Mycotoxins Study: Identification and Control

A special issue of Toxins (ISSN 2072-6651). This special issue belongs to the section "Mycotoxins".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 March 2022) | Viewed by 30245

Special Issue Editors

CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
Interests: mycotoxins; microbial molecular biology; fungal biology; molecular microbiology
State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Foods, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
Interests: mycotoxins; biotoxin control and prevention; food safety; molecular immunology; biosensor; metabolomics; toxin biodegradation; combined toxicity
Professor, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
Interests: mycotoxins prevention and control; detoxification and removal of mycotoxins in agro-products; safety evaluation of transgenic agro-products
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.2, Xudong Second Road, Wuhan 430062, China
Interests: green prevention & control of mycotoxin and toxigenic fungi
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Mycotoxins are more and more seriously associated with food safety and feed quality, ultimately posing more threats to human beings and animals. Of those, identification and control are the key points to the research topic of mycotoxin study at the global level.

On this Special Issue, we invite the submissions covering the analytical methods for new mycotoxins, or emerging mycotoxins with high risk via biological, chemical, or physical approaches, and the novel strategies for the target mycotoxins, in foods and feed, or even the intermediate substances in the involved chain. 

Prof. Dr. Aibo Wu
Prof. Dr. Xiulan Sun
Dr. Fuguo Xing
Prof. Dr. Jin Mao
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • mycotoxins
  • identification
  • control
  • cereal grains
  • vegetables
  • fruits
  • pathogens
  • feed
  • enzyme
  • degradation

Published Papers (12 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 3257 KiB  
Article
Discovery of the Relationship between Distribution and Aflatoxin Production Capacity of Aspergillusspecies and Soil Types in Peanut Planting Areas
by Shujuan Zhang, Xue Wang, Dun Wang, Qianmei Chu, Qian Zhang, Xiaofeng Yue, Mengjie Zhu, Jing Dong, Li Li, Xiangguo Jiang, Qing Yang and Qi Zhang
Toxins 2022, 14(7), 425; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins14070425 - 22 Jun 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1268
Abstract
In order to study the relationship between the distribution and aflatoxin production capacity of Aspergillus species and soil types, 35 soil samples were collected from the main peanut planting areas in Xiangyang, which has 19.7 thousand square kilometers and is located in a [...] Read more.
In order to study the relationship between the distribution and aflatoxin production capacity of Aspergillus species and soil types, 35 soil samples were collected from the main peanut planting areas in Xiangyang, which has 19.7 thousand square kilometers and is located in a special area with different soil types. The soil types of peanut planting areas in Xiangyang are mainly sandy loam and clay loam, and most of the soil is acidic, providing unique nature conditions for this study. The results showed that the Aspergillus sp. population in clay loam (9050 cfu/g) was significantly larger than that in sandy loam (3080 cfu/g). The percentage of atoxigenic Aspergillus strains isolated from sandy loam samples was higher than that from clay loam samples, reaching 58.5%. Meanwhile the proportion of high toxin-producing strains from clay loam (39.7%) was much higher than that from sandy loam (7.3%). Under suitable culture conditions, the average aflatoxin production capacity of Aspergillus isolates from clay loam samples (236.97 μg/L) was higher than that of strains from sandy loam samples (80.01 μg/L). The results inferred that under the same regional climate conditions, the density and aflatoxin production capacity of Aspergillus sp. in clay loam soil were significantly higher than that in sandy loam soil. Therefore, peanuts from these planting areas are at a relatively higher risk of contamination by Aspergillus sp. and aflatoxins. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mycotoxins Study: Identification and Control)
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15 pages, 17058 KiB  
Article
Protective Effects of Ferulic Acid on Deoxynivalenol-Induced Toxicity in IPEC-J2 Cells
by Xiangyi Meng, Wenyan Yu, Nuo Duan, Zhouping Wang, Yingbin Shen and Shijia Wu
Toxins 2022, 14(4), 275; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins14040275 - 12 Apr 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2224
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON), a mycotoxin that contaminates crops such as wheat and corn, can cause severe acute or chronic injury when ingested by animals or humans. This study investigated the protective effect of ferulic acid (FA), a polyphenolic substance, on alleviating the toxicity induced [...] Read more.
