparatively large grain size and higher density observed for the samples sintered at same temperature and shorter holding time using microwave. Magnetic properties of the NZF samples sintered using MW at a temperature of 950 °C show a higher saturation magnetization (Ms) value of 88 emu/g. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave Energy Applications)
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4312 KiB  
Article
Application of Sonication and Microwave Irradiation to Boost Continuous Fabrication of the Copper(II) Oxide Sub-Micron Particles
by Grzegorz Dzido, Michał Drzazga, Piotr Markowski and Andrzej B. Jarzębski
Technologies 2015, 3(1), 37-46; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/technologies3010037 - 05 Mar 2015
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 7334
Abstract
Viability of the continuous-flow synthesis of rhomboidal copper(II) oxide (CuO) micro- and nanonoparticles was demonstrated. It has been shown that ultrasonic mixing of reactants, in the stage of Cu(OH)2 synthesis, followed by microwave irradiation of the resulting suspension, gives very fine particles [...] Read more.
Viability of the continuous-flow synthesis of rhomboidal copper(II) oxide (CuO) micro- and nanonoparticles was demonstrated. It has been shown that ultrasonic mixing of reactants, in the stage of Cu(OH)2 synthesis, followed by microwave irradiation of the resulting suspension, gives very fine particles of CuO at high yield and within minutes. Near optimal parameters for the synthesis of fine particles in the continuous reactor were determined. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave Energy Applications)
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Review

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6367 KiB  
Review
Using Microwave Energy to Synthesize Light Weight/Energy Saving Magnesium Based Materials: A Review
by Wai Leong Eugene Wong and Manoj Gupta
Technologies 2015, 3(1), 1-18; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/technologies3010001 - 20 Jan 2015
Cited by 40 | Viewed by 8783
Abstract
Microwave energy can be used for the processing of a wide variety of materials. It is used most commonly for the heating of food and has been increasingly applied for processing of polymers; ceramics; metals; minerals and composites. The use of microwave energy [...] Read more.
Microwave energy can be used for the processing of a wide variety of materials. It is used most commonly for the heating of food and has been increasingly applied for processing of polymers; ceramics; metals; minerals and composites. The use of microwave energy allows rapid and volumetric heating where heat is generated from within the material instead of via radiative heat transfer from external heating elements. This paper aims to provide a review on the use of energy efficient and environment friendly microwave energy route to synthesize magnesium based materials reinforced with various types of metallic and ceramic reinforcements. Magnesium composites are extremely attractive for weight critical applications in automotive; aerospace; electronics and transportation sectors. The magnesium composites were prepared using blend—compact—microwave sintering—extrusion methodology. Microwave sintering allowed a significant reduction of 80% in both processing time and energy consumption over conventional sintering without any detrimental effect on the properties of the synthesized magnesium composites. Physical; microstructure and mechanical properties of microwave sintered magnesium composites will also be discussed and compared with magnesium composites processed by conventional liquid and solid processing techniques. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave Energy Applications)
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