Research

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11 pages, 1114 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sero-Epidemiological Study of Bordetella pertussis Infection in the Italian General Population

by Tiziana Grassi, Francesco Bagordo, Marta Savio, Maria Cristina Rota, Francesco Vitale, Antonella Arghittu, Laura Sticchi, Giovanni Gabutti and on behalf of the Sero-Epidemiological Study Group

Vaccines 2022, 10(12), 2130; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/vaccines10122130 - 13 Dec 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1514

Abstract

A multicenter study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of pertussis IgG antibodies (anti-PTx) in the Italian population. Serum samples (4154) collected in the years 2019–2020 from subjects aged 6 to 90 years were tested. The anti-PTx IgG levels were determined by ELISA [...] Read more.

A multicenter study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of pertussis IgG antibodies (anti-PTx) in the Italian population. Serum samples (4154) collected in the years 2019–2020 from subjects aged 6 to 90 years were tested. The anti-PTx IgG levels were determined by ELISA test. The limit of detection was 5 IU/mL (International Units per milliliter); values ≥ 40 IU/mL and ≥100 IU/mL indicate an infection that has occurred in recent years and a recent infection (occurred during the last year), respectively. The mean concentration of anti-PTx IgG antibodies in the tested samples was 13 IU/mL; 1.0% of subjects had a titer ≥ 100 IU/mL, 5.3% a titer between 40 and 100 IU/mL, and 38.9% a titer < 5 IU/mL. The mean antibody concentration was significantly higher in males than in females. The age group 25–39 years had the lowest percentage of negative subjects (36.9%) and the highest prevalence of subjects with antibody titers ≥ 100 IU/mL (1.3%). In the age group ≥ 65 years, the prevalence of subjects with titers between 40 and 100 IU/mL (6.7%) and the percentage of negative subjects (44.8%) was higher than in the other age groups. The results highlight the possible role of adolescents and adults in the transmission of B. pertussis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bordetella pertussis Infection and Vaccination)

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15 pages, 1225 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Potency of the Pertussis Vaccine in Experimental Infection Model with Bordetella pertussis: Study of the Case of the Pertussis Vaccine Used in the Expanded Vaccination Program in Algeria

by Khedidja Tahar djebbar, Mounia Allouache, Salim Kezzal, Fouzia Benguerguoura, Chafia TouilBoukoffa, Ines Zidi, Rachida Raache and Hadda-Imene Ouzari

Vaccines 2022, 10(6), 906; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/vaccines10060906 - 06 Jun 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2093

Abstract

In Algeria, vaccination against pertussis is carried out using the whole-cell pertussis vaccine combined with the diphtheria and tetanus toxoids (DTwp). The quality control of vaccines locally produced or imported is carried out before the batch release. The aim of our work was [...] Read more.

In Algeria, vaccination against pertussis is carried out using the whole-cell pertussis vaccine combined with the diphtheria and tetanus toxoids (DTwp). The quality control of vaccines locally produced or imported is carried out before the batch release. The aim of our work was to evaluate the potency of pertussis vaccines. In the present study, five consecutive trials of potency were conducted on samples of the same batch of (DTwp) using the mouse protection test (MPT) against experimental infection of Bordetella pertussis strain 18323, based on the Kendrick test. The virulence of B. pertussis strain 18–323 was verified by the mortality of mice, with an average LD50 of 338.92, as well as the dose of the lethal test containing a mean number of LD50 of 324.43. The (MPT) test recorded a relative potency of 8.02 IU/human dose, with 95% CL of (3.56–18.05) IU/human dose. The development of the (MPT) at the laboratory of quality control of vaccines and sera at the Pasteur Institute of Algeria was effective in evaluating the potency of whole-cell pertussis vaccines. Interestingly, our study indicates that this potency is necessary for the vaccine quality assurance. Further validation is needed to strengthen the application and routine use of the test. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bordetella pertussis Infection and Vaccination)

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10 pages, 1945 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seroprevalence of Pertussis in Adults at Childbearing Age Pre- and Post- COVID-19 in Beijing, China

by Zhiyun Chen, Jie Pang, Yuxiao Zhang, Yiwei Ding, Ning Chen, Nan Zhang and Qiushui He

Vaccines 2022, 10(6), 872; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/vaccines10060872 - 29 May 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1896

Abstract

The number of reported pertussis cases has significantly decreased during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic under the influence of strict public health measures in many countries including China. This study evaluated the prevalence of serum anti-pertussis toxin (anti-PT) IgG antibodies in adults [...] Read more.