Deoxynivalenol (DON), a mycotoxin that contaminates crops such as wheat and corn, can cause severe acute or chronic injury when ingested by animals or humans. This study investigated the protective effect of ferulic acid (FA), a polyphenolic substance, on alleviating the toxicity induced by DON (40 μM) in IPEC-J2 cells. The experiments results showed that FA not only alleviated the decrease in cell viability caused by DON (p < 0.05), but increased the level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) (p < 0.01), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), (catalase) CAT and glutathione (GSH) (p < 0.05) through the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-epoxy chloropropane Kelch sample related protein-1 (keap1) pathway, and then decreased the levels of intracellular oxidative stress. Additionally, FA could alleviate DON-induced inflammation through mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathways, down-regulated the secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6) (p < 0.0001), interleukin-8 (IL-8) (p < 0.05), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and further attenuated the DON-induced intracellular apoptosis (10.7% to 6.84%) by regulating the expression of Bcl2-associated X protein (Bax) (p < 0.0001), B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) (p < 0.0001), and caspase-3 (p < 0.0001). All these results indicate that FA exhibits a significantly protective effect against DON-induced toxicity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mycotoxins Study: Identification and Control)
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12 pages, 1533 KiB  
Article
Biodegradation of Fumonisins by the Consecutive Action of a Fusion Enzyme
by Kailin Li, Song Yu, Dianzhen Yu, Huikang Lin, Na Liu and Aibo Wu
Toxins 2022, 14(4), 266; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins14040266 - 09 Apr 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2094
Abstract
Fumonisins (FBs) are toxic mycotoxins that commonly exist in food and feed. FBs can induce many aspects of toxicity, leading to adverse effects on human and animal health; therefore, investigating methods to reduce fumonisin contamination is necessary. In our study, we generated a [...] Read more.
Fumonisins (FBs) are toxic mycotoxins that commonly exist in food and feed. FBs can induce many aspects of toxicity, leading to adverse effects on human and animal health; therefore, investigating methods to reduce fumonisin contamination is necessary. In our study, we generated a recombinant fusion enzyme called FUMDI by linking the carboxylesterase gene (fumD) and the aminotransferase gene (fumI) by overlapping polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The fusion enzyme FUMDI was successfully, secretively expressed in the host Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) GS115, and its expression was optimized. Our results demonstrated that the fusion enzyme FUMDI had high biodegradation activity of fumonisin B1 (FB1) and other common FBs, such as fumonisin B2 (FB2) and fumonisin B3 (FB3), and almost completely degraded 5 μg/mL of each toxin within 24 h. We also found that FUMDI enzyme and its reaction products had no negative effect on cell viability and did not induce cell apoptosis, oxidative stress, or endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in a human gastric epithelial cell line (GES-1). The results indicated that these FBs degradation products cannot have adverse effects in a cell model. In conclusion, a safe and efficient fumonisin-degrading enzyme was discovered, which could be a new a technical method for hazard control of FBs in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mycotoxins Study: Identification and Control)
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13 pages, 3617 KiB  
Article
Interindividual Differences in In Vitro Human Intestinal Microbial Conversion of 3-Acetyl-DON and 15-Acetyl-DON
by Fangfang Li, Jing Jin, Ivonne M. C. M. Rietjens and Fuguo Xing
Toxins 2022, 14(3), 199; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins14030199 - 07 Mar 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1922
Abstract
In order to evaluate the potential differences between 3-Ac-DON and 15-Ac-DON in the human intestinal microbial metabolism, human fecal samples were anaerobically cultured in vitro. Quantitative fecal microbiota characteristics were obtained by 16S rRNA sequencing, and the data revealed several genera that may [...] Read more.
