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Effects of Mycotoxins on Health and Performance in Animals

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A special issue of Toxins (ISSN 2072-6651). This special issue belongs to the section "Mycotoxins".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (1 September 2021) | Viewed by 32491

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Prof. Philippe Guerre

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National Veterinary School of Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, F-31076 Toulouse, France
Interests: mycotoxins; contaminants; animal toxicology; analytical toxicology; oxidative stress; sphingolipids; toxicokinetics; metabolism of toxic substances; drug-metabolizing enzymes
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Dear Colleagues,

The effects of mycotoxins on animal heath have been known for many years. Maximum tolerated or recommended doses in food and feed are set for the most well-known mycotoxins in humans and animals.

However, with the development of new analytical methods which allow routine detection of a large number of mycotoxins, knowledge in the field has evolved. Emergent mycotoxins for which toxic effects are not well characterized and no guidelines are available raise new animal health issues. Also, little data is available on the impact that mycotoxins could have in combination or during chronic exposure. Finally, many strategies to avoid the harmful effects of mycotoxins on animal health and performances are still being developed.

The objective of this Special Issue is to focus on the effects of mycotoxins on health and performance in animals, with a particular interest in the following points:

(a) Epidemiological studies permitting a better characterisation of animal exposure to mycotoxins in combination

(b) Studies of the effects of mycotoxins in animals at a realistic exposure level

(d) Strategies to limit the adverse effects of mycotoxins on animal health through the use of adsorbents, enzymes, prebiotics, probiotics, etc.

(e) In vitro mechanistic studies showing molecular effects of emergent mycotoxins

(f) Impact of genetic and epigenetic factors on toxic effect of mycotoxins in animals

(g) Literature review articles on this Special Issue

Prof. Dr. Philippe Guerre
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a double-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Toxins is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

food contaminants
feed safety
mycotoxins
animal health
interactions
chronic toxicity
detoxification
adsorbents
enzymes
prebiotics
probiotics

Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 6881 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Bacillus subtilis ZJ-2019-1 on Zearalenone Toxicosis in Female Gilts

by Junnan Zhang, Yunduo Zheng, Hui Tao, Jie Liu, Peng Zhao, Fan Yang, Zonghao Lv and Jinquan Wang

Toxins 2021, 13(11), 788; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins13110788 - 08 Nov 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2344

Abstract

The purpose of this research was to investigate the toxicity of zearalenone (ZEN) on the growth performance, genital organs, serum hormones, biomarkers, and histopathological changes of female gilts and to evaluate the efficacy of Bacillus subtilis ZJ-2019-1 in alleviating ZEN toxicosis in gilts. Twenty-four female gilts were randomly allocated to four groups with six replicates per group and one gilt per replicate, fed on four feeds prepared previously, which were basic diet (control group, C group), ZEN diet (Z group), Zlb diet (Zlb group) containing B. subtilis ZJ-2019-1 in liquid form, and Zdb diet (Zdb group) containing B. subtilis ZJ-2019-1 in dehydrated form. The results showed that the vulva size and relative weight of reproductive organs had no significant difference in the control group, Zlb group, and Zdb group, but were significantly lower than in the Z group (p < 0.05); the relative weight of the liver was lower in the C group, Zlb group, and Zbd group than in the Z group (0.05 < p < 0.1). The concentration of serum glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) was lower, but follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) was higher in the Z group, Zlb group, and Zdb group than in the Z group (0.05 < p < 0.1). Additionally, serum luteinizing hormone (LH) concentration had no significant difference in the C group, Zlb group, and Zdb group but was significantly lower than in the Z group (p < 0.05); estradiol (E2) was significantly lower in the Zlb group and Zdb group than that in C group, but significantly higher than that in Z group (p < 0.05); PRL was significantly higher in the Zlb group and Zdb group than in the C group, but was significantly lower than in Z group (p < 0.05). ZEN and its reduced metabolites were measured in biological samples after enzymatic hydrolysis of the conjugated forms. The concentration of serum ZEN and its metabolite, α-zeralenol (α-ZOL), had no significant difference in Zlb, Zdb, and control groups but was significantly lower than in the Z group (p < 0.05); urine ZEN and its metabolites, α-ZOL and β-zeralenol (β-ZOL), had no significant difference in Zlb, Zdb, and control groups but was significantly lower than in the Z group (p < 0.05). Cell damages were observed in the liver, uterus, and ovary of gilts in the Z group and alleviated in Zlb and Zdb groups, but the loss of oocytes was irreversible in the ovary. The ZEN-contaminated diet caused serious changes in female hormones and brought harm to the livers and reproductive organs, but B. subtilis ZJ-2019-1 could naturally remove the ZEN significantly, which ameliorated the reproductive impairment in gilts caused by ZEN. The addition of B. subtilis ZJ-2019-1 to ZEN-contaminated feeds could ameliorate the toxic effects effectively, regardless of liquid or dry culture. Therefore, the B. subtilis ZJ-2019-1 strain has great potential industrial applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Mycotoxins on Health and Performance in Animals)

