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Toxins
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Reduction and Control of Mycotoxins along Entire Food and Feed...
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Reduction and Control of Mycotoxins along Entire Food and Feed Chain

A special issue of Toxins (ISSN 2072-6651). This special issue belongs to the section "Mycotoxins".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2022) | Viewed by 36568

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Alexandra Malachova

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Guest Editor
Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation (FFoQSI GmbH), Technopark 1C, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
Interests: development and validation of analytical methods; LC-MS; mycotoxins; food chemistry and food safety
Dr. Chibundu N. Ezekiel

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun state, Nigeria
Interests: development and validation of analytical methods; LC-MS; mycotoxins; food chemistry and food safety
Dr. Marta Magdalena Sopel

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, Gebouw 123, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
Interests: development and validation of analytical methods; LC-MS; mycotoxins; food chemistry and food safety

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Mycotoxins are natural toxic secondary metabolites produced by microscopic filamentous fungi that can invade a large variety of agricultural crops both in the field and in the follow-up stages of food and feed production chains.

Mycotoxins are a group of “small-molecule” compounds that vary greatly in terms of chemical structure and modes of action. As they are relatively stable compounds, they can survive under food and feed processing conditions and pass into the final products. In order to protect human and animal health, prevention and control of mycotoxin contamination of the food and feed chain has become a major objective for farmers, producers, regulatory authorities, and researchers worldwide.

Mycotoxin contamination of food and feed crops is often inevitable due to the complex factors that influence fungal infection. Therefore, so-called good agricultural practice in the preharvest period followed by proper storage conditions can minimize mycotoxin contamination. The principles of good manufacturing practice help to reduce the level of mycotoxin contamination in the final products. Additionally, regular control of mycotoxin content by means of analytical methods in all stages of food and feed production chains is either mandatory (in the case of legislatively regulated mycotoxins) or recommended. Furthermore, ongoing research in this area provides new insights in the field of mycotoxin detoxification/decontamination (mainly concerning feed).

This Special Issue of Toxins “Reduction and Control of Mycotoxins along the Entire Food and Feed Chain” addresses approaches for the minimization of mycotoxin contamination in food and feed chains as well as novel methods for detoxification of mycotoxins in feed (e.g., enzymatic preparations, adsorbents). Novel analytical methods used for mycotoxin control are also of great interest.

Dr. Alexandra Malachova
Dr. Chibundu N. Ezekiel
Dr. Marta Magdalena Sopel
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a double-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Toxins is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • mycotoxins
  • contamination
  • control
  • food and feed chain
  • safety
  • technology
  • prevention
  • regulatory aspects
  • processing and storage

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review, Other

3 pages, 238 KiB  
Editorial
Introduction to This Special Issue of Toxins: Reduction and Control of Mycotoxins along Entire Food and Feed Chain
by Alexandra Malachová, Marta Magdalena Sopel and Chibundu N. Ezekiel
Toxins 2023, 15(2), 131; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins15020131 - 05 Feb 2023
Viewed by 1085
Abstract
Contamination of food and feed by mycotoxins is considered a significant issue in food and feed safety worldwide [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reduction and Control of Mycotoxins along Entire Food and Feed Chain)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review, Other

