Congratulations to Prof. Roger Penrose, Advisory Board member of Universe, for receiving the Nobel Prize in Physics 2020.

Journal Description

Universe

Universe is a peer-reviewed open access journal focused on principles and new discoveries in the universe. Universe is published monthly online by MDPI.

Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), Astrophysics Data System, INSPIRE, CAPlus / SciFinder, Inspec, and many other databases.
Journal Rank: CiteScore - Q2 (General Physics and Astronomy)
Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision provided to authors approximately 16.2 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 3.6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2021).
Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Testimonials: See what our authors say about Universe.

Impact Factor: 2.278 (2020) ; 5-Year Impact Factor: 2.379 (2020)

Imprint Information Journal Flyer Open Access ISSN: 2218-1997

Latest Articles

Open AccessCommunication

Quantum Black Holes and (Re)Solution of the Singularity

Roberto Casadio

Universe 2021, 7(12), 478; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/universe7120478 (registering DOI) - 04 Dec 2021

Abstract

Classical general relativity predicts the occurrence of spacetime singularities under very general conditions. Starting from the idea that the spacetime geometry must be described by suitable states in the complete quantum theory of matter and gravity, we shall argue that this scenario cannot [...] Read more.

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Quantum & The Gravity)

Open AccessArticle

Nontrivial Isometric Embeddings for Flat Spaces

Sergey Paston

and

Taisiia Zaitseva

Universe 2021, 7(12), 477; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/universe7120477 (registering DOI) - 04 Dec 2021

Abstract

Nontrivial isometric embeddings for flat metrics (i.e., those which are not just planes in the ambient space) can serve as useful tools in the description of gravity in the embedding gravity approach. Such embeddings can additionally be required to have the same symmetry as the metric. On the other hand, it is possible to require the embedding to be unfolded so that the surface in the ambient space would occupy the subspace of the maximum possible dimension. In the weak gravitational field limit, such a requirement together with a large enough dimension of the ambient space makes embedding gravity equivalent to general relativity, while at lower dimensions it guarantees the linearizability of the equations of motion. We discuss symmetric embeddings for the metrics of flat Euclidean three-dimensional space and Minkowski space. We propose the method of sequential surface deformations for the construction of unfolded embeddings. We use it to construct such embeddings of flat Euclidean three-dimensional space and Minkowski space, which can be used to analyze the equations of motion of embedding gravity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modified Theories of Gravity and Cosmological Applications)

Open AccessReview

Spectral Problems for Quasinormal Modes of Black Holes

Yasuyuki Hatsuda

and

Masashi Kimura

Universe 2021, 7(12), 476; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/universe7120476 (registering DOI) - 04 Dec 2021

Abstract

This is an unconventional review article on spectral problems in black hole perturbation theory. Our purpose is to explain how to apply various known techniques in quantum mechanics to such spectral problems. The article includes analytical/numerical treatments, semiclassical perturbation theory, the (uniform) WKB method and useful mathematical tools: Borel summations, Padé approximants, and so forth. The article is not comprehensive, but rather looks into a few examples from various points of view. The techniques in this article are widely applicable to many other examples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Black Hole Physics and Beyond: From the Ringdown Analysis with Gravitational Waves)

Open AccessArticle

Near-AdS₂ Spectroscopy: Classifying the Spectrum of Operators and Interactions in N=2 4D Supergravity

Alejandra Castro

and

Evita Verheijden

Universe 2021, 7(12), 475; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/universe7120475 (registering DOI) - 04 Dec 2021

Abstract

We describe holographic properties of near-AdS

_{2}

spacetimes that arise within spherically symmetric configurations of

N = 2

U {(1)}^{4}

supergravity for both gauged and ungauged theories. These theories pose a rich space of AdS

_{2} \times S^{2}

[...] Read more.

