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Remediation Strategies for Mycotoxin in Animal Feed

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A special issue of Toxins (ISSN 2072-6651). This special issue belongs to the section "Mycotoxins".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2023) | Viewed by 26557

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Niel Karrow

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Guest Editor

Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada
Interests: animal science; genetics; immunology; immune response; mycotoxins
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Lvhui Sun

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Guest Editor

College of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
Interests: animal nutrition; feed safety; mycotoxins; animal health; selenium
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Mycotoxins widely occur in various feedstuffs. So far, more than 500 mycotoxins have been identified. Generally, aflatoxin B1, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, fumonisin B1, ochratoxin A and T-2 toxin are primary mycotoxins that occur in animal feed; these can seriously threaten an animal’s health and its production, as well as the quality and safety of its products. Therefore, development of counteracting strategies for mycotoxin control has received increasing attention from scientists and the feed industry.

This Special Issue is devoted to collecting research and reviews that focus on recent advances in decontamination of these common mycotoxins in feed. In particular, this issue is interested in receiving studies that are focused on the development of 1) novel microorganisms or their enzymes which can biodegrade the mycotoxins; 2) nutritional strategies to help in the mitigation of mycotoxicoses; 3) novel modified adsorbents to reduce the toxicity of mycotoxins in livestock and poultry. In addition, better understanding of the toxicity of these mycotoxins could help the development of future antidotes, thus relative studies are also welcome.

Prof. Niel Karrow
Prof. Lvhui Sun
Guest Editors

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Keywords

mycotoxins
feed safety
animal health
animal production
remediation

Published Papers (12 papers)

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Editorial

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6 pages, 845 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Remediation Strategies for Mycotoxins in Animal Feed

by Jiang Deng, Jun-Cheng Huang, Ze-Jing Xu, Ying Liu, Niel Alexander Karrow, Meng Liu and Lv-Hui Sun

Toxins 2023, 15(9), 513; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins15090513 - 22 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1387

Abstract

Mycotoxins occur widely in various animal feedstuffs, with more than 500 mycotoxins identified so far [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remediation Strategies for Mycotoxin in Animal Feed)

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Research

Jump to: Editorial

14 pages, 2468 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Astaxanthin Alleviates Aflatoxin B1-Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in IPEC-J2 Cells via the Nrf2 Signaling Pathway

by Yue Tian, Haoyu Che, Jinsheng Yang, Yongcheng Jin, Hao Yu, Chuanqi Wang, Yurong Fu, Na Li and Jing Zhang

Toxins 2023, 15(3), 232; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins15030232 - 21 Mar 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1724

Abstract

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a typical fungal toxin found in feed, is highly carcinogenic. Oxidative stress is one of the main ways it exerts its toxicity; therefore, finding a suitable antioxidant is the key to reducing its toxicity. Astaxanthin (AST) is a carotenoid with strong antioxidant properties. The aim of the present research was to determine whether AST eases the AFB1-induced impairment in IPEC-J2 cells, and its specific mechanism of action. AFB1 and AST were applied to IPEC-J2 cells in different concentrations for 24 h. The AST (80 µM) significantly prevented the reduction in the IPEC-J2 cell viability that was induced by AFB1 (10 μM). The results showed that treatment with AST attenuated the AFB1-induced ROS, and cytochrome C, the Bax/Bcl2 ratio, Caspase-9, and Caspase-3, which were all activated by AFB1, were among the pro-apoptotic proteins which were diminished by AST. AST activates the Nrf2 signaling pathway and ameliorates antioxidant ability. This was further evidenced by the expression of the HO-1, NQO1, SOD2, and HSP70 genes were all upregulated. Taken together, the findings show that the impairment of oxidative stress and apoptosis, caused by the AFB1 in the IPEC-J2 cells, can be attenuated by AST triggering the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remediation Strategies for Mycotoxin in Animal Feed)

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17 pages, 646 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Storage Duration and Structures on Sesame Seed Germination, Mold Growth, and Mycotoxin Accumulation

by Samuel Alemayehu, Fetien Abay Abera, Kiros Meles Ayimut, Ross Darnell, Rizana Mahroof, Jagger Harvey and Bhadriraju Subramanyam