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16 pages, 1101 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Strong Alterations in the Sphingolipid Profile of Chickens Fed a Dose of Fumonisins Considered Safe

by Didier Tardieu, Maria Matard-Mann, Pi Nyvall Collén and Philippe Guerre

Toxins 2021, 13(11), 770; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins13110770 - 30 Oct 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2126

Abstract

Fumonisins (FB) are mycotoxins known to exert most of their toxicity by blocking ceramide synthase, resulting in disruption of sphingolipid metabolism. Although the effects of FB on sphinganine (Sa) and sphingosine (So) are well documented in poultry, little information is available on their other effects on sphingolipids. The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of FB on the hepatic and plasma sphingolipidome in chickens. The first concern of this analysis was to clarify the effects of FB on hepatic sphingolipid levels, whose variations can lead to numerous toxic manifestations. The second was to specify the possible use of an alteration of the sphingolipidome as a biomarker of exposure to FB, in addition to the measurement of the Sa:So ratio already widely used. For this purpose, we developed an UHPLC MS/MS method that enabled the determination of 82 SL, including 10 internal standards, in chicken liver and plasma. The validated method was used to measure the effects of FB administered to chickens at a dose close to 20 mg FB1 + FB2/kg feed for 9 days. Significant alterations of sphingoid bases, ceramides, dihydroceramides, glycosylceramides, sphingomyelins and dihydrosphingomyelins were observed in the liver. In addition, significant increases in plasma sphinganine 1-phosphate, sphingosine 1-phosphate and sphingomyelins were observed in plasma. Interestingly, partial least-squares discriminant analysis of 11 SL in plasma made it possible to discriminate exposed chickens from control chickens, whereas analysis of Sa and So alone revealed no difference. In conclusion, our results show that the effects of FB in chickens are complex, and that SL profiling enables the detection of exposure to FB when Sa and So fail. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Mycotoxins on Health and Performance in Animals)

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14 pages, 2008 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of Deoxynivalenol and Fumonisins Fed in Combination to Beef Cattle: Immunotoxicity and Gene Expression

by Heaven L. Roberts, Massimo Bionaz, Duo Jiang, Barbara Doupovec, Johannes Faas, Charles T. Estill, Dian Schatzmayr and Jennifer M. Duringer

Toxins 2021, 13(10), 714; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins13100714 - 10 Oct 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2228

Abstract

We evaluated the effects of a treatment diet contaminated with 1.7 mg deoxynivalenol and 3.5 mg fumonisins (B1, B2 and B3) per kg ration on immune status and peripheral blood gene expression profiles in finishing-stage Angus steers. The mycotoxin treatment diet was fed for a period of 21 days followed by a two-week washout period during which time all animals consumed the control diet. Whole-blood leukocyte differentials were performed weekly throughout the experimental and washout period. Comparative profiles of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells, along with bactericidal capacity of circulating neutrophils and monocytes were evaluated at 0, 7, 14, 21 and 35 days. Peripheral blood gene expression was measured at 0, 7, 21 and 35 days via RNA sequencing. Significant increases in the percentage of CD4⁻CD8⁺ T cells were observed in treatment-fed steers after two weeks of treatment and were associated with decreased CD4:CD8 T-cell ratios at this same timepoint (p ≤ 0.10). No significant differences were observed as an effect of treatment in terms of bactericidal capacity at any timepoint. Dietary treatments induced major changes in transcripts associated with endocrine, metabolic and infectious diseases; protein digestion and absorption; and environmental information processing (inhibition of signaling and processing), as evaluated by dynamic impact analysis. DAVID analysis also suggested treatment effects on oxygen transport, extra-cellular signaling, cell membrane structure and immune system function. These results indicate that finishing-stage beef cattle are susceptible to the immunotoxic and transcript-inhibitory effects of deoxynivalenol and fumonisins at levels which may be realistically encountered in feedlot situations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Mycotoxins on Health and Performance in Animals)