We describe holographic properties of near-AdS

_{2}

spacetimes that arise within spherically symmetric configurations of

N = 2

U {(1)}^{4}

supergravity for both gauged and ungauged theories. These theories pose a rich space of AdS

_{2} \times S^{2}

backgrounds, and their responses in the near-AdS

_{2}

region are not universal. In particular, we show that the spectrum of operators is dual to the matter fields, and their cubic interactions are sensitive to properties of the background and the theory it is embedded in. The properties that have the most striking effect are whether the background is supersymmetric or not and if the theory is gauged or ungauged. Interesting effects are due to the appearance of operators with

Δ < 2

, which depending on the background, can lead to, for instance, instabilities or extremal correlators. The resulting differences will have an imprint on the quantum nature of the microstates of near-extremal black holes, reflecting that not all extremal black holes respond equally when kicked away from extremality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Women Physicists in Astrophysics, Cosmology and Particle Physics)

Open AccessReview

Search Methods for Continuous Gravitational-Wave Signals from Unknown Sources in the Advanced-Detector Era

Rodrigo Tenorio

David Keitel

and

Alicia M. Sintes

Universe 2021, 7(12), 474; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/universe7120474 (registering DOI) - 04 Dec 2021

Abstract

Continuous gravitational waves are long-lasting forms of gravitational radiation produced by persistent quadrupolar variations of matter. Standard expected sources for ground-based interferometric detectors are neutron stars presenting non-axisymmetries such as crustal deformations, r-modes or free precession. More exotic sources could include decaying ultralight boson clouds around spinning black holes. A rich suite of data-analysis methods spanning a wide bracket of thresholds between sensitivity and computational efficiency has been developed during the last decades to search for these signals. In this work, we review the current state of searches for continuous gravitational waves using ground-based interferometer data, focusing on searches for unknown sources. These searches typically consist of a main stage followed by several post-processing steps to rule out outliers produced by detector noise. So far, no continuous gravitational wave signal has been confidently detected, although tighter upper limits are placed as detectors and search methods are further developed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Continuous Gravitational Waves)

Open AccessArticle

Killing Tensor and Carter Constant for Painlevé–Gullstrand Form of Lense–Thirring Spacetime

and

Universe 2021, 7(12), 473; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/universe7120473 (registering DOI) - 03 Dec 2021

Abstract

Recently, the authors have formulated and explored a novel Painlevé–Gullstrand variant of the Lense–Thirring spacetime, which has some particularly elegant features, including unit-lapse, intrinsically flat spatial 3-slices, and some particularly simple geodesics—the “rain” geodesics. At the linear level in the rotation parameter, this spacetime is indistinguishable from the usual slow-rotation expansion of Kerr. Herein, we shall show that this spacetime possesses a nontrivial Killing tensor, implying separability of the Hamilton–Jacobi equation. Furthermore, we shall show that the Klein–Gordon equation is also separable on this spacetime. However, while the Killing tensor has a 2-form square root, we shall see that this 2-form square root of the Killing tensor is not a Killing–Yano tensor. Finally, the Killing-tensor-induced Carter constant is easily extracted, and now, with a fourth constant of motion, the geodesics become (in principle) explicitly integrable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modified Theories of Gravity and Cosmological Applications)

Open AccessArticle

Fermi-LAT Observation of PSR B1259-63 during Its 2021 Periastron Passage

and

Universe 2021, 7(12), 472; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/universe7120472 (registering DOI) - 03 Dec 2021

Abstract

PSR B1259-63 is a

γ

-ray binary system, where the compact object is a pulsar. The system has an orbital period of 1236.7 days and shows peculiar

γ

-ray flares (in 100 MeV–300 GeV) after its periastron time. We analyzed the Fermi-LAT [...] Read more.

PSR B1259-63 is a

γ

-ray binary system, where the compact object is a pulsar. The system has an orbital period of 1236.7 days and shows peculiar

γ

-ray flares (in 100 MeV–300 GeV) after its periastron time. We analyzed the Fermi-LAT observation of PSR B1259-63 during its latest periastron passage, as well as its previous three periastrons. The bright GeV flares started about 60 days after the periastron epoch in 2021. This delay is larger than that around the 2017 periastron and much larger than earlier periastrons. The delay of the GeV flux peak time in each periastron passage is apparent in our results. We discussed the possible origin of this delay and made a prediction of the GeV flux peak time in next periastron passage, based on observation of the previous delays. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-Wavelength Properties of Gamma-Ray Binaries)

Open AccessArticle

A First-Quantized Model for Unparticles and Gauge Theories around Conformal Window

Nicolas Boulanger

Fabien Buisseret

and

Guillaume Lhost

Universe 2021, 7(12), 471; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/universe7120471 (registering DOI) - 02 Dec 2021