13 pages, 1297 KiB  
Article
Impacts of Gaseous Ozone (O3) on Germination, Mycelial Growth, and Aflatoxin B1 Production In Vitro and In Situ Contamination of Stored Pistachio Nuts
by Alaa Baazeem, Angel Medina and Naresh Magan
Toxins 2022, 14(6), 416; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins14060416 - 17 Jun 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2062
Abstract
Pistachio nuts can become colonized by mycotoxigenic fungi, especially Aspergillus flavus, resulting in contamination with aflatoxins (AFs). We examined the effect of gaseous O3 (50–200 ppm; 30 min; 6 L/min) on (a) in vitro germination, (b) mycelial growth, and (c) aflatoxin [...] Read more.
Pistachio nuts can become colonized by mycotoxigenic fungi, especially Aspergillus flavus, resulting in contamination with aflatoxins (AFs). We examined the effect of gaseous O3 (50–200 ppm; 30 min; 6 L/min) on (a) in vitro germination, (b) mycelial growth, and (c) aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) production on a milled pistachio nut-based medium at different water activity (aw) levels and at 30 °C. This was complimented with in situ studies exposing raw pistachio nuts to 50–200 ppm of O3. Exposure of conidia to gaseous O3 initially resulted in lower germination percentages at different aw levels. However, 12 h after treatment, conidial viability recovered with 100% germination after 24–48 h. Growth rates of mycelial colonies were slightly decreased with the increase of the O3 dose, with significant inhibition only at 0.98 aw. The production of AFB1 after O3 treatment and storage for 10 days was stimulated in A. flavus colonies at 0.98 aw. Raw pistachio nuts inoculated with A. flavus conidia prior to O3 exposure showed a significant decrease in population after 20 days of storage. However, AFB1 contamination was stimulated in most O3 treatments. The relationship between exposure concentration, time and prevailing aw levels on toxin control needs to be better understood for these nuts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reduction and Control of Mycotoxins along Entire Food and Feed Chain)
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23 pages, 3869 KiB  
Article
An Interlaboratory Comparison Study of Regulated and Emerging Mycotoxins Using Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry: Challenges and Future Directions of Routine Multi-Mycotoxin Analysis including Emerging Mycotoxins
by David Steiner, Armin Humpel, Eleonore Stamminger, Anna Schoeberl, Gerlinde Pachschwoell, Anita Sloboda, Christy Swoboda, Jolene Rigg, Dawei Zhang, Yahong Wang, Joshua Davis, Michael Sulyok, Rudolf Krska, Brian Quinn, Brett Greer, Christopher T. Elliott, Zbynek Dzuman, Jana Hajslova, Andreas Gschaider, Carina Fechner, Lisa Forstner, Elisabeth Varga, Piotr Jedziniak, Katarzyna Pietruszka, Adrianna Rudawska and Alexandra Malachováadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Toxins 2022, 14(6), 405; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins14060405 - 13 Jun 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2834
Abstract
The present interlaboratory comparison study involved nine laboratories located throughout the world that tested for 24 regulated and non-regulated mycotoxins by applying their in-house LC-MS/MS multi-toxin method to 10 individual lots of 4 matrix commodities, including complex chicken and swine feed, soy and [...] Read more.
The present interlaboratory comparison study involved nine laboratories located throughout the world that tested for 24 regulated and non-regulated mycotoxins by applying their in-house LC-MS/MS multi-toxin method to 10 individual lots of 4 matrix commodities, including complex chicken and swine feed, soy and corn gluten. In total, more than 6000 data points were collected and analyzed statistically by calculating a consensus value in combination with a target standard deviation following a modified Horwitz equation. The performance of each participant was evaluated by a z-score assessment with a satisfying range of ±2, leading to an overall success rate of 70% for all tested compounds. Equal performance for both regulated and emerging mycotoxins indicates that participating routine laboratories have successfully expanded their analytical portfolio in view of potentially new regulations. In addition, the study design proved to be fit for the purpose of providing future certified reference materials, which surpass current analyte matrix combinations and exceed the typical scope of the regulatory framework. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reduction and Control of Mycotoxins along Entire Food and Feed Chain)
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12 pages, 1104 KiB  
Article
Determination of T-2 and HT-2 Toxins in Seed of Milk Thistle [Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.] Using Immunoaffinity Column by UPLC-MS/MS
by Rastislav Boško, Marek Pernica, Sylvie Běláková, Marie Bjelková and Helena Pluháčková
Toxins 2022, 14(4), 258; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins14040258 - 06 Apr 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2517
Abstract
Milk thistle [Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.] achieved a significant increase in interest over the past few years from local and foreign pharmaceutical corporations. The silymarin complex of constituents extracted from milk thistle achenes provides compelling health benefits primarily thanks to antioxidant activities [...] Read more.
Milk thistle [Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.] achieved a significant increase in interest over the past few years from local and foreign pharmaceutical corporations. The silymarin complex of constituents extracted from milk thistle achenes provides compelling health benefits primarily thanks to antioxidant activities and hepatoprotective effects. However, consuming mycotoxin-contaminated plant material can cause immunosuppression and hepatotoxic problems. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a method for the determination of mycotoxin content in milk thistle. Fusarium toxins as T-2 and HT-2 toxins in grown milk thistle harvested from a breeding station in the Czech Republic during 2020–2021 were studied. The analysis of T-2 and HT-2 toxins was performed by UPLC-MS/MS after immunoaffinity columns EASI-EXTRACT® T-2 & HT-2 clean up. All analysed samples of milk thistle were contaminated with T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin. The content of T-2 toxin in the samples from 2020 was in the range of 122.7–290.2 µg/kg and HT-2 toxin 157.0–319.0 µg/kg. In 2021, the content of T-2 toxin was in the range of 28.8–69.9 µg/kg and HT-2 toxin was 24.2–75.4 µg/kg. The results show that the climatic conditions of the year of harvesting have a highly statistically significant effect on the content of T-2 and HT-2 toxins in milk thistle. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reduction and Control of Mycotoxins along Entire Food and Feed Chain)
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15 pages, 782 KiB  
Article
Use of Mustard Extracts Fermented by Lactic Acid Bacteria to Mitigate the Production of Fumonisin B1 and B2 by Fusarium verticillioides in Corn Ears
by Raquel Torrijos, Tiago de Melo Nazareth, Pilar Vila-Donat, Jordi Mañes and Giuseppe Meca
Toxins 2022, 14(2), 80; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins14020080 - 21 Jan 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3516
Abstract
Corn (Zea mays) is a worldwide crop subjected to infection by toxigenic fungi such as Fusarium verticillioides during the pre-harvest stage. Fusarium contamination can lead to the synthesis of highly toxic mycotoxins, such as Fumonisin B1 (FB1) and [...] Read more.
Corn (Zea mays) is a worldwide crop subjected to infection by toxigenic fungi such as Fusarium verticillioides during the pre-harvest stage. Fusarium contamination can lead to the synthesis of highly toxic mycotoxins, such as Fumonisin B1 (FB1) and Fumonisin B2 (FB2), which compromises human and animal health. The work aimed to study the antifungal properties of fermented yellow and oriental mustard extracts using nine lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in vitro. Moreover, a chemical characterization of the main phenolic compounds and organic acids were carried out in the extracts. The results highlighted that the yellow mustard, fermented by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains, avoided the growth of Fusarium spp. in vitro, showing Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) values, ranging from 7.8 to 15.6 g/L and 15.6 to 31.3 g/L, respectively. Then, the lyophilized yellow mustard fermented extract by L. plantarum TR71 was applied through spray-on corn ears contaminated with F. verticillioides to study the antimycotoxigenic activity. After 14 days of incubation, the control contained 14.71 mg/kg of FB1, while the treatment reduced the content to 1.09 mg/kg (92.6% reduction). Moreover, no FB2 was observed in the treated samples. The chemical characterization showed that lactic acid, 3-phenyllactic acid, and benzoic acid were the antifungal metabolites quantified in higher concentrations in the yellow mustard fermented extract with L. plantarum TR71. The results obtained confirmed the potential application of fermented mustard extracts as a solution to reduce the incidence of mycotoxins in corn ears. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reduction and Control of Mycotoxins along Entire Food and Feed Chain)
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Graphical abstract

