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Toxins
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Mycotoxins in Food and Feed—Occurrence and Risk Assessment
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Mycotoxins in Food and Feed—Occurrence and Risk Assessment

A special issue of Toxins (ISSN 2072-6651). This special issue belongs to the section "Mycotoxins".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2022) | Viewed by 10358

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Magdalena Twarużek

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Guest Editor
Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, PL-85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
Interests: mycology; mycotoxin; human health; cell culture
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In this Special Issue on“Mycotoxins in Food and Feed—Occurrence and Risk Assessment”, papers describing the worldwide levels and occurrence of mycotoxins and molds (modified mycotoxins, masked mycotoxins) in various commodities are welcome, as are papers on the occurrence and co-occurrence of mycotoxins in human food and animal feed. Health risk assessment for mycotoxins represents a significant approach to public health protection because mycotoxins are both acute and chronically toxic. There is a need to validate existing or develop new (effect or exposure) biomarkers, analytical methods, and toxicokinetic models for mycotoxins. We look forward to receiving your contributions to this Special Issue in the form of original research, case studies, or review papers, shedding light on perspectives on occurrence and control of mycotoxins and molds of various mycotoxins in different commodities and risk assessment.

Prof. Dr. Magdalena Twarużek
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a double-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Toxins is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • mycotoxins
  • mycology
  • food
  • feed
  • human biological samples
  • diet supplements
  • cytotoxicity
  • analytical methods

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 2237 KiB  
Article
Mycotoxins in Cattle Feed and Feed Ingredients in Brazil: A Five-Year Survey
by Gabriela L. Biscoto, Lauranne A. Salvato, Érika R. Alvarenga, Raul R. S. Dias, Guilherme R. G. Pinheiro, Mariana P. Rodrigues, Priscila N. Pinto, Rossimiriam P. Freitas and Kelly M. Keller
Toxins 2022, 14(8), 552; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins14080552 - 14 Aug 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2054
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by a variety of fungi, which when ingested can cause several deleterious effects to the health of humans and animals. In this work, the detection and quantification of six major mycotoxins (aflatoxins—AFLA, deoxynivalenol—DON, fumonisins—FUMO, ochratoxin A—OTA, T-2 [...] Read more.
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by a variety of fungi, which when ingested can cause several deleterious effects to the health of humans and animals. In this work, the detection and quantification of six major mycotoxins (aflatoxins—AFLA, deoxynivalenol—DON, fumonisins—FUMO, ochratoxin A—OTA, T-2 toxin—T-2 and zearalenone—ZON) in 1749 samples of feed and feed ingredients for cattle, collected in Brazil between 2017 and 2021, was carried out using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In total, 97% of samples were contaminated with at least one mycotoxin, yet, very few samples exceeded the lowest European Union guidance values for cattle, and the estimated daily intake also showed a low risk for the animals. However, co-occurrences were widely observed, as 87% of samples contained two or more mycotoxins at the same time, and the presence of more than one mycotoxin at the same time in feed can lead to interactions. In conclusion, the contamination of feed and feed ingredients for cattle with mycotoxins in Brazil is very common. Hence, the monitoring of these mycotoxins is of significant importance for food safety. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mycotoxins in Food and Feed—Occurrence and Risk Assessment)
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16 pages, 3488 KiB  
Article
The Occurrence of Five Unregulated Mycotoxins Most Important for Traditional Dry-Cured Meat Products
by Tina Lešić, Ana Vulić, Nada Vahčić, Bojan Šarkanj, Brigita Hengl, Ivica Kos, Tomaž Polak, Nina Kudumija and Jelka Pleadin
Toxins 2022, 14(7), 476; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins14070476 - 12 Jul 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1638
Abstract
This study investigated the occurrence of 5 unregulated mycotoxins in a total of 250 traditional dry-cured meat products sampled in 2020 and 2021 in five Croatian regions (eastern, northern, central, western, and southern). Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA), sterigmatocystin [...] Read more.
This study investigated the occurrence of 5 unregulated mycotoxins in a total of 250 traditional dry-cured meat products sampled in 2020 and 2021 in five Croatian regions (eastern, northern, central, western, and southern). Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA), sterigmatocystin (STC), citrinin (CIT), and cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) concentrations were related to the geographical region of the product’s origin and to local weather. The results revealed the contamination of 27% of samples, namely, STC in 4% of samples in concentrations of up to 3.93 µg/kg, OTA in 10% of samples in concentrations of up to 4.81 µg/kg, and CPA in 13% of samples in concentrations of up to 335.5 µg/kg. No AFB1 or CIT contamination was seen. Although no statistically significant differences in concentrations of individual mycotoxins across the production regions were found, differences in mycotoxin occurrence were revealed. The eastern and western regions, with moderate climate, delivered the largest number of contaminated samples, while the southern region, often compared with subtropics, delivered the smallest, so that the determined mycotoxins were probably mainly produced by the Penicillium rather than the Aspergillus species. Due to the interaction of various factors that may affect mycotoxin biosynthesis during production, the detected concentrations cannot be related solely to the weather. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mycotoxins in Food and Feed—Occurrence and Risk Assessment)
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15 pages, 1675 KiB  
Article
Six Feet under Microbiota: Microbiologic Contamination and Toxicity Profile in Three Urban Cemeteries from Lisbon, Portugal
by Carla Viegas, Renata Cervantes, Marta Dias, Bianca Gomes, Pedro Pena, Elisabete Carolino, Magdalena Twarużek, Robert Kosicki, Ewelina Soszczyńska, Susana Viegas and Liliana Aranha Caetano
Toxins 2022, 14(5), 348; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins14050348 - 16 May 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2139
Abstract
Cemeteries are potential environmental reservoirs of pathogenic microorganisms from organic matter decomposition. This study aimed to characterize the microbial contamination in three cemeteries, and more specifically in grave diggers’ facilities. One active sampling method (impingement method) and several passive sampling methods (swabs, settled [...] Read more.
Cemeteries are potential environmental reservoirs of pathogenic microorganisms from organic matter decomposition. This study aimed to characterize the microbial contamination in three cemeteries, and more specifically in grave diggers’ facilities. One active sampling method (impingement method) and several passive sampling methods (swabs, settled dust, settled dust filters and electrostatic dust cloths—EDC) were employed. The molecular detection of Aspergillus sections and SARS-CoV-2, as well as mycotoxin analysis, screening of azole resistance, and cytotoxicity measurement were also conducted. Total bacteria contamination was 80 CFU·m−2 in settled dust samples, reached 849 CFU·m−2 in EDC and 20,000 CFU·m−2 in swabs, and ranged from 5000 to 10,000 CFU·m−2 in filters. Gram-negative bacteria (VRBA) were only observed in in settled dust samples (2.00 × 105 CFU·m−2). Regarding Aspergillus sp., the highest counts were obtained in DG18 (18.38%) and it was not observed in azole-supplemented SDA media. SARS-CoV-2 and the targeted Aspergillus sections were not detected. Mycophenolic acid was detected in one settled dust sample. Cytotoxic effects were observed for 94.4% filters and 5.6% EDC in A549 lung epithelial cells, and for 50.0% filters and 5.6% EDC in HepG2 cells. Future studies are needed in this occupational setting to implement more focused risk management measures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mycotoxins in Food and Feed—Occurrence and Risk Assessment)
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Review