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13 pages, 678 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Fumonisin B1 Accumulates in Chicken Tissues over Time and This Accumulation Was Reduced by Feeding Algo-Clay

by Julia Laurain, Didier Tardieu, Maria Matard-Mann, Maria Angeles Rodriguez and Philippe Guerre

Toxins 2021, 13(10), 701; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins13100701 - 02 Oct 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3012

Abstract

The toxicokinetics of the food and feed contaminant Fumonisin B (FB) are characterized by low oral absorption and rapid plasma elimination. For these reasons, FB is not considered to accumulate in animals. However, recent studies in chicken and turkey showed that, in these species, the hepatic half-elimination time of fumonisin B1 (FB1) was several days, suggesting that FB1 may accumulate in the body. For the present study, 21-day-old chickens received a non-toxic dose of around 20 mg FB1 + FB2/kg of feed to investigate whether FB can accumulate in the body over time. Measurements taken after four and nine days of exposure revealed increased concentrations of sphinganine (Sa) and sphingosine (So) over time in the liver, but no sign of toxicity and no effect on performances were observed at this level of FB in feed. Measurements of FB in tissues showed that FB1 accumulated in chicken livers from four to nine days, with concentrations of 20.3 and 32.1 ng FB1/g observed, respectively, at these two exposure periods. Fumonisin B2 (FB2) also accumulated in the liver, from 0.79 ng/g at four days to 1.38 ng/g at nine days. Although the concentrations of FB found in the muscles was very low, an accumulation of FB1 over time was observed in this tissue, with concentrations of 0.036 and 0.072 ng FB1/g being measured after four and nine days of exposure, respectively. Feeding algo-clay to the chickens reduced the accumulation of FB1 in the liver and muscle by , approximately 40 and 50% on day nine, respectively. By contrast, only a weak non-significant effect was observed on day four. The decrease in the concentration of FB observed in tissues of chickens fed FB plus algo-clay on day nine was accompanied by a decrease in Sa and So contents in the liver compared to the levels of Sa and So measured in chickens fed FB alone. FB1 in the liver and Sa or So contents were correlated in liver tissue, confirming that both FB1 and Sa are suitable biomarkers of FB exposure in chickens. Further studies are necessary to determine whether FB can accumulate at higher levels in chicken tissues with an increase in the time of exposure and in the age of the animals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Mycotoxins on Health and Performance in Animals)

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18 pages, 2650 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of a Novel Multicomponent Mycotoxin Detoxifying Agent in Amelioration of Mycotoxicosis Induced by Aflatoxin-B1 and Ochratoxin A in Broiler Chicks

by Vasilios Tsiouris, Panagiotis Tassis, Jog Raj, Tilemachos Mantzios, Konstantinos Kiskinis, Marko Vasiljević, Nikola Delić, Evanthia Petridou, Georgia D. Brellou, Zoe Polizopoulou, Nikolaos Mittas and Ioanna Georgopoulou

Toxins 2021, 13(6), 367; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins13060367 - 21 May 2021

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 5772

Abstract

The present study was designed to determine the efficacy of a novel multicomponent mycotoxin detoxifying agent (MMDA) containing modified zeolite (Clinoptilolite), Bacillus subtilis, B. licheniformis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell walls and silymarin against the deleterious effects of Aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) and Ochratoxin A (OTA) in broiler chicks. A total of 160 one-day-old Ross 308^® broiler chicks were randomly allocated in four treatment groups, with four replicates, according to the following experimental design for 42 days. Group A received a basal diet; Group B received a basal diet contaminated with AFB₁ and OTA at 0.1 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg, respectively; Group C received a basal diet contaminated with AFB₁ and OTA and MMDA at 1 g/kg feed, and Group D received a basal diet contaminated with AFB₁ and OTA and MMDA at 3 g/kg feed. Results showed that ingested mycotoxins led to significant (p ≤ 0.05) reduction in body weight and feed conversion from 25 days of age, induced histopathological changes, increased the pH of the intestinal content, and altered the biochemical profile of birds with significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased aspartate aminotransferase (AST) values (p ≤ 0.05). On the other hand, the supplementation of MMDA significantly (p ≤ 0.05) improved the feed conversion ratio (FCR) during the second part of the study, diminished biochemical alterations, reduced pH in jejunal and ileal content, and E. coli counts in the caeca of birds (p ≤ 0.05). It may be concluded that the dietary supplementation of the MMDA partially ameliorated the adverse effects of AFB₁ and OTA in broilers and could be an efficient tool in a mycotoxin control program. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Mycotoxins on Health and Performance in Animals)