11 pages, 1279 KiB  
Article
Fungal Endophytes of Vitis vinifera—Plant Growth Promoters or Potentially Toxinogenic Agents?
by Milena Stranska, Zbynek Dzuman, Nela Prusova, Adam Behner, Irena Kolouchova, Petra Lovecka, Tomas Rezanka, Miroslav Kolarik and Jana Hajslova
Toxins 2022, 14(2), 66; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins14020066 - 19 Jan 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2229
Abstract
Fungal endophytes occurring in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) are usually important sources of various compounds with biological activities with great potential for use in agriculture. Nevertheless, many species isolated from this plant belong to the genera Fusarium, Alternaria, or Aspergillus, [...] Read more.
Fungal endophytes occurring in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) are usually important sources of various compounds with biological activities with great potential for use in agriculture. Nevertheless, many species isolated from this plant belong to the genera Fusarium, Alternaria, or Aspergillus, all of which are well-known to produce mycotoxins. Our study is focused on the assessment of the toxinogenic potential of fungal endophytes isolated from vineyards in the Czech Republic. In total, 20 endophytic fungal species were cultivated in wine must, and 57 mycotoxins of different classes were analysed by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. As a result, alternariol, tentoxin, meleagrin, roquefortine C, gliotoxin, and verruculogen were detected in the culture medium, of which verruculogen followed by gliotoxin were the most frequent (present in 90 and 40% of samples, respectively) and most concentrated (up to thousands ng/mL). The alternaria mycotoxins alternariol and tentoxin were detected not only in Alternaria sp. cultures, but traces of these mycotoxins were also quantified in the Diatripe and Epicoccum cultures. Meleagrin and roquefortine C were detected in Didymella sancta and Penicillium crustosum, gliotoxin was detected in Alternaria sp., Didymella sp., Aureobasidium pullulans, Cladosporium herbarum, Penicillium crustosum and Pleurophoma ossicola, and verruculogen was quantified in 99% of endophytic isolates investigated. The potential of endophytes to produce mycotoxins should be carefully checked, specifically in cases where they are intended for the purpose of V. vinifera growing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reduction and Control of Mycotoxins along Entire Food and Feed Chain)
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Graphical abstract