Toxins 2023, 15(1), 39; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins15010039 - 04 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2209

Abstract

Sesame is an important oil crop for the Ethiopian economy. However, the lack of adequate storage facilities results in significant losses of sesame seeds. This study was designed to compare the effects of storage conditions and the subsequent impact on sesame seed germination, mold growth, and mycotoxin accumulation over the storage period. The efficacy of two hermetic bags (1. Purdue Improved Crop Storage (PICS) bags and 2. Super GrainPro (SGP) bags) was directly compared to sesame storage in polypropylene (PP bags) and Jute bags. Storage conditions (oxygen, carbon dioxide, temperature, moisture content and relative humidity) of samples were analyzed in the laboratory in three replicates. Results showed that the oxygen concentrations dropped to 6.9% (±0.02) in PICS bags and 8.7% (±0.06) in SGP bags at the end of 6 months of storage. In non-hermetic bags Jute and PP), oxygen levels were close to atmospheric levels at 2-, 4-, and 6-month storage periods. In non-hermetic bags throughout storage, the amount of seed infection by mold constantly increased, and seed germination decreased. Sesame seeds stored in hermetic bags had 89.7% (±0.58) to 88.3% (±2.89) germination rates versus 61.67% (±2.08) for non-hermetic storage bags over the 6-month seed storage period. All mycotoxin levels increased over the same storage period, whereas comparative levels were much lower in hermetic bags after six months. Sesame seeds stored in both hermetic bags had the lowest level of tested mycotoxins, and levels among the SGP and PICS bags were not significantly different from one another. This study provides strong evidence indicating that hermetic storage structures such as PICS and SGP significantly affect temperature, humidity, moisture content, CO₂ and oxygen levels resulting in the lowering of fungal growth and mycotoxin accumulation and effectively preserving stored sesame without relying on synthetic pesticides in Ethiopia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remediation Strategies for Mycotoxin in Animal Feed)

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14 pages, 3581 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Substance P and Glucagon-like Peptide-1_7-36 Amide Mediate Anorexic Responses to Trichothecene Deoxynivalenol and Its Congeners

by Hui Jia, Zihui Qin, Ben Wei, Xinyi Guo, Huiping Xiao, Huayue Zhang, Zelin Li, Qinghua Wu, Ruibo Zheng and Wenda Wu

Toxins 2022, 14(12), 885; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins14120885 - 18 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1464

Abstract

Type B trichothecenes commonly contaminate cereal grains and include five structurally related congeners: deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON), fusarenon X (FX), and nivalenol (NIV). These toxins are known to have negative effects on human and animal health, particularly affecting food intake. However, the pathophysiological basis for anorexic effect is not fully clarified. The purpose of this study is to explore the potential roles of the brain-gut peptides substance P (SP) and glucagon-like peptide-1_7-36 amide (GLP-1) in anorexic responses induced by type B trichothecenes following both intraperitoneal (IP) and oral administration. SP and GLP-1 were elevated at 1 or 2 h and returned to basal levels at 6 h following exposure to DON and both ADONs. FX induced the production of both brain gut peptides with initial time at 1 or 2 h and duration > 6 h. Similar to FX, exposing IP to NIV caused elevations of SP and GLP-1 at 1 h and lasted more than 6 h, whereas oral exposure to NIV only increased both brain gut peptides at 2 h. The neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R) antagonist Emend^® dose-dependently attenuated both SP- and DON-induced anorexic responses. Pretreatment with the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) antagonist Exending_9-39 induced a dose-dependent attenuation of both GLP-1- and DON-induced anorexic responses. To summarize, the results suggest that both SP and GLP-1 play important roles in anorexia induction by type B trichothecenes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remediation Strategies for Mycotoxin in Animal Feed)

