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Toxins
Special Issues
Determination and Detoxification Strategies of Mycotoxins
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Determination and Detoxification Strategies of Mycotoxins

A special issue of Toxins (ISSN 2072-6651). This special issue belongs to the section "Mycotoxins".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2022) | Viewed by 9788

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Sung-Yong Hong

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Guest Editor
Department of Food and Nutrition/Department of Functional Food, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
Interests: strategies for the biological control of mycotoxins in food and feed; monitoring and determining levels of mycotoxins in food and feed; identification of mycotoxin synthetic pathways; mechanisms of the regulation of gene expression in mycotoxin gene clusters
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Ae-Son Om

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Guest Editor
Department of Food and Nutrition/Department of Functional Food, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
Interests: Strategies to control chemical and biological toxins in food and feed; determination of levels of chemical and biological toxins in food and feed; mechanisms of toxicity of chemical and biological toxins
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Toxigenic fungi can grow on agricultural commodities and produce mycotoxins under warm and humid conditions. These mycotoxins occur in agricultural crops during pre-harvest and storage. The mycotoxin contamination of agricultural crops poses a serious health threat to humans and livestock, causing a variety of adverse health effects in target organs such as the liver, kidney, and nervous system. Therefore, it presents a major concern in food and feed safety.

To date, several hundred different mycotoxins have been identified, including aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, zearalenone, trichothecenes (nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, 3-acetylnivalenol, zearalenone, T-2 toxin, and HT-2 toxin), and patulin. As the mycotoxins are chemically stable, they are not degraded during food processing.

Thus, most countries, including the European Union, the United States, and members of the Codex Alimentarius, have started to reinforce the management of mycotoxins in food and feed to set common regulatory limits for mycotoxins. In addition, great efforts in research for developing new strategies to minimize mycotoxin levels have been made, since mycotoxin contamination of food and feed causes economic losses as well as serious health problems.

The aim of this Special Issue, entitled ‘Determination and Detoxification Strategies of Mycotoxins’, is to gather recent research on the determination of levels of the major and emerging mycotoxins in food and feed, and effective strategies to eliminate or reduce their contamination, including, but not limited to, detoxification technologies such as biological and chemical degradation, and physical degradation or adsorption of mycotoxins.

Prof. Dr. Sung-Yong Hong
Prof. Dr. Ae-Son Om
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a double-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Toxins is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • mycotoxins
  • determination
  • analyses
  • detoxification
  • reduction
  • biodegradation
  • chemical and physical detoxification
  • physical binding
  • fungi
  • food and feed