14 pages, 1172 KiB  
Article
Development of an Antifungal Device Based on Oriental Mustard Flour to Prevent Fungal Growth and Aflatoxin B1 Production in Almonds
by Tiago Melo Nazareth, Raquel Torrijos, Karla Paiva Bocate, Jordi Mañes, Fernando Bittencourt Luciano, Giuseppe Meca and Pilar Vila-Donat
Toxins 2022, 14(1), 5; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins14010005 - 22 Dec 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2517
Abstract
The present study describes the manufacture of an antifungal device composed of oriental mustard flour and hydroxyethyl-cellulose (H-OMF) and evaluates its efficacity in inhibiting Aspergillus flavus growth and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) production in almonds. Additionally, it compares the H-OMF with allyl [...] Read more.
The present study describes the manufacture of an antifungal device composed of oriental mustard flour and hydroxyethyl-cellulose (H-OMF) and evaluates its efficacity in inhibiting Aspergillus flavus growth and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) production in almonds. Additionally, it compares the H-OMF with allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) and a freeze-dried extract of yellow mustard flour (YMF-E); such substances were previously described as antifungal. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), Minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC), the H-OMF in vitro antifungal activity, and the residual fungal population, as well as the production of AFB1 in almonds were determined. AITC and YMF-E showed significant antifungal activity in vitro. Additionally, the in vitro activity of H-OMF avoided mycelial growth by applying 30 mg/L. Almonds treated with AITC (5.07, 10.13, and 20.26 mg/L) and H-OMF (2000 and 4000 mg/L) showed a reduction in the population of A. flavus and the production of AFB1 to values below the limit of detection. YMF-E showed effectiveness by in vitro methodologies (MIC and MFC) but did not show efficacy when applied in almonds. Our findings indicated that the hydroxyethyl-cellulose-based device containing oriental mustard flour might be utilised as a fumigant to increase the safety of almonds and could be extended to other cereals or dry fruits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reduction and Control of Mycotoxins along Entire Food and Feed Chain)
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Graphical abstract