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16 pages, 2801 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Role of PI3K/Akt-Mediated Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathway in Resveratrol Alleviation of Zearalenone-Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in TM4 Cells

by Wenlin Xu, Hao Zheng, Youtian Fu, Yayi Gu, Hui Zou, Yan Yuan, Jianhong Gu, Zongping Liu and Jianchun Bian

Toxins 2022, 14(11), 733; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins14110733 - 26 Oct 2022

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 1955

Abstract

Zearalenone (ZEA) is a common mycotoxin that induces oxidative stress (OS) and affects the male reproductive system in animals. Resveratrol (RSV) has good antioxidant activity and can activate nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) to protect cells through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway. The objective of this study was to investigate the protective effect and the mechanism of RSV on OS and apoptosis in TM4 cells induced by ZEA. Prior to being exposed to ZEA, TM4 cells were pretreated with RSV or the PI3K/Akt inhibitor LY294002. Cell viability was measured by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assays. Flow cytometry was used to determine the level of apoptosis and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). The expression of poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP), caspase-3, BCL2-associated X (Bax)/B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), and PI3K/Akt-mediated Nrf2/heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) signaling pathway-related proteins was evaluated by Western blotting. Nrf2 siRNA transfection and LY294002 treatment were used to investigate the role of the Nrf2/HO-1 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways in RSV alleviation of ZEA-induced OS. The results showed that pretreatment with RSV significantly reduced the expression of apoptosis-related proteins and increased cell viability. Catalase (CAT) activity and glutathione (GSH) levels were also increased, whereas malondialdehyde (MDA) and ROS levels decreased (p < 0.05). RSV also upregulated Akt phosphorylation, Nrf2 nuclear translocation, and HO-1 expression under conditions of OS (p < 0.05). Transfection with Nrf2 siRNA abolished the protective effects of RSV against ZEA-induced cytotoxicity (p < 0.05), ROS accumulation (p < 0.05), and apoptosis (p < 0.05). LY294002 completely blocked the RSV-mediated increase in Nrf2 nuclear translocation (p < 0.05), HO-1 expression (p < 0.05), and cytoprotective activity (p < 0.05). Collectively, the above findings indicate that RSV can protect against ZEA-induced OS and apoptosis in TM4 cells by PI3K/Akt-mediated activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remediation Strategies for Mycotoxin in Animal Feed)

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16 pages, 2118 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Zearalenone on Production Performance, Egg Quality, Ovarian Function and Gut Microbiota of Laying Hens

by Tao Yuan, Junyi Li, Yanan Wang, Meiling Li, Ao Yang, Chenxi Ren, Desheng Qi and Niya Zhang

Toxins 2022, 14(10), 653; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins14100653 - 21 Sep 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2329

Abstract

Zearalenone (ZEN) is a ubiquitous contaminant in poultry feed, since ZEN and its metabolites can interfere with estrogen function and affect the reproductive ability of animals. The estrogen-like effect of ZEN on mammal is widely reported, while little information is available, regarding the effect of relatively low dose of ZEN on estrogen function and production performance of laying hens, and the relationship between them. This work was aimed to investigate the effects of ZEN on the production performance, egg quality, ovarian function and gut microbiota of laying hens. A total of 96 Hy-line brown laying hens aged 25-week were randomly divided into 3 groups including basal diet group (BD group), basal diet supplemented with 250 μg/kg (250 μg/kg ZEN group) and 750 μg/kg (750 μg/kg ZEN group) ZEN group. Here, 750 μg/kg ZEN resulted in a significant increase in the feed conversion ratio (FCR) (g feed/g egg) (p < 0.05), a decrease in the egg production (p > 0.05), albumen height and Haugh unit (p > 0.05), compared to the BD group. The serum Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels significantly decreased in ZEN supplemented groups (p < 0.05). Serum Luteinizing hormone (LH) and Progesterone (P) levels in the 750 μg/kg ZEN group were significantly lower than those in the BD group (p < 0.05). 16S rRNA sequencing indicated that ZEN reduced cecum microbial diversity (p < 0.05) and altered gut microbiota composition. In contrast to 250 μg/kg ZEN, 750 μg/kg ZEN had more dramatic effects on the gut microbiota function. Spearman’s correlation analysis revealed negative correlations between the dominant bacteria of the 750 μg/kg ZEN group and the production performance, egg quality and ovarian function of hens. Overall, ZEN was shown to exert a detrimental effect on production performance, egg quality and ovarian function of laying hens in this study. Moreover, alterations in the composition and function of the gut microbiota induced by ZEN may be involved in the adverse effects of ZEN on laying hens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remediation Strategies for Mycotoxin in Animal Feed)