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16 pages, 1184 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Toxic Effects of Fumonisins, Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone Alone and in Combination in Ducks Fed the Maximum EUTolerated Level

by Céline Peillod, Marie Laborde, Angélique Travel, Amandine Mika, Jean Denis Bailly, Didier Cleva, Cyril Boissieu, Jean Le Guennec, Olivier Albaric, Sophie Labrut, Pascal Froment, Didier Tardieu and Philippe Guerre

Toxins 2021, 13(2), 152; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins13020152 - 16 Feb 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2465

Abstract

Toxic effects among fumonisins B (FB), deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) administered alone and combined were investigated in 84-day-old ducks during force-feeding. 75 male ducks, divided into five groups of 15 animals, received daily during the meal a capsule containing the desired among of toxin. Treated animals received dietary levels of toxins equivalent to 20 mg FB1+FB2/kg (FB), 5 mg DON/kg (DON), 0.5 mg ZEN/kg (ZEN) and 20, 5 and 0.5 mg/kg of FB, DON and ZEN (FBDONZEN), respectively. Control birds received capsules with no toxin. After 12 days, a decrease in body weight gain accompanied by an increase in the feed conversion ratio was observed in ducks exposed to FBDONZEN, whereas there was no effect on performances in ducks exposed to FB, DON and ZEN separately. No difference among groups was observed in relative organ weight, biochemistry, histopathology and several variables used to measure oxidative damage and testicular function. A sphinganine to sphingosine ratio of 0.32, 1.19 and 1.04, was measured in liver in controls and in ducks exposed to FB and FBDONZEN, respectively. Concentrations of FB1 in liver were 13.34 and 15.4 ng/g in ducks exposed to FB and FBDONZEN, respectively. Together ZEN and its metabolites were measured after enzymatic hydrolysis of the conjugated forms. Mean concentrations of α-zearalenol in liver were 0.82 and 0.54 ng/g in ducks exposed to ZEN and FBDONZEN, respectively. β-zearalenol was 2.3-fold less abundant than α-zearalenol, whereas ZEN was only found in trace amounts. In conclusion, this study suggests that decreased performance may occur in ducks exposed to a combination of FB, DON and ZEN, but does not reveal any other interaction between mycotoxins in any of the other variables measured. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Mycotoxins on Health and Performance in Animals)

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14 pages, 1951 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Potential of Peroxidases Extracted from the Spent Mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) Substrate Significantly Degrade Mycotoxin Deoxynivalenol

by Ko-Hua Tso, Chompunut Lumsangkul, Jyh-Cherng Ju, Yang-Kwang Fan and Hsin-I Chiang

Toxins 2021, 13(1), 72; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins13010072 - 19 Jan 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3550

Abstract

Little is known about the degradability of mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) by the spent mushroom substrate (SMS)-derived manganese peroxidase (MnP) and lignin peroxidase (LiP) and its potential. The present study investigated the growth inhibition of Fusarium graminearum KR1 and the degradation of DON by MnP and LiP extracted from SMS. The results from the 7-day treatment period showed that mycelium inhibition of F. graminearum KR1 by MnP and LiP were 23.7% and 74.7%, respectively. Deoxynivalenol production in the mycelium of F. graminearum KR1 was undetectable after treatment with 50 U/mL of MnP or LiP for 7 days. N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) content and chitinase activity both increased in the hyphae of F. graminearum KR1 after treatment with MnP and LiP for 1, 3, and 6 h, respectively. At 12 h, only the LiP-treated group had higher chitinase activity and GlcNAc content than those of the control group (p < 0.05). However, more than 60% of DON degradabilities (0.5 mg/kg, 1 h) were observed under various pH values (2.5, 4.5, and 6.5) in both MnP (50 U/g) and LiP (50 U/g) groups, while DON degradability at 1 mg/kg was 85.5% after 50 U/g of LiP treatment for 7 h in simulated pig gastrointestinal tracts. Similarly, DON degradability at 5 mg/kg was 67.1% after LiP treatment for 4.5 h in simulated poultry gastrointestinal tracts. The present study demonstrated that SMS-extracted peroxidases, particularly LiP, could effectively degrade DON and inhibit the mycelium growth of F. graminearum KR1. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Mycotoxins on Health and Performance in Animals)