16 pages, 992 KiB  
Article
Evaluating the Performance of Lateral Flow Devices for Total Aflatoxins with Special Emphasis on Their Robustness under Sub-Saharan Conditions
by Barbara Cvak, Benedikt Warth, Joseph Atehnkeng, Alexandra Parich, Alexandra Moritz, Michael Sulyok and Rudolf Krska
Toxins 2021, 13(11), 742; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins13110742 - 20 Oct 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3851
Abstract
As aflatoxins are a global risk for humans and animals, testing methods for rapid on-site screening are increasingly needed alongside the standard analytical laboratory tools. In the presented study, lateral flow devices (LFDs) for rapid total aflatoxin screening were thoroughly investigated with respect [...] Read more.
As aflatoxins are a global risk for humans and animals, testing methods for rapid on-site screening are increasingly needed alongside the standard analytical laboratory tools. In the presented study, lateral flow devices (LFDs) for rapid total aflatoxin screening were thoroughly investigated with respect to their matrix effects, cross-reactivity, their performance under harsh conditions in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and their stability, as well as when compared with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). To analyze the matrix effects, qualitative test kits offering a certain cutoff level were used to screen different nut samples. In addition, these tests were challenged on their cross-reactivity with 230 fungal toxins and metabolites. Furthermore, the resulting measurements performed under harsh tropical conditions (up to 38.4 °C and 91% relative humidity) in SSA, specifically Burkina Faso and Mozambique, were compared with the results from a well-established and validated LC-MS/MS-based reference method. The comparison of the on-site LFD results with the reference method showed a good agreement: 86.4% agreement, 11.8% non-agreement, and 1.8% invalid test results. To test the robustness of the cutoff tests, short- and long-term stability testing was carried out in Mozambique and Nigeria. For both experiments, no loss of test performance could be determined. Finally, a subset of African corn samples was shipped to Austria and analyzed under laboratory conditions using semiquantitative aflatoxin tests. A good correlation was found between the rapid strip tests and the LC-MS/MS reference method. Overall, the evaluated LFDs showed satisfying results regarding their cross-reactivity, matrix effects, stability, and robustness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reduction and Control of Mycotoxins along Entire Food and Feed Chain)
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23 pages, 457 KiB  
Article
Dietary Risk Assessment and Consumer Awareness of Mycotoxins among Household Consumers of Cereals, Nuts and Legumes in North-Central Nigeria
by Chibundu N. Ezekiel, Kolawole I. Ayeni, Muiz O. Akinyemi, Michael Sulyok, Oluwawapelumi A. Oyedele, Daniel A. Babalola, Isaac M. Ogara and Rudolf Krska
Toxins 2021, 13(9), 635; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins13090635 - 09 Sep 2021
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4127
Abstract
This study characterized the health risks due to the consumption of mycotoxin-contaminated foods and assessed the consumer awareness level of mycotoxins in households in two north-central Nigerian states during the harvest and storage seasons of 2018. Twenty-six mycotoxins and 121 other microbial and [...] Read more.
This study characterized the health risks due to the consumption of mycotoxin-contaminated foods and assessed the consumer awareness level of mycotoxins in households in two north-central Nigerian states during the harvest and storage seasons of 2018. Twenty-six mycotoxins and 121 other microbial and plant metabolites were quantified by LC-MS/MS in 250 samples of cereals, nuts and legumes. Aflatoxins were detected in all food types (cowpea, maize, peanut and sorghum) except in millet. Aflatoxin B1 was the most prevalent mycotoxin in peanut (64%) and rice (57%), while fumonisin B1 occurred most in maize (93%) and beauvericin in sorghum (71%). The total aflatoxin concentration was highest in peanut (max: 8422 µg/kg; mean: 1281 µg/kg) and rice (max: 955 µg/kg; mean: 94 µg/kg), whereas the totals of the B-type fumonisins and citrinin were highest in maize (max: 68,204 µg/kg; mean: 2988 µg/kg) and sorghum (max: 1335 µg/kg; mean: 186 µg/kg), respectively. Citrinin levels also reached 51,195 µg/kg (mean: 2343 µg/kg) in maize. Aflatoxin and citrinin concentrations in maize were significantly (p < 0.05) higher during storage than at harvest. The estimated chronic exposures to aflatoxins, citrinin and fumonisins were high, resulting in as much as 247 new liver cancer cases/year/100,000 population and risks of nephrotoxicity and esophageal cancer, respectively. Children who consumed the foods were the most vulnerable. Mycotoxin co-occurrence was evident, which could increase the health risk of the outcomes. Awareness of mycotoxin issues was generally low among the households. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reduction and Control of Mycotoxins along Entire Food and Feed Chain)