In order to evaluate the potential differences between 3-Ac-DON and 15-Ac-DON in the human intestinal microbial metabolism, human fecal samples were anaerobically cultured in vitro. Quantitative fecal microbiota characteristics were obtained by 16S rRNA sequencing, and the data revealed several genera that may be relevant for the transformation of the acetylated DONs. Significant differences in the level of 3-Ac-DON and 15-Ac-DON conversion were observed among microbiota from different human individuals. 3-Ac-DON could be rapidly hydrolyzed; a ten-fold difference was observed between the highest and lowest in vitro conversion after 4 h. However, 15-Ac-DON was not fully transformed in the 4 h culture of all the individual samples. In all cases, the conversion rate of 3-Ac-DON was higher than that of 15-Ac-DON, and the conversion rate of 3-Ac-DON into DON varied from 1.3- to 8.4-fold that of 15-Ac-DON. Based on in vitro conversion rates, it was estimated that 45–452 min is required to convert all 3-Ac-DON to DON, implying that deacetylation of 3-Ac-DON is likely to occur completely in all human individuals during intestinal transit. However, for conversion of 15-Ac-DON, DON formation was undetectable at 4 h incubation in 8 out of the 25 human samples, while for 7 of these 8 samples conversion to DON was detected at 24 h incubation. The conversion rates obtained for these seven samples indicated that it would take 1925–4805 min to convert all 15-Ac-DON to DON, while the other 17 samples required 173–734 min. From these results it followed that for eight of the 25 individuals, conversion of 15-Ac-DON to DON was estimated to be incomplete during the 1848 min intestinal transit time. The results thus indicate substantial interindividual as well as compound specific differences in the deconjugation of acetylated DONs. A spearman correlation analysis showed a statistically significant relationship between deconjugation of both acetyl-DONs at 4 h and 24 h incubation. Based on the in vitro kinetic parameters and their scaling to the in vivo situation, it was concluded that for a substantial number of human individuals the deconjugation of 15-Ac-DON may not be complete upon intestinal transit. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mycotoxins Study: Identification and Control)
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14 pages, 3641 KiB  
Article
Corepressors SsnF and RcoA Regulate Development and Aflatoxin B1 Biosynthesis in Aspergillus flavus NRRL 3357
by Xiaoyun Ma, Yiran Jiang, Longxue Ma, Shujuan Luo, Haolan Du, Xu Li and Fuguo Xing
Toxins 2022, 14(3), 174; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins14030174 - 25 Feb 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2490
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is a saprophytic fungus that can be found across the entire world. It can produce aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), which threatens human health. CreA, as the central factor in carbon catabolite repression (CCR), regulates carbon catabolism and AFB1 [...] Read more.
Aspergillus flavus is a saprophytic fungus that can be found across the entire world. It can produce aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), which threatens human health. CreA, as the central factor in carbon catabolite repression (CCR), regulates carbon catabolism and AFB1 biosynthesis in A. flavus. Additionally, SsnF-RcoA are recognized as the corepressors of CreA in CCR. In this study, ssnF and rcoA not only regulated the expressions of CCR factors and hydrolase genes, but also positively affected mycelia growth, conidia production, sclerotia formation, and osmotic stress response in A. flavus. More importantly, SsnF and RcoA were identified as positive regulators for AFB1 biosynthesis, as they modulate the AF cluster genes and the relevant regulators at a transcriptional level. Additionally, the interactions of SsnF-CreA and RcoA-CreA were strong and moderate, respectively. However, the interaction of SsnF and RcoA was weak. The interaction models of CreA-SsnF, CreA-RcoA, and SsnF-RcoA were also simulated with a docking analysis. All things considered, SsnF and RcoA are not just the critical regulators of the CCR pathway, but the global regulators involving in morphological development and AFB1 biosynthesis in A. flavus. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mycotoxins Study: Identification and Control)
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15 pages, 1634 KiB  
Article
Effects of Fumonisin B and Hydrolyzed Fumonisin B on Growth and Intestinal Microbiota in Broilers
by Song Yu, Bingxuan Jia, Huikang Lin, Shuo Zhang, Dianzhen Yu, Na Liu and Aibo Wu
Toxins 2022, 14(3), 163; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins14030163 - 23 Feb 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2040
Abstract
Fumonisins are mainly produced by Fusarium verticillioides and proliferatum, which causes a variety of toxicities in humans and animals, including fumonisin Bs (FBs) as the main form. After they are metabolized by plants or microorganisms, modified fumonisins are difficult to detect by [...] Read more.