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27 pages, 406 KiB  
Review
Cytotoxicity of Mycotoxins and Their Combinations on Different Cell Lines: A Review
by Paweł Skrzydlewski, Magdalena Twarużek and Jan Grajewski
Toxins 2022, 14(4), 244; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins14040244 - 30 Mar 2022
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 3862
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of molds and mainly produced by species of the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium. They can be synthesized on the field, during harvest as well as during storage. They are fairly stable compounds and difficult to remove. [...] Read more.
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of molds and mainly produced by species of the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium. They can be synthesized on the field, during harvest as well as during storage. They are fairly stable compounds and difficult to remove. Among several hundreds of mycotoxins, according to the WHO, ochratoxin A, aflatoxins, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, patulin, fumonisins as well as T-2 and HT-2 toxins deserve special attention. Cytotoxicity is one of the most important adverse properties of mycotoxins and is generally assessed via the MTT assay, the neutral red assay, the LDH assay, the CCK-8 assay and the ATP test in different cell lines. The apoptotic cell ratio is mainly assessed via flow cytometry. Aside from the assessment of the toxicity of individual mycotoxins, it is important to determine the cytotoxicity of mycotoxin combinations. Such combinations often exhibit stronger cytotoxicity than individual mycotoxins. The cytotoxicity of different mycotoxins often depends on the cell line used in the experiment and is frequently time- and dose-dependent. A major drawback of assessing mycotoxin cytotoxicity in cell lines is the lack of interaction typical for complex organisms (for example, immune responses). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mycotoxins in Food and Feed—Occurrence and Risk Assessment)
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