Review

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30 pages, 1380 KiB  
Review
Mycotoxin Biomarkers in Pigs—Current State of Knowledge and Analytics
by Agnieszka Tkaczyk and Piotr Jedziniak
Toxins 2021, 13(8), 586; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins13080586 - 23 Aug 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 6432
Abstract
Farm animals are frequently exposed to mycotoxins, which have many adverse effects on their health and become a significant food safety issue. Pigs are highly exposed and particularly susceptible to mycotoxins, which can cause many adverse effects. For the above reasons, an appropriate [...] Read more.
Farm animals are frequently exposed to mycotoxins, which have many adverse effects on their health and become a significant food safety issue. Pigs are highly exposed and particularly susceptible to mycotoxins, which can cause many adverse effects. For the above reasons, an appropriate diagnostic tool is needed to monitor pig’ exposure to mycotoxins. The most popular tool is feed analysis, which has some disadvantages, e.g., it does not include individual exposure. In recent years, the determination of biomarkers as a method to assess the exposure to mycotoxins by using concentrations of the parent compounds and/or metabolites in biological matrices is becoming more and more popular. This review provides a comprehensive overview of reported in vivo mycotoxin absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) and toxicokinetic studies on pigs. Biomarkers of exposure for aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, T-2 toxin and zearalenone are described to select the most promising compound for analysis of porcine plasma, urine and faeces. Biomarkers occur in biological matrices at trace levels, so a very sensitive technique—tandem mass spectrometry—is commonly used for multiple biomarkers quantification. However, the sample preparation for multi-mycotoxin methods remains a challenge. Therefore, a summary of different biological samples preparation strategies is included in that paper. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reduction and Control of Mycotoxins along Entire Food and Feed Chain)
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Other

34 pages, 902 KiB  
Systematic Review
A Systematic Review of the Efficacy of Interventions to Control Aflatoxins in the Dairy Production Chain—Feed Production and Animal Feeding Interventions
by Zsuzsa Farkas, Erika Országh, Tekla Engelhardt, Szilveszter Csorba, Kata Kerekes, Andrea Zentai, Miklós Süth, Attila Nagy, Gabriella Miklós, Krisztina Molnár, Csaba Rácz, Tamás Dövényi-Nagy, Árpád Ambrus, Zoltán Győri, Attila Csaba Dobos, Tünde Pusztahelyi, István Pócsi and Ákos Jóźwiak
Toxins 2022, 14(2), 115; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins14020115 - 03 Feb 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4135
Abstract
The study presents a systematic review of published scientific articles investigating the effects of interventions aiming at aflatoxin reduction at the feed production and animal feeding phases of the milk value chain in order to identify the recent scientific trends and summarize the [...] Read more.
The study presents a systematic review of published scientific articles investigating the effects of interventions aiming at aflatoxin reduction at the feed production and animal feeding phases of the milk value chain in order to identify the recent scientific trends and summarize the main findings available in the literature. The review strategy was designed based on the guidance of the systematic review and knowledge synthesis methodology that is applicable in the field of food safety. The Web of Science and EBSCOhost online databases were searched with predefined algorithms. After title and abstract relevance screening and relevance confirmation with full-text screening, 67 studies remained for data extraction, which were included in the review. The most important identified groups of interventions based on their mode of action and place in the technological process are as follows: low-moisture production using preservatives, acidity regulators, adsorbents and various microbiological additives. The results of the listed publications are summarized and compared for all the identified intervention groups. The paper aimed to help feed producers, farmers and relevant stakeholders to get an overview of the most suitable aflatoxin mitigation options, which is extremely important in the near future as climate change will likely be accompanied by elevated mycotoxin levels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reduction and Control of Mycotoxins along Entire Food and Feed Chain)
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