Fumonisins are mainly produced by Fusarium verticillioides and proliferatum, which causes a variety of toxicities in humans and animals, including fumonisin Bs (FBs) as the main form. After they are metabolized by plants or microorganisms, modified fumonisins are difficult to detect by conventional methods, which result in an underestimation of their contamination level. Fumonisins widely contaminate maize and maize products, especially in broiler feed. As an economically important food, broilers are often adversely affected by mycotoxins, leading to food safety hazards and high economic losses. However, there are few studies regarding the adverse effects of FBs on broiler growth and health, especially modified FBs. Our data shows that after exposure to FBs or hydrolyzed fumonisin Bs (HFBs), the body weight and tissue weight of broilers decreased significantly, especially the testes. Moreover, they significantly affect the intestinal microbiota and the relative abundance of bacteria from phylum-to-species levels, with the differentially affected bacteria mainly belonging to Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. Our findings suggest that both the parent and hydrolyzed FBs could induce growth retardation, tissue damage and the imbalance of intestinal microbiota in broilers. This indicated that the harmful effects of HFBs cannot be ignored during food safety risk assessment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mycotoxins Study: Identification and Control)
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14 pages, 2123 KiB  
Article
Hollow-Structured Microporous Organic Networks Adsorbents Enabled Specific and Sensitive Identification and Determination of Aflatoxins
by Lu Yang, Jin Wang, Huan Lv, Xue-Meng Ji, Jing-Min Liu and Shuo Wang
Toxins 2022, 14(2), 137; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins14020137 - 13 Feb 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2026
Abstract
Aflatoxin (AFT) contamination, commonly in foods and grains with extremely low content while high toxicity, has caused serious economic and health problems worldwide. Now researchers are making an effort to develop nanomaterials with remarkable adsorption capacity for the identification, determination and regulation of [...] Read more.
Aflatoxin (AFT) contamination, commonly in foods and grains with extremely low content while high toxicity, has caused serious economic and health problems worldwide. Now researchers are making an effort to develop nanomaterials with remarkable adsorption capacity for the identification, determination and regulation of AFT. Herein, we constructed a novel hollow-structured microporous organic networks (HMONs) material. On the basis of Fe3O4@MOF@MON, hydrofluoric acid (HF) was introduced to remove the transferable metal organic framework (MOF) to give hollow MON structures. Compared to the original Fe3O4@MOF@MON, HMON showed improved surface area and typical hollow cavities, thus increasing the adsorption capacity. More importantly, AFT is a hydrophobic substance, and our constructed HMON had a higher water contact angle, greatly enhancing the adsorption affinity. From that, the solid phase extraction (SPE-HPLC) method developed based on HMONs was applied to analyze four kinds of actual samples, with satisfied recoveries of 85–98%. This work provided a specific and sensitive method for the identification and determination of AFT in the food matrix and demonstrated the great potential of HMONs in the field of the identification and control of mycotoxins. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mycotoxins Study: Identification and Control)
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15 pages, 2035 KiB  
Article
An Automatic Immunoaffinity Pretreatment of Deoxynivalenol Coupled with UPLC-UV Analysis
by Hongmei Liu, Zhihong Xuan, Jin Ye, Jinnan Chen, Meng Wang, Stephan Freitag, Rudolf Krska, Zehuan Liu, Li Li, Yu Wu and Songxue Wang
Toxins 2022, 14(2), 93; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins14020093 - 25 Jan 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2551
Abstract
An immunoaffinity magnetic beads (IMBs) based automatic pretreatment method was developed for the quantitative analysis of deoxynivalenol (DON) by ultra-performance liquid chromatography and ultraviolet detector (UPLC-UV). First, N-hydroxysuccinimide-terminated magnetic beads (NHS-MBs) with good magnetic responsivity and dispersibility were synthesized and characterized by optical [...] Read more.
