Virus Neutralizing and Enhancing Antibodies

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "Therapeutic Vaccines and Antibody Therapeutics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2022) | Viewed by 17098

Special Issue Editor

Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
Interests: influenza; RSV; ebola; filovirus; zika; flavivirus; immune response; antibody affinity; phage display; infection; vaccines
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Diseases caused by viral pathogens remains a global public health challenge. Therefore, development of effective vaccines and therapeutics for viruses including SARS-CoV-2 is a high global priority. Current vaccines provide variable immunity against emerging viruses, precluding effective stockpiling and may require yearly vaccination. While both humoral and cellular immunity plays a role in protection against viruses, current vaccines evaluate antibody as surrogate readouts for vaccine immunogenicity and efficacy. During infection, viruses induce the production of antibodies differing in their isotype, neutralization capacity, breadth of neutralization, recognition of surface versus internal viral proteins, epitope specificity, and overall structure. Despite recent advancements in the characterization of antibody responses to a number of multiple viral pathogens including SARS-CoV-2, Ebola, Zika, Influenza, RSV, HIV, at both molecular and epidemiological levels, critical knowledge gaps still exist.

Therefore, there is need to perform in-depth to understand antibody responses following vaccination and infection. It may facilitate development and evaluation of vaccine and therapeutics against virus. 

This Special Issue of Vaccines aims at addressing the unresolved key issues that hamper our understanding of the interactions between viruses and antibodies. The new presented studies will shed light on the multifaceted biological role that antibodies play during the course of virus infections. Both original research and review articles are welcome. Potential topics include, but are not limited to: 

  • Antigenic evolution and immunity to virus;
  • Antibody and human cellular immune cell responses;
  • Broadly cross-reactive and universal immunity to virus;
  • Antigens and antibody in pathogenesis of viral infections;
  • Dynamics of the antibody response during viral infections. 
  • We look forward to receiving your interested contribution.

Dr. Surender Khurana
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • antibody
  • neutralization
  • antibody-dependent enhancement
  • vaccine efficacy
  • therapeutic antibodies

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 3170 KiB  
Article
Population Pharmacodynamic Analyses of Human Anti-Rabies Virus Monoclonal Antibody (Ormutivimab) in Healthy Adult Subjects
by Junnan Zhang, Nianmin Shi, Guohua Li, Li Li, Yunhua Bai, Liqing Yang, Weimin Zhao, Jian Gao, Jingshuang Wei, Wei Zhao, Lili Zhai, Peiyuan Huo, Lemin Ren, Lan Yu and Yufeng Li
Vaccines 2022, 10(8), 1218; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/vaccines10081218 - 29 Jul 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1980
Abstract
Ormutivimab is the first recombinant human anti-rabies monoclonal antibody (rhRIG) approved for clinical application in China. In this study, a population pharmacodynamic (PPD) model was established to compare the neutralizing antibody activities of Ormutivimab and human rabies immunoglobulin (HRIG), alone or combined with [...] Read more.
Ormutivimab is the first recombinant human anti-rabies monoclonal antibody (rhRIG) approved for clinical application in China. In this study, a population pharmacodynamic (PPD) model was established to compare the neutralizing antibody activities of Ormutivimab and human rabies immunoglobulin (HRIG), alone or combined with human rabies vaccine (Vero), in a phase II clinical trial, and to recommend a target dose for the phase III trial. The model was verified to fit the PPD data well. The stability of the model was verified by the bootstrap method. The level of neutralizing antibodies in vivo increased rapidly after administration of Ormutivimab or HRIG. Neutralizing antibodies with a strong activity were produced at 7 days (Ormutivimab + vaccine) or 10 days (HRIG + vaccine) after induction by the vaccine in vivo. Compared to that induced by HRIG + vaccine, the level of the neutralizing antibodies induced by Ormutivimab + vaccine peaked higher and faster. The levels of neutralizing antibodies induced by Ormutivimab + vaccine and HRIG + vaccine were similar within 21 days after administration. According to these results and the safety data, 20 IU·kg−1 was recommended as the target dose in the confirmatory study of Ormutivimab. Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov #NCT02559921. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Virus Neutralizing and Enhancing Antibodies)
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9 pages, 884 KiB  
Article
Systemic and Lower Respiratory Tract Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and Variants in Pediatric Severe COVID-19 and Mis-C
by Juanjie Tang, Adrienne G. Randolph, Tanya Novak, Tracie C. Walker, Laura L. Loftis, Matt S. Zinter, Katherine Irby and Surender Khurana
Vaccines 2022, 10(2), 270; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/vaccines10020270 - 10 Feb 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3300
Abstract
Mucosal immunity plays an important role in the control of viral respiratory infections like SARS-CoV-2. While systemic immune responses against the SARS-2-CoV-2 have been studied in children, there is no information on mucosal antibody response, especially in the lower respiratory tract of children [...] Read more.
Mucosal immunity plays an important role in the control of viral respiratory infections like SARS-CoV-2. While systemic immune responses against the SARS-2-CoV-2 have been studied in children, there is no information on mucosal antibody response, especially in the lower respiratory tract of children coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and post-infectious multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. Therefore, we evaluated neutralizing antibody responses in paired plasma and endotracheal aspirates of pediatric severe, acute COVID-19 or MIS-C patients against SARS-CoV-2 WA1/2020, as well as against variants of concern (VOCs). Neutralizing antibody responses against the SARS-CoV-2 WA1/2020 strain in pediatric plasma were 2-fold or 35-fold higher compared with the matched endotracheal aspirate in COVID-19 or MIS-C patients, respectively. In contrast to plasma, neutralizing antibody responses against the VOCs and variants of interest (VOIs) in endotracheal aspirates were lower, with only one endotracheal aspirate demonstrating neutralizing titers against the Iota, Kappa, Beta, Gamma, and Omicron variants. In conclusion, our findings suggest that children and adolescents with severe COVID-19 or MIS-C have weak mucosal neutralizing antibodies in the trachea against circulating SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and other VOCs, which may have implications for recovery and for re-infection with emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Virus Neutralizing and Enhancing Antibodies)
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Review