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Review

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29 pages, 760 KiB

Open AccessReview

Mycotoxins in Poultry Feed and Feed Ingredients from Sub-Saharan Africa and Their Impact on the Production of Broiler and Layer Chickens: A Review

by Phillis E. Ochieng, Marie-Louise Scippo, David C. Kemboi, Siska Croubels, Sheila Okoth, Erastus K. Kang’ethe, Barbara Doupovec, James K. Gathumbi, Johanna F. Lindahl and Gunther Antonissen

Toxins 2021, 13(9), 633; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins13090633 - 08 Sep 2021

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 7160

Abstract

The poultry industry in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is faced with feed insecurity, associated with high cost of feeds, and feed safety, associated with locally produced feeds often contaminated with mycotoxins. Mycotoxins, including aflatoxins (AFs), fumonisins (FBs), trichothecenes, and zearalenone (ZEN), are common contaminants of poultry feeds and feed ingredients from SSA. These mycotoxins cause deleterious effects on the health and productivity of chickens and can also be present in poultry food products, thereby posing a health hazard to human consumers of these products. This review summarizes studies of major mycotoxins in poultry feeds, feed ingredients, and poultry food products from SSA as well as aflatoxicosis outbreaks. Additionally reviewed are the worldwide regulation of mycotoxins in poultry feeds, the impact of major mycotoxins in the production of chickens, and the postharvest use of mycotoxin detoxifiers. In most studies, AFs are most commonly quantified, and levels above the European Union regulatory limits of 20 μg/kg are reported. Trichothecenes, FBs, ZEN, and OTA are also reported but are less frequently analyzed. Co-occurrences of mycotoxins, especially AFs and FBs, are reported in some studies. The effects of AFs on chickens’ health and productivity, carryover to their products, as well as use of mycotoxin binders are reported in few studies conducted in SSA. More research should therefore be conducted in SSA to evaluate occurrences, toxicological effects, and mitigation strategies to prevent the toxic effects of mycotoxins. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Mycotoxins on Health and Performance in Animals)

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27 pages, 521 KiB

Open AccessReview

Biomarkers of Deoxynivalenol Toxicity in Chickens with Special Emphasis on Metabolic and Welfare Parameters

by Insaf Riahi, Anna Maria Pérez-Vendrell, Antonio J. Ramos, Joaquim Brufau, Enric Esteve-Garcia, Julie Schulthess and Virginie Marquis

Toxins 2021, 13(3), 217; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins13030217 - 17 Mar 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2571

Abstract

Deoxynivalenol (DON), a trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species, is the most widespread mycotoxin in poultry feed worldwide. Long term-exposure from low to moderate DON concentrations can produce alteration in growth performance and impairment of the health status of birds. To evaluate the efficacy of mycotoxin-detoxifying agent alleviating the toxic effects of DON, the most relevant biomarkers of toxicity of DON in chickens should be firstly determined. The specific biomarker of exposure of DON in chickens is DON-3 sulphate found in different biological matrices (plasma and excreta). Regarding the nonspecific biomarkers called also biomarkers of effect, the most relevant ones are the impairment of the productive parameters, the intestinal morphology (reduction of villus height) and the enlargement of the gizzard. Moreover, the biomarkers of effect related to physiology (decrease of blood proteins, triglycerides, hemoglobin, erythrocytes, and lymphocytes and the increase of alanine transaminase (ALT)), immunity (response to common vaccines and release of some proinflammatory cytokines) and welfare status of the birds (such as the increase of Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and the stress index), has been reported. This review highlights the available information regarding both types of biomarkers of DON toxicity in chickens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Mycotoxins on Health and Performance in Animals)

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