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16 pages, 1432 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Chronic Exposure to Diets Containing Moldy Corn or Moldy Wheat Bran on Growth Performance, Ovarian Follicular Pool, and Oxidative Status of Gilts

by Yong Zhuo, Pu Yang, Lun Hua, Lei Zhu, Xin Zhu, Xinfa Han, Xiaoxue Pang, Shengyu Xu, Xuemei Jiang, Yan Lin, Lianqiang Che, Zhengfeng Fang, Bin Feng, Jianping Wang, Jian Li, De Wu, Jiankui Huang and Chao Jin

Toxins 2022, 14(6), 413; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins14060413 - 17 Jun 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1920

Abstract

Background: We investigated the effect of replacing normal corn (NC) or normal wheat bran (NW) with moldy corn (MC) or moldy wheat bran (MW) on growth, ovarian follicular reserves, and oxidative status. Methods: Sixty-three Landrace × Yorkshire gilts were assigned to seven diets formulated by using MC to replace 0% (control), 25% (25% MC), 50% (50% MC), 75% (75% MC), and 100% NC (100% MC), MW to replace 100% NW (100% MW), and MC and MW to replace 100% NC and 100% NW (100% MC + MW), from postnatal day 110 to day 19 of the second estrous cycle. Results: Feeding the gilts with MC or MW induced a lower average daily gain at days 29–56 of the experiment. Age at puberty remained unchanged, but MC inclusion resulted in a linear decrease in antral follicles with diameter >3.0 mm, and control gilts had a 12.7 more large antral follicles than gilts in the 100% MC + MW treatment. MC inclusion linearly decreased the numbers of primordial follicles, growing follicles, and corpora lutea, associated with a lower anti-Müllerian hormone level in serum and 17β-estradiol level in follicular fluid. MC inclusion decreased the serum concentrations of insulin-like growth factor 1 and its mRNA levels in the liver, combined with higher malondialdehyde concentration and lower total superoxide dismutase activities in serum and liver. Conclusion: Chronic exposure to MC-containing diets caused the loss of follicles, even if levels of deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, and aflatoxin B1 were below the levels allowed by China and Europe standards. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remediation Strategies for Mycotoxin in Animal Feed)

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17 pages, 3805 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Emetic Response to T-2 Toxin Correspond to Secretion of Glucagon-like Peptide-₁₇_–36 Amide and Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide

by Jie Zhang, Tushuai Li, Qinghua Wu, Zihui Qin, Ben Wei, Ran Wu, Xinyi Guo, Huiping Xiao and Wenda Wu

Toxins 2022, 14(6), 389; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins14060389 - 02 Jun 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1732

Abstract

The T-2 toxin, a major secondary metabolite of Fusarium Gramineae, is considered a great risk to humans and animals due to its toxicity, such as inducing emesis. The mechanism of emesis is a complex signal involving an imbalance of hormones and neurotransmitters, as well as activity of visceral afferent neurons. The T-2 toxin has been proven to induce emesis and possess the capacity to elevate expressions of intestinal hormones glucagon-like peptide-₁₇_–36 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), both of which are important emetic factors. In addition, the activation of calcium-sensitive receptor (CaSR) and transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are engaged in intestinal hormone release. However, it is unknown whether hormones GLP-1 and GIP mediate T-2 toxin-induced emetic response through activating CaSR and TRP channels. To further assess the mechanism of T-2 toxin-induced emesis, we studied the hypothesis that T-2 toxin-caused emetic response and intestinal hormones GLP-1 and GIP released in mink are associated with activating calcium transduction. Following oral gavage and intraperitoneal injection T-2 toxin, emetic responses were observed in a dose-dependent manner, which notably corresponded to the secretion of GLP-1 and GIP, and were suppressed by pretreatment with respective antagonist Exending_9–39 and Pro3GIP. Additional research found that NPS-2143 (NPS) and ruthenium red (RR), respective antagonists of CaSR and TRP channels, dramatically inhibited both T-2 toxin-induced emesis response and the expression of plasma GLP-1 and GIP. According to these data, we observed that T-2 toxin-induced emetic response corresponds to secretion of GLP-1 and GIP via calcium transduction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remediation Strategies for Mycotoxin in Animal Feed)