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 1799 KiB  
Article
Potential of Kale and Lettuce Residues as Natural Adsorbents of the Carcinogen Aflatoxin B1 in a Dynamic Gastrointestinal Tract-Simulated Model
by Alma Vázquez-Durán, María de Jesús Nava-Ramírez, Daniel Hernández-Patlán, Bruno Solís-Cruz, Víctor Hernández-Gómez, Guillermo Téllez-Isaías and Abraham Méndez-Albores
Toxins 2021, 13(11), 771; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins13110771 - 31 Oct 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2518
Abstract
Adsorption of the carcinogen aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) onto agro-waste-based materials is a promising alternative over conventional inorganic binders. In the current study, two unmodified adsorbents were eco-friendly prepared from kale and lettuce agro-wastes. A dynamic gastrointestinal tract-simulated model was utilized [...] Read more.
Adsorption of the carcinogen aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) onto agro-waste-based materials is a promising alternative over conventional inorganic binders. In the current study, two unmodified adsorbents were eco-friendly prepared from kale and lettuce agro-wastes. A dynamic gastrointestinal tract-simulated model was utilized to evaluate the removal efficiency of the sorptive materials (0.5%, w/w) when added to an AFB1-contaminated diet (100 µg AFB1/kg). Different characterization methodologies were employed to understand the interaction mechanisms between the AFB1 molecule and the biosorbents. Based on adsorption results, the biosorbent prepared from kale was the best; its maximum adsorption capacity was 93.6%, which was significantly higher than that of the lettuce biosorbent (83.7%). Characterization results indicate that different mechanisms may act simultaneously during adsorption. Non-electrostatic (hydrophobic interactions, dipole-dipole interactions, and hydrogen bonding) and electrostatic interactions (ionic attractions) together with the formation of AFB1-chlorophyll complexes appear to be the major influencing factors driving AFB1 biosorption. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Determination and Detoxification Strategies of Mycotoxins)
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16 pages, 2350 KiB  
Article
Removal of Aflatoxin B1 by Edible Mushroom-Forming Fungi and Its Mechanism
by Min-Jung Choo, Sung-Yong Hong, Soo-Hyun Chung and Ae-Son Om
Toxins 2021, 13(9), 668; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins13090668 - 18 Sep 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3449
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are biologically active toxic metabolites, which are produced by certain toxigenic Aspergillus sp. on agricultural crops. In this study, five edible mushroom-forming fungi were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD) for their ability to remove aflatoxin B1 (AFB [...] Read more.
Aflatoxins (AFs) are biologically active toxic metabolites, which are produced by certain toxigenic Aspergillus sp. on agricultural crops. In this study, five edible mushroom-forming fungi were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD) for their ability to remove aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), one of the most potent naturally occurring carcinogens known. Bjerkandera adusta and Auricularia auricular-judae showed the most significant AFB1 removal activities (96.3% and 100%, respectively) among five strains after 14-day incubation. The cell lysate from B. adusta exhibited higher AFB1 removal activity (35%) than the cell-free supernatant (13%) after 1-day incubation and the highest removal activity (80%) after 5-day incubation at 40 °C. In addition, AFB1 analyses using whole cells, cell lysates, and cell debris from B. adusta showed that cell debris had the highest AFB1 removal activity at 5th day (95%). Moreover, exopolysaccharides from B. adusta showed an increasing trend (24–48%) similar to whole cells and cell lysates after 5- day incubation. Our results strongly suggest that AFB1 removal activity by whole cells was mainly due to AFB1 binding onto cell debris during early incubation and partly due to binding onto cell lysates along with exopolysaccharides after saturation of AFB1 binding process onto cell wall components. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Determination and Detoxification Strategies of Mycotoxins)
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20 pages, 11763 KiB  
Article
Bacterial Enrichment Cultures Biotransform the Mycotoxin Deoxynivalenol into a Novel Metabolite Toxic to Plant and Porcine Cells
by Ilse Vanhoutte, Caroline De Tender, Kristel Demeyere, Mohamed F. Abdallah, Sarah Ommeslag, Pieter Vermeir, Sarah De Saeger, Jane Debode, Evelyne Meyer, Siska Croubels, Kris Audenaert and Leen De Gelder
Toxins 2021, 13(8), 552; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins13080552 - 09 Aug 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2851
Abstract
The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON), produced in wheat, barley and maize by Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum, is threatening the health of humans and animals. With its worldwide high incidence in food and feed, mitigation strategies are needed to detoxify DON, maintaining the [...] Read more.
The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON), produced in wheat, barley and maize by Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum, is threatening the health of humans and animals. With its worldwide high incidence in food and feed, mitigation strategies are needed to detoxify DON, maintaining the nutritional value and palatability of decontaminated commodities. A promising technique is biological degradation, where microorganisms are used to biotransform mycotoxins into less toxic metabolites. In this study, bacterial enrichment cultures were screened for their DON detoxification potential, where DON and its potential derivatives were monitored. The residual phytotoxicity was determined through a bioassay using the aquatic plant Lemna minor L. Two bacterial enrichment cultures were found to biotransform DON into a still highly toxic metabolite for plants. Furthermore, a cytotoxic effect was observed on the cellular viability of intestinal porcine epithelial cells. Through liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis, an unknown compound was detected, and tentatively characterized with a molecular weight of 30.0 Da (i.e., CH2O) higher than DON. Metabarcoding of the subsequently enriched bacterial communities revealed a shift towards the genera Sphingopyxis, Pseudoxanthomonas, Ochrobactrum and Pseudarthrobacter. This work describes the discovery of a novel bacterial DON-derived metabolite, toxic to plant and porcine cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Determination and Detoxification Strategies of Mycotoxins)
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