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Toxics
Special Issues
Modelling & Impacts Assessments of Air Quality
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Modelling & Impacts Assessments of Air Quality

A special issue of Toxics (ISSN 2305-6304). This special issue belongs to the section "Air Pollution and Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2022) | Viewed by 10690

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Vânia Martins

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Center for Nuclear Sciences and Technologies, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
Interests: atmospheric pollution; indoor and outdoor air quality; airborne particulate matter measurements; chemistry of particulate matter; exposure assessment; source apportionment; air pollution mitigation strategies
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Hélder Relvas

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
CESAM and Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
Interests: air quality modeling; atmospheric pollution; integrated assessment modeling tools; mitigation and planning; machine learning; air pollution health effects
Prof. Dr. Ana Isabel Miranda

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
CESAM and Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
Interests: air quality modeling; atmospheric pollution; climate change mitigation and adaptation; air pollution mitigation strategies; forest fire behavior; air pollution and human health
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

A proper assessment of human exposure to air pollution is essential for health risk assessment. The management of air quality is important to reduce air pollution health risks. In this context, there is persuasive evidence that the development of robust, evidence-based, and effective air quality policies is required. Source identification and emission control have been increasingly recognized as the principal strategies for improving air quality. Air quality modeling provides an invaluable tool to assess the effectiveness of policy strategies, providing the spatial and temporal resolution of outdoor air pollutant concentrations. Exposures can be estimated much more accurately due to these high-resolution pollutant fields and even individualized using geolocation technologies that allow the tracking of people in real-time. Linking of air quality models with exposure models can improve exposure assessments for populations of interest.

We are pleased to invite you to submit innovative insights into models for air quality assessment and planning (identifying possible measures to reduce emissions and developing emissions reduction scenarios), and air pollution impact assessment, with an emphasis on human exposure.

In this Special Issue of Toxics, original research articles and reviews are welcome. Research areas may include (but are not limited to) the following:

  • Outdoor and indoor air quality modeling;
  • Air quality model development and applications geared toward generating high-resolution pollutant concentration fields;
  • Sources and emissions of air pollutants;
  • Exposure assessments with emerging techniques;
  • Health impact assessments of air pollution;
  • Cost-effective policy measures.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Vânia Martins
Dr. Hélder Relvas
Prof. Dr. Ana Isabel Miranda
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Toxics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • air quality models
  • emission inventories
  • exposure estimation
  • air pollution control
  • health impact assessment