Abstract

We first quantize an action proposed by Casalbuoni and Gomis in 2014 that describes two massless relativistic scalar particles interacting via a conformally invariant potential. The spectrum is a continuum of massive states that may be interpreted as unparticles. We then obtain in a similar way the mass operator for a deformed action in which two terms are introduced that break the conformal symmetry: a mass term and an extra position-dependent coupling constant. A simple Ansatz for the latter leads to a mass operator with linear confinement in terms of an effective string tension

σ

. The quantized model is confining when

σ \neq 0

and its mass spectrum shows Regge trajectories. We propose a tensionless limit in which highly excited confined states reduce to (gapped) unparticles. Moreover, the low-lying confined bound states become massless in the latter limit as a sign of conformal symmetry restoration and the ratio between their masses and

\sqrt{σ}

stays constant. The originality of our approach is that it applies to both confining and conformal phases via an effective interacting model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Field Theory)

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Open AccessArticle

¹S₀ Pairing Gaps, Chemical Potentials and Entrainment Matrix in Superfluid Neutron-Star Cores for the Brussels–Montreal Functionals

Valentin Allard

and

Nicolas Chamel

Universe 2021, 7(12), 470; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/universe7120470 - 30 Nov 2021

Abstract

Temperature and velocity-dependent

^{1}

_{0}

pairing gaps, chemical potentials and entrainment matrix in dense homogeneous neutron–proton superfluid mixtures constituting the outer core of neutron stars, are determined fully self-consistently by solving numerically the time-dependent Hartree–Fock–Bogoliubov equations over the whole range of temperatures [...] Read more.

Temperature and velocity-dependent

^{1}

_{0}

n p e μ

in beta-equilibrium using the Brussels–Montreal functional BSk24. The accuracy of various approximations is assessed and the physical meaning of the different velocities and momentum densities appearing in the theory is clarified. Together with the unified equation of state published earlier, the present results provide consistent microscopic inputs for modeling superfluid neutron-star cores. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Superfluidity and Superconductivity in Neutron Stars)

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Open AccessArticle

Effect of the Cubic Torus Topology on Cosmological Perturbations

and

Universe 2021, 7(12), 469; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/universe7120469 - 30 Nov 2021

Abstract

We study the effect of the cubic torus topology of the Universe on scalar cosmological perturbations which define the gravitational potential. We obtain three alternative forms of the solution for both the gravitational potential produced by point-like masses, and the corresponding force. The first solution includes the expansion of delta-functions into Fourier series, exploiting periodic boundary conditions. The second one is composed of summed solutions of the Helmholtz equation for the original mass and its images. Each of these summed solutions is the Yukawa potential. In the third formula, we express the Yukawa potentials via Ewald sums. We show that for the present Universe, both the bare summation of Yukawa potentials and the Yukawa-Ewald sums require smaller numbers of terms to yield the numerical values of the potential and the force up to desired accuracy. Nevertheless, the Yukawa formula is yet preferable owing to its much simpler structure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cosmological Models, Quantum Theories and Astrophysical Observations)

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Open AccessArticle

Dynamical Analysis and Cosmological Evolution in Weyl Integrable Gravity

Andronikos Paliathanasis

Universe 2021, 7(12), 468; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/universe7120468 - 30 Nov 2021

Abstract

We investigate the cosmological evolution for the physical parameters in Weyl integrable gravity in a Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker universe with zero spatial curvature. For the matter component, we assume that it is an ideal gas, and of the Chaplygin gas, from the Weyl integrable gravity a scalar field is introduced by a geometric approach which provides an interaction with the matter component.We calculate the stationary points for the field equations and we study their stability properties. Furthermore, we solve the inverse problem for the case of an ideal gas and prove that the gravitational field equations can follow from the variation of a Lagrangian function. Finally, variational symmetries are applied for the construction of analytic and exact solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modified Theories of Gravity and Cosmological Applications)

Open AccessArticle

Spin-1/2 Particles under the Influence of a Uniform Magnetic Field in the Interior Schwarzschild Solution

Fayçal Hammad

Alexandre Landry

and

Parvaneh Sadeghi

Universe 2021, 7(12), 467; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/universe7120467 - 30 Nov 2021

Abstract

The relativistic wave equation for spin-1/2 particles in the interior Schwarzschild solution in the presence of a uniform magnetic field is obtained. The fully relativistic regime is considered, and the energy levels occupied by the particles are derived as functions of the magnetic field, the radius of the massive sphere and the total mass of the latter. As no assumption is made on the relative strengths of the particles’ interaction with the gravitational and magnetic fields, the relevance of our results to the physics of the interior of neutron stars, where both the gravitational and the magnetic fields are very intense, is discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Universe: Feature Papers − Compact Objects)

Open AccessArticle

Towards a New μ→eγ Search with the MEG II Experiment: From Design to Commissioning

and on behalf of the MEG II Collaboration

Universe 2021, 7(12), 466; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/universe7120466 - 30 Nov 2021

Abstract

The MEG experiment represents the state of the art in the search for the Charged Lepton Flavour Violating

μ^{+} \to e^{+} γ

decay. With its first phase of operations at the Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), MEG set the most stringent upper [...] Read more.