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16 pages, 2235 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide and Substance P Mediate Emetic Response Induction by Masked Trichothecene Deoxynivalenol-3-Glucoside through Ca²⁺ Signaling

by Zihui Qin, Hua Zhang, Qinghua Wu, Ben Wei, Ran Wu, Xinyi Guo, Huiping Xiao and Wenda Wu

Toxins 2022, 14(6), 371; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins14060371 - 27 May 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1846

Abstract

Deoxynivalenol (DON), the most naturally-occurring trichothecenes, may affect animal and human health by causing vomiting as a hallmark of food poisoning. Deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (D3G) usually co-occurs with DON as its glucosylated form and is another emerging food safety issue in recent years. However, the toxicity of D3G is not fully understood compared to DON, especially in emetic potency. The goals of this research were to (1) compare emetic effects to D3G by oral and intraperitoneal (IP) routes and relate emetic effects to brain-gut peptides glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and substance P (SP) in mink; (2) determine the roles of calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) and transient receptor potential (TRP) channel in D3G’s emetic effect. Both oral and IP exposure to D3G elicited marked emetic events. This emetic response corresponded to an elevation of GIP and SP. Blocking the GIP receptor (GIPR) diminished emetic response induction by GIP and D3G. The neurokinin 1 receptor (NK-1R) inhibitor Emend^® restrained the induction of emesis by SP and D3G. Importantly, CaSR antagonist NPS-2143 or TRP channel antagonist ruthenium red dose-dependently inhibited both D3G-induced emesis and brain-gut peptides GIP and SP release; cotreatment with both antagonists additively suppressed both emetic and brain-gut peptide responses to D3G. To summarize, our findings demonstrate that activation of CaSR and TRP channels contributes to D3G-induced emesis by mediating brain-gut peptide exocytosis in mink. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remediation Strategies for Mycotoxin in Animal Feed)

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14 pages, 862 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adsorbents Reduce Aflatoxin M₁ Residue in Milk of Healthy Dairy Cow Exposed to Moderate Level Aflatoxin B₁ in Diet and Its Exposure Risk for Humans

by Manqian Cha, Erdan Wang, Yangyi Hao, Shoukun Ji, Shuai Huang, Lihong Zhao, Wei Wang, Wei Shao, Yajing Wang and Shengli Li

Toxins 2021, 13(9), 665; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins13090665 - 17 Sep 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2684

Abstract

This study investigated the effect of moderate risk level (8 µg/kg) AFB₁ in diet supplemented with or without adsorbents on lactation performance, serum parameters, milk AFM₁ content of healthy lactating cows and the AFM₁ residue exposure risk in different human age groups. Forty late healthy lactating Holstein cows (270 ± 22 d in milk; daily milk yield 21 ± 3.1 kg/d) were randomly assigned to four treatments: control diet without AFB₁ and adsorbents (CON), CON with 8 μg/kg AFB₁ (dry matter basis, AF), AF + 15 g/d adsorbent 1 (AD1), AF + 15 g/d adsorbent 2 (AD2). The experiment lasted for 19 days, including an AFB₁-challenge phase (day 1 to 14) and an AFB₁-withdraw phase (day 15 to 19). Results showed that both AFB₁ and adsorbents treatments had no significant effects on the DMI, milk yield, 3.5% FCM yield, milk components and serum parameters. Compared with the AF, AD1 and AD2 had significantly lower milk AFM₁ concentrations (93 ng/L vs. 46 ng/L vs. 51 ng/L) and transfer rates of dietary AFB₁ into milk AFM₁ (1.16% vs. 0.57% vs. 0.63%) (p < 0.05). Children aged 2–4 years old had the highest exposure risk to AFM₁ in milk in AF, with an EDI of 1.02 ng/kg bw/day and a HI of 5.11 (HI > 1 indicates a potential risk for liver cancer). Both AD1 and AD2 had obviously reductions in EDI and HI for all population groups, whereas, the EDI (≥0.25 ng/kg bw/day) and HI (≥1.23) of children aged 2–11 years old were still higher than the suggested tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 0.20 ng/kg bw/day and 1.00 (HI). In conclusion, moderate risk level AFB₁ in the diet of healthy lactating cows could cause a public health hazard and adding adsorbents in the dairy diet is an effective measure to remit AFM₁ residue in milk and its exposure risk for humans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remediation Strategies for Mycotoxin in Animal Feed)