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 2081 KiB  
Article
Analysis and Modeling of Air Pollution in Extreme Meteorological Conditions: A Case Study of Jeddah, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
by Mohammad Rehan and Said Munir
Toxics 2022, 10(7), 376; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxics10070376 - 05 Jul 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1886
Abstract
Air pollution has serious environmental and human health-related consequences; however, little work seems to be undertaken to address the harms in Middle Eastern countries, including Saudi Arabia. We installed a continuous air quality monitoring station in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and monitored several air [...] Read more.
Air pollution has serious environmental and human health-related consequences; however, little work seems to be undertaken to address the harms in Middle Eastern countries, including Saudi Arabia. We installed a continuous air quality monitoring station in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and monitored several air pollutants and meteorological parameters over a 2-year period (2018–2019). Here, we developed two supervised machine learning models, known as quantile regression models, to analyze the whole distribution of the modeled pollutants, not only the mean values. Two pollutants, namely NO2 and O3, were modeled by dividing their concentrations into several quantiles (0.05, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 0.95) and the effect of several pollutants and meteorological variables was analyzed on each quantile. The effect of the explanatory variables changed at different segments of the distribution of NO2 and O3 concentrations. For instance, for the modeling of O3, the coefficients of wind speed at quantiles 0.05, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 0.95 were 1.40, 2.15, 2.34, 2.31, and 1.56, respectively. Correlation coefficients of 0.91 and 0.92 and RMSE values of 14.41 and 8.96, which are calculated for the cross-validated models of NO2 and O3, showed an acceptable model performance. Quantile analysis aids in better understanding the behavior of air pollution and how it interacts with the influencing factors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling & Impacts Assessments of Air Quality)
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14 pages, 3098 KiB  
Article
Worldwide Evaluation of CAMS-EGG4 CO2 Data Re-Analysis at the Surface Level
by Danilo Custódio, Carlos Borrego and Hélder Relvas
Toxics 2022, 10(6), 331; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxics10060331 - 17 Jun 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1740
Abstract
This study systematically examines the global uncertainties and biases in the carbon dioxide (CO2) mixing ratio provided by the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS). The global greenhouse gas re-analysis (EGG4) data product from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) [...] Read more.
This study systematically examines the global uncertainties and biases in the carbon dioxide (CO2) mixing ratio provided by the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS). The global greenhouse gas re-analysis (EGG4) data product from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) was evaluated against ground-based in situ measurements from more than 160 of stations across the world. The evaluation shows that CO2 re-analysis can capture the general features in the tracer distributions, including the CO2 seasonal cycle and its strength at different latitudes, as well as the global CO2 trend. The emissions and natural fluxes of CO2 at the surface are evaluated on a wide range of scales, from diurnal to interannual. The results highlight re-analysis compliance, reproducing biogenic fluxes as well the observed CO2 patterns in remote environments. CAMS consistently reproduces observations at marine and remote regions with low CO2 fluxes and smooth variability. However, the model’s weaknesses were observed in continental areas, regions with complex sources, transport circulations and large CO2 fluxes. A strong variation in the accuracy and bias are displayed among those stations with different flux profiles, with the largest uncertainties in the continental regions with high CO2 anthropogenic fluxes. Displaying biased estimation and root-mean-square error (RMSE) ranging from values below one ppmv up to 70 ppmv, the results reveal a poor response from re-analysis to high CO2 mixing ratio, showing larger uncertainty of the product in the boundaries where the CAMS system misses solving sharp flux variability. The mismatch at regions with high fluxes of anthropogenic emission indicate large uncertainties in inventories and constrained physical parameterizations in the CO2 at boundary conditions. The current study provides a broad uncertainty assessment for the CAMS CO2 product worldwide, suggesting deficiencies and methods that can be used in the future to overcome failures and uncertainties in regional CO2 mixing ratio and flux estimates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling & Impacts Assessments of Air Quality)
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14 pages, 1552 KiB  
Article
Potentially Toxic Element Levels in Atmospheric Particulates and Health Risk Estimation around Industrial Areas of Maros, Indonesia
by Annisa Utami Rauf, Anwar Mallongi, Kiyoung Lee, Anwar Daud, Muhammad Hatta, Wesam Al Madhoun and Ratna Dwi Puji Astuti
Toxics 2021, 9(12), 328; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxics9120328 - 02 Dec 2021
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4000
Abstract
Air quality deterioration is a major environmental problem in Indonesia. This study evaluated the levels and health risks of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in Maros Regency, Indonesia. Total suspended particulate matter was collected from industrial areas for PTE (Al, Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni, [...] Read more.
Air quality deterioration is a major environmental problem in Indonesia. This study evaluated the levels and health risks of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in Maros Regency, Indonesia. Total suspended particulate matter was collected from industrial areas for PTE (Al, Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni, As and Zn) analysis using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Samples were collected from six critical areas in the Bantimurung region as that is where marble, cement and limestone industries are located. A calculation of the non-carcinogenic and cancer risks was performed to determine the potential health exposures in adults and children. A Monte Carlo simulation with 10,000 iterations and a sensitivity analysis was carried out to identify the risk probability and the most sensitive variable contributing to cancer risk from PTE exposure in humans. The results showed that the concentration of PTEs decreased in the order of Zn > Al > Cr > Pb > Cu > Ni > As in the wet season, and Zn > Al > Pb > As > Cr > Cu > Ni in the dry season. The hazard index (HI) value for children was 2.12, indicating a high non-carcinogenic risk for children. The total cancer risk (TCR) values in adults and children were 3.11 × 10−5 and 1.32 × 10−4, respectively, implying that both are at risk for developing cancer. The variables with the most contribution to cancer risk from As, Cr and Pb exposure in adults and children were As concentration (33.9% and 41.0%); exposure duration (ED) (34.3%) and SA (40.7%); and SA (98.7 % and 45.4%), respectively. These findings could be used as the scientific basis for public health intervention and to raise awareness of the harmful health effects of particulate bound PTEs Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling & Impacts Assessments of Air Quality)
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Review

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19 pages, 726 KiB  
Review
Impact of Particles on Pulmonary Endothelial Cells
by Marina Almeida-Silva, Jéssica Cardoso, Catarina Alemão, Sara Santos, Ana Monteiro, Vítor Manteigas and Ana Marques-Ramos
Toxics 2022, 10(6), 312; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxics10060312 - 09 Jun 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2098
Abstract
According to the WHO, air quality affects around 40 million people, contributing to around 21,000 premature deaths per year. Severe respiratory diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, can be promoted by air pollution, which has already been documented; this is [...] Read more.
According to the WHO, air quality affects around 40 million people, contributing to around 21,000 premature deaths per year. Severe respiratory diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, can be promoted by air pollution, which has already been documented; this is one of the reasons why air quality is a very relevant factor for human health and well-being. Aerosols are an aggregation of solid or liquid particles dispersed in the air and can be found in the form of dust or fumes. Aerosols can be easily inhaled or absorbed by the skin, which can lead to adverse health effects according to their sizes that range from the nanometre to the millimetre scale. Based on the PRISMA methodology and using the Rayyan QCRI platform, it was possible to assess more than four hundred research articles. This systematic review study aimed to understand the impact of particles on pulmonary endothelial cells, namely particulate matter in different sizes, cigarette smoke, diesel exhaust particles and carbon black. The main conclusions were that particles induce multiple health effects on endothelial cells, namely endothelial dysfunction, which can lead to apoptosis and necrosis, and it may also cause necroptosis in lung structure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling & Impacts Assessments of Air Quality)
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