The MEG experiment represents the state of the art in the search for the Charged Lepton Flavour Violating

μ^{+} \to e^{+} γ

decay. With its first phase of operations at the Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), MEG set the most stringent upper limit on the BR

(μ^{+} \to e^{+} γ) \leq 4.2 \times 10^{- 13}

90 %

confidence level, imposing one of the tightest constraints on models predicting LFV-enhancements through new physics beyond the Standard Model. An upgrade of the MEG experiment, MEG II, was designed and it is presently in the commissioning phase, aiming at a sensitivity level of

6 \times 10^{- 14}

. The MEG II experiment relies on a series of upgrades, which include an improvement of the photon detector resolutions, brand new detectors on the positron side with better acceptance, efficiency and performances and new and optimized trigger and DAQ electronics to exploit a muon beam intensity twice as high as that of MEG (

7 \times 10^{7}

μ^{+}

/s). This paper presents a complete overview of the MEG II experimental apparatus and the current status of the detector commissioning in view of the physics data taking in the upcoming three years. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Charged Lepton Flavor Violation)

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Open AccessReview

Studies of Magnetic Chemically Peculiar Stars Using the 6-m Telescope at SAO RAS

Iosif Romanyuk

Universe 2021, 7(12), 465; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/universe7120465 - 29 Nov 2021

Abstract

We present a survey of the most important results obtained in observations with the 6-m telescope in the studies of magnetic fields of chemically peculiar stars. It is shown that we have found more than 200 new magnetic chemically peculiar stars, which is more than 30% of their total known number. Observations of ultra-slow rotators (stars with rotation periods of years and decades) have shown that there are objects with strong fields among them, several kG in magnitude. In the association of young stars in Orion, it has been found that the occurrence and strength of magnetic fields of chemically peculiar stars decrease sharply with age in the interval from 2 to 10 Myr. These data indicate the fossil nature of magnetic fields of chemically peculiar stars. About 10 magnetic stars were found based on ultra-accurate photometry data obtained from the Kepler and TESS satellites. A new effective method of searching for magnetic stars was developed. In addition, the exact rotation periods make it possible to build reliable curves of the longitudinal field component variability with the phase of the star’s rotation period, and hence to create its magnetic model. The survey is dedicated to the memory of Prof. Yuri Nikolaevich Gnedin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Physics of Stars - in Memory of Prof. Yuri N. Gnedin)

Open AccessArticle

De Sitter Holography: Fluctuations, Anomalous Symmetry, and Wormholes

Leonard Susskind

Universe 2021, 7(12), 464; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/universe7120464 - 29 Nov 2021

Abstract

The Goheer–Kleban–Susskind no-go theorem says that the symmetry of de Sitter space is incompatible with finite entropy. The meaning and consequences of the theorem are discussed in light of recent developments in holography and gravitational path integrals. The relation between the GKS theorem, Boltzmann fluctuations, wormholes, and exponentially suppressed non-perturbative phenomena suggests that the classical symmetry between different static patches is broken and that eternal de Sitter space—if it exists at all—is an ensemble average. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

On the Geometric Approach to the Boundary Problem in Supergravity

Laura Andrianopoli

and

Lucrezia Ravera

Universe 2021, 7(12), 463; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/universe7120463 - 28 Nov 2021

Abstract

We review the geometric superspace approach to the boundary problem in supergravity, retracing the geometric construction of four-dimensional supergravity Lagrangians in the presence of a non-trivial boundary of spacetime. We first focus on pure

N = 1

and

N = 2

theories with [...] Read more.