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22 pages, 3392 KiB  
Review
Overview of Neutralizing Antibodies and Their Potential in COVID-19
by José Javier Morales-Núñez, José Francisco Muñoz-Valle, Paola Carolina Torres-Hernández and Jorge Hernández-Bello
Vaccines 2021, 9(12), 1376; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/vaccines9121376 - 23 Nov 2021
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 8546
Abstract
The antibody response to respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been a major focus of COVID-19 research due to its clinical relevance and importance in vaccine and therapeutic development. Neutralizing antibody (NAb) evaluations are useful for the determination of individual or herd immunity [...] Read more.
The antibody response to respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been a major focus of COVID-19 research due to its clinical relevance and importance in vaccine and therapeutic development. Neutralizing antibody (NAb) evaluations are useful for the determination of individual or herd immunity against SARS-CoV-2, vaccine efficacy, and humoral protective response longevity, as well as supporting donor selection criteria for convalescent plasma therapy. In the current manuscript, we review the essential concepts of NAbs, examining their concept, mechanisms of action, production, and the techniques used for their detection; as well as presenting an overview of the clinical use of antibodies in COVID-19. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Virus Neutralizing and Enhancing Antibodies)
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Other

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6 pages, 689 KiB  
Case Report
Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine and Following Breakthrough Omicron Infection in an Autoimmune Patient with Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis, Pernicious Anemia, and Chronic Atrophic Autoimmune Gastritis: A Case Report
by Emily Cluff, Lorenza Bellusci, Hana Golding and Surender Khurana
Vaccines 2022, 10(3), 450; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/vaccines10030450 - 15 Mar 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2602
Abstract
In healthy adults, hybrid immunity induced by prior SARS-CoV-2 infection followed by two doses of mRNA vaccination provide protection against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, the role of hybrid immunity in autoimmune patients against Omicron is not well documented. Here, we report a young [...] Read more.
In healthy adults, hybrid immunity induced by prior SARS-CoV-2 infection followed by two doses of mRNA vaccination provide protection against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, the role of hybrid immunity in autoimmune patients against Omicron is not well documented. Here, we report a young autoimmune patient with prior infection and two doses of mRNA-1273 vaccination who was exposed to Omicron and developed a symptomatic disease. Prior to Omicron infection, the patient had strong neutralizing antibody titers against the vaccine strain, but no neutralization of Omicron. Post Omicron infection, high neutralizing titers against Omicron were observed. Furthermore, enhanced neutralizing antibody titers against other variants of concern—Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta—were observed, suggesting an expansion of cross-reactive memory B-cell response by the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection. Autoimmune patients may require careful monitoring of immune function over time to optimize booster vaccine administration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Virus Neutralizing and Enhancing Antibodies)
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