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17 pages, 4084 KiB

Open AccessArticle

DL-Selenomethionine Alleviates Oxidative Stress Induced by Zearalenone via Nrf2/Keap1 Signaling Pathway in IPEC-J2 Cells

by Haoyang Sun, Meiling Zhang, Jianping Li and Anshan Shan

Toxins 2021, 13(8), 557; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins13080557 - 10 Aug 2021

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 2740

Abstract

Zearalenone (ZEN) is a kind of nonsteroidal mycotoxin that is considered a risk affecting the safety of human food and livestock feed that causes oxidative damages in mammalian cells. Selenomethionine (SeMet) was indicated to have antioxidant activity and received great interest in investigating the role of SeMet as a therapeutic agent in oxidation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the hormetic role of DL-SeMet in porcine intestinal epithelial J2 (IPEC-J2) cells against ZEN-induced oxidative stress injury. As a result of this experiment, 30 μg/mL of ZEN was observed with significantly statistical effects in cell viability. Following the dose-dependent manner, 20 μg/mL was chosen for the subsequent experiments. Then, further results in the current study showed that the ZENinduced oxidative stress with subsequent suppression of the expression of antioxidant stress pathway-related genes species. Moreover, SeMet reversed the oxidative damage and cell death of ZEN toxins to some extent, by a Nrf2/Keap1-ARE pathway. The finding of this experiment provided a foundation for further research on the ZEN-caused cell oxidative damage and the cure technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remediation Strategies for Mycotoxin in Animal Feed)

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13 pages, 3118 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Photocatalytic Degradation of Deoxynivalenol Using Cerium Doped Titanium Dioxide under Ultraviolet Light Irradiation

by Pengzhen He, Zhiyong Zhao, Yanglan Tan, Hengchao E, Minghui Zuo, Jianhua Wang, Junhua Yang, Shuxin Cui and Xianli Yang

Toxins 2021, 13(7), 481; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins13070481 - 11 Jul 2021

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 2971

Abstract

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a major mycotoxin with high toxicity that often contaminates grains, foods and feeds. The traditional approaches for DON removal are difficult to meet industry and agriculture demands due to the high stability of the DON molecule. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop green and effective strategies for DON degradation. In this study, a batch of photocatalytic nanomaterials of cerium (Ce) doped titanium dioxide (TiO₂) were successfully prepared by sol-gel method. The catalysts were systematically characterized by XRD, HRTEM, FT-IR, UV-Vis and XPS. The catalyst 0.5Ce-TiO₂ showed superior photocatalytic activity for DON degradation in aqueous solution under ultraviolet light irradiation, better than that of traditional photocatalyst pure TiO₂, and 96% DON with initial concentration of 5.0 mg/L could be degraded in 4 h. In addition, the two possible degradation intermediate products C₅H₈O₃ and C₁₇H₁₈O₆ were identified, the photocatalytic degradation mechanism and degradation pathway were studied. The results indicate that Ce doped TiO₂ photocatalyst can be used to reduce DON effectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remediation Strategies for Mycotoxin in Animal Feed)

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