N = 1

and

N = 2

theories with negative cosmological constant. Here, the supersymmetry invariance of the action requires the addition of topological (boundary) contributions which generalize at the supersymmetric level the Euler-Gauss-Bonnet term. Moreover, one finds that the boundary values of the super field-strengths are dynamically fixed to constant values, corresponding to the vanishing of the

OSp (N | 4)

-covariant supercurvatures at the boundary. We then consider the case of vanishing cosmological constant where, in the presence of a non-trivial boundary, the inclusion of boundary terms involving additional fields, which behave as auxiliary fields for the bulk theory, allows to restore supersymmetry. In all the cases listed above, the full, supersymmetric Lagrangian can be recast in a MacDowell-Mansouri(-like) form. We then report on the application of the results to specific problems regarding cases where the boundary is located asymptotically, relevant for a holographic analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Women Physicists in Astrophysics, Cosmology and Particle Physics)

Open AccessArticle

Warm Dark Matter from Higher-Dimensional Gauge Theories

and

Universe 2021, 7(12), 462; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/universe7120462 - 27 Nov 2021

Abstract

Warm dark matter particles with masses in the keV range have been linked with the large group representations in gauge theories through a high number of species at decoupling. In this paper, we address WDM fermionic degrees of freedom from such representations. Bridging higher-dimensional particle physics theories with cosmology studies and astrophysical observations, our approach is two-folded, i.e., it includes realistic models from higher-dimensional representations and constraints from simulations tested against observations. Starting with superalgebras in exceptional periodicity theories, we discuss several symmetry reductions and we consider several representations that accommodate a high number of degrees of freedom. We isolate a model that naturally accommodates both the standard model representation and the fermionic dark matter in agreement with both large and small-scale constraints. This model considers an intersection of branes in D = 27 + 3 in a manner that provides the degrees of freedom for the standard model on one hand and 2048 fermionic degrees of freedom for dark matter, corresponding to a ∼2 keV particle mass, on the other. In this context, we discuss the theoretical implications and the observable predictions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue keV Warm Dark Matter (ΛWDM) in Agreement with Observations in Tribute to Héctor J. De Vega)

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Open AccessCommunication

Grand Unified Origin of Gauge Interactions and Families Replication in the Standard Model

António P. Morais

Roman Pasechnik

and

Werner Porod

Universe 2021, 7(12), 461; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/universe7120461 - 25 Nov 2021

Abstract

The tremendous phenomenological success of the Standard Model (SM) suggests that its flavor structure and gauge interactions may not be arbitrary but should have a fundamental first-principle explanation. In this work, we explore how the basic distinctive properties of the SM dynamically emerge from a unified New Physics framework tying together both flavor physics and Grand Unified Theory (GUT) concepts. This framework is suggested by a novel anomaly-free supersymmetric chiral

E_{6} \times SU {(2)}_{F} \times U {(1)}_{F}

GUT containing the SM. Among the most appealing emergent properties of this theory is the Higgs-matter unification with a highly-constrained massless chiral sector featuring two universal Yukawa couplings close to the GUT scale. At the electroweak scale, the minimal SM-like effective field theory limit of this GUT represents a specific flavored three-Higgs doublet model consistent with the observed large hierarchies in the quark mass spectra and mixing already at tree level. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section High Energy Nuclear and Particle Physics)

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Open AccessArticle

Interpretation of the Spectral Inhomogeneity in the 10 TV Region in Terms of a Close Source

and

Universe 2021, 7(12), 460; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/universe7120460 - 24 Nov 2021

Abstract

The description of the inhomogeneity of the cosmic ray spectrum in the region of 10 TV, which is observed in experimental data, in terms of isotropic diffusion from a single close source is considered. It is shown that such a description is possible, and the area of possible localization of the source in space and time and its energy are found. The method of penalty functions is used to account for the data on the spectrum of all particles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Astroparticle Physics)

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Open AccessReview

NuFIT: Three-Flavour Global Analyses of Neutrino Oscillation Experiments

Maria Concepcion Gonzalez-Garcia

Michele Maltoni

and

Thomas Schwetz

Universe 2021, 7(12), 459; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/universe7120459 - 24 Nov 2021

Abstract

In this contribution, we summarise the determination of neutrino masses and mixing arising from global analysis of data from atmospheric, solar, reactor, and accelerator neutrino experiments performed in the framework of three-neutrino mixing and obtained in the context of the NuFIT collaboration. Apart from presenting the latest status as of autumn 2021, we discuss the evolution of global-fit results over the last 10 years, and mention various pending issues (and their resolution) that occurred during that period in the global analyses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studying the Universe from Spain)

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