An immunoaffinity magnetic beads (IMBs) based automatic pretreatment method was developed for the quantitative analysis of deoxynivalenol (DON) by ultra-performance liquid chromatography and ultraviolet detector (UPLC-UV). First, N-hydroxysuccinimide-terminated magnetic beads (NHS-MBs) with good magnetic responsivity and dispersibility were synthesized and characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and laser diffraction-based particle size analyzer. Then, the amino groups of anti-DON monoclonal antibody (mAb) and the NHS groups of NHS-MBs were linked by covalent bonds to prepare IMB, without any activation reagent. The essential factors affecting the binding and elution of DON were meticulously tuned. Under optimal conditions, DON could be extracted from a real sample and eluted from IMB by water, enabling environmentally friendly and green analysis. Hence, there was no need for dilution or evaporation prior to UPLC-UV analysis. DON in 20 samples could be purified and concentrated within 30 min by the mycotoxin automated purification instrument (MAPI), allowing for automated, green, high-throughput and simple clean-up. Recoveries at four distinct spiking levels in corn and wheat ranged from 92.0% to 109.5% with good relative standard deviations (RSD, 2.1–7.0%). Comparing the test results of IAC and IMB in commercial samples demonstrated the reliability and superiority of IMB for quantitatively analyzing massive samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mycotoxins Study: Identification and Control)
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10 pages, 2762 KiB  
Article
Cloning and Characterization of Three Novel Enzymes Responsible for the Detoxification of Zearalenone
by Yi Zhang, Xiaomeng Liu, Yunpeng Zhang, Xiaolin Zhang and He Huang
Toxins 2022, 14(2), 82; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins14020082 - 21 Jan 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2838
Abstract
Zearalenone is a common mycotoxin contaminant in cereals that causes severe economic losses and serious risks to health of human and animals. Many strategies have been devised to degrade ZEN and keep food safe. The hydrolase ZHD101 from Clonostachys rosea, which catalyzes the [...] Read more.
Zearalenone is a common mycotoxin contaminant in cereals that causes severe economic losses and serious risks to health of human and animals. Many strategies have been devised to degrade ZEN and keep food safe. The hydrolase ZHD101 from Clonostachys rosea, which catalyzes the hydrolytic degradation of ZEN, has been studied widely. In the current research, three new enzymes that have the capacity to detoxify ZEN were identified, namely CLA, EXO, and TRI, showing 61%, 63%, and 97% amino acids identities with ZHD101, respectively. Three coding genes was expressed as heterologous in Escherichia coli BL21. Through biochemical analysis, the purified recombinant CLA, EXO, TRI, and ZHD101 exhibited high activities of degrading ZEN with the specific activity of 114.8 U/mg, 459.0 U/mg, 239.8 U/mg, and 242.8 U/mg. The optimal temperatures of CLA, EXO, TRI, and ZHD101 were 40 °C, 40 °C, 40 °C, and 45 °C, and their optimum pH were 7.0, 9.0, 9.5, and 9.0, respectively. Our study demonstrated that the novel enzymes CLA, EXO, and TRI possessed high ability to degrade ZEN from the model solutions and could be the promising candidates for ZEN detoxification in practical application. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mycotoxins Study: Identification and Control)
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12 pages, 2597 KiB  
Article
The Risk Monitoring of Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A in Critical Control Point of Soy Sauce Aroma-Type Baijiu Production
by Siyu Zhang, Song Liu, Wenwen Zeng, Weiyun Long, Ye Nie, Yan Xu, Fan Yang and Li Wang
Toxins 2021, 13(12), 876; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins13120876 - 08 Dec 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2741
Abstract
Soy sauce aroma-type baijiu-producing regions are mostly in southwest China (Guizhou and Sichuan province) with a hot and humid subtropical monsoon climate, which is conducive to the propagation of toxigenic fungi. This suggests that there is a risk of potential contamination by mycotoxins [...] Read more.
Soy sauce aroma-type baijiu-producing regions are mostly in southwest China (Guizhou and Sichuan province) with a hot and humid subtropical monsoon climate, which is conducive to the propagation of toxigenic fungi. This suggests that there is a risk of potential contamination by mycotoxins in the soy sauce aroma-type baijiu production process, which poses significant food safety risks. Few studies on the safety of mycotoxins in soy sauce aroma-type baijiu production exist. Aiming to evaluate the safety of mycotoxins in soy sauce aroma-type baijiu during its production, this study screened and analyzed mycotoxic risk at critical points throughout the production process, investigated from raw materials, daqu, alcoholic fermentative grains, crude baijiu and microbial communities in different stages of the production process. The aflatoxins (AFs) and ochratoxin A (OTA) contents in wheat, daqu, alcoholic fermentative grains and crude baijiu samples were detected by ultra-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Mycotoxins were detected in wheat, daqu and alcoholic fermentative grains. The AFs and OTA detection rates, as well as their contents in the daqu samples, were relatively higher compared to those observed in the wheat and alcoholic fermentative grains. AFs were detected in 30% of the daqu samples, while OTA was detected in 20% of the daqu samples, though the contents of both AFs and OTA were under the maximum limit of the Chinese national standard. Furthermore, the fungi contained in daqu samples were isolated and identified, and the results showed that no fungi in the separated bacterial strains were producers of mycotoxins. According to the assessment results, the safety of soy sauce aroma-type baijiu production process in terms of AFs and OTA is confirmed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mycotoxins Study: Identification and Control)
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14 pages, 3311 KiB  
Article
Ochratoxin A Induces Steatosis via PPARγ-CD36 Axis
by Qian-Wen Zheng, Xu-Fen Ding, Hui-Jun Cao, Qian-Zhi Ni, Bing Zhu, Ning Ma, Feng-Kun Zhang, Yi-Kang Wang, Sheng Xu, Tian-Wei Chen, Ji Xia, Xiao-Song Qiu, Dian-Zhen Yu, Dong Xie and Jing-Jing Li
Toxins 2021, 13(11), 802; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins13110802 - 13 Nov 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2798
Abstract
Ochratoxin A(OTA) is considered to be one of the most important contaminants of food and feed worldwide. The liver is one of key target organs for OTA to exert its toxic effects. Due to current lifestyle and diet, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) [...] Read more.
Ochratoxin A(OTA) is considered to be one of the most important contaminants of food and feed worldwide. The liver is one of key target organs for OTA to exert its toxic effects. Due to current lifestyle and diet, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been the most common liver disease. To examine the potential effect of OTA on hepatic lipid metabolism and NAFLD, C57BL/6 male mice received 1 mg/kg OTA by gavage daily. Compared with controls, OTA increased lipid deposition and TG accumulation in mouse livers. In vitro OTA treatment also promoted lipid droplets accumulation in primary hepatocytes and HepG2 cells. Mechanistically, OTA prevented PPARγ degradation by reducing the interaction between PPARγ and its E3 ligase SIAH2, which led to activation of PPARγ signaling pathway. Furthermore, downregulation or inhibition of CD36, a known of PPARγ, alleviated OTA-induced lipid droplets deposition and TG accumulation. Therefore, OTA induces hepatic steatosis via PPARγ-CD36 axis, suggesting that OTA has an impact on liver lipid metabolism and may contribute to the development of metabolic diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mycotoxins Study: Identification and Control)
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15 pages, 2565 KiB  
Article
Validation of LC-MS/MS Coupled with a Chiral Column for the Determination of 3- or 15-Acetyl Deoxynivalenol Mycotoxins from Fusarium graminearum in Wheat
by Lan Wang, Zheng Yan, Haiyan Zhou, Yingying Fan, Cheng Wang, Jingbo Zhang, Yucai Liao and Aibo Wu
Toxins 2021, 13(9), 659; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins13090659 - 16 Sep 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3250
Abstract
The major causal agents Fusarium graminearum (F. graminearum) and Fusarium asiaticum could produce multiple mycotoxins in infected wheat, which threatens the health of humans and animals. Specifically, deoxynivalenol (DON) and its derivatives 3- and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON and 15-ADON) are commonly detected [...] Read more.
The major causal agents Fusarium graminearum (F. graminearum) and Fusarium asiaticum could produce multiple mycotoxins in infected wheat, which threatens the health of humans and animals. Specifically, deoxynivalenol (DON) and its derivatives 3- and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON and 15-ADON) are commonly detected mycotoxins in cereal grains. However, the good chromatographic separation of 3-ADON and 15-ADON remains challenging. Here, an LC-MS/MS method for the chemotype determination of Fusarium strains was developed and validated. 3- and 15-ADON could be separated chromatographically in this study with sufficiently low limits of detection (LODs; 4 μg/kg) and limits of quantification (LOQs; 8 μg/kg). The satisfying intraday and interday reproducibility (both %RSDr and %RSDR were <20%) of this method indicated good stability. The recoveries of all analytes were in the range of 80–120%. In addition, three F. graminearum complex (FGC) strains, i.e., PH-1 (chemotype 15-ADON), F-1 (chemotype 3-ADON) and 5035 (chemotype 15-ADON), were selected to verify the accuracy of the method in differentiating phenotypes. The validation results showed that this LC-MS/MS method based on sample pretreatment is effective and suitable for the chromatographic separation of 3-ADON and 15-ADON in wheat. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mycotoxins Study: Identification and Control)
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