The number of reported pertussis cases has significantly decreased during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic under the influence of strict public health measures in many countries including China. This study evaluated the prevalence of serum anti-pertussis toxin (anti-PT) IgG antibodies in adults at childbearing age pre- and post- COVID-19 in Beijing, China. Altogether, 2021 serum samples collected from individuals aged 20 to 39 years who attended an annual health examination at the Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, in 2018~2020 were measured by ELISA. The median concentration of anti-PT IgG antibodies among participants in 2020 (2.96 IU/mL) was significantly lower than that in 2018 (3.27 IU/mL) (p = 0.011) and in 2019 (3.24 IU/mL) (p = 0.014). The percentage of participants with anti-PT IgG antibodies higher than 40 IU/mL (indicating a pertussis infection within the past few years) was 1.79% (9/503) in 2018, 2.04% (15/735) in 2019 and 1.66% (13/783) in 2020, respectively. The corresponding numbers of the non-detectable (<5 IU/mL) rate of anti-PT IgG antibodies were 66.60%, 65.99% and 70.24%. Our results showed that there was a significant difference between true and reported incidence rates even during the COVID-19 pandemic. The proportion of adults at childbearing age without pertussis-specific antibodies is high, suggesting that booster vaccinations in adults should be considered in this country. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bordetella pertussis Infection and Vaccination)

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14 pages, 2307 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Long-Term Immunogenicity upon Pertussis Booster Vaccination in Young Adults and Children in Relation to Priming Vaccinations in Infancy

by Pauline Versteegen, Axel A. Bonačić Marinović, Pieter G. M. van Gageldonk, Saskia van der Lee, Lotte H. Hendrikx, Elisabeth A. M. Sanders, Guy A. M. Berbers and Anne-Marie Buisman

Vaccines 2022, 10(5), 693; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/vaccines10050693 - 28 Apr 2022

Viewed by 1803

Abstract

Booster vaccinations for pertussis are advised in many countries during childhood or adulthood. In a phase IV longitudinal interventional study, we assessed long-term immunity following an extra pertussis booster vaccination in children and adults. Children (9 years of age) were primed in infancy [...] Read more.

Booster vaccinations for pertussis are advised in many countries during childhood or adulthood. In a phase IV longitudinal interventional study, we assessed long-term immunity following an extra pertussis booster vaccination in children and adults. Children (9 years of age) were primed in infancy with either the Dutch whole cell pertussis (wP) vaccine (n = 49) or acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines (n = 59), and all children received a preschool aP booster. Adults (25–29 years, n = 86) were wP-primed in infancy and did not receive a preschool booster. All were followed-up for approximately 6 years. After the additional booster, antibody responses to pertussis were more heterogeneous but generally higher in adults compared with children, and additional modelling showed that antibody concentrations remained higher for at least a decade. Serologic parameters indicative of recent pertussis infection were more often found in aP-primed children (12%) compared with wP-primed individuals (2%) (p = 0.052). This suggests that the aP booster vaccination in aP-primed children offers less long-term protection against pertussis infection and consequently against transmission. Together, these data show that aP priming in combination with aP boosting may not be sufficient to prevent circulation and transmission, while wP-primed adults may benefit from enhanced long-lasting immunity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bordetella pertussis Infection and Vaccination)

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14 pages, 2857 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Immunogenicity of a Candidate DTacP-sIPV Combined Vaccine and Its Protection Efficacy against Pertussis in a Rhesus Macaque Model

by Xiaoyu Wang, Na Gao, Jiana Wen, Jingyan Li, Yan Ma, Mingbo Sun, Jiangli Liang and Li Shi

Vaccines 2022, 10(1), 47; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/vaccines10010047 - 30 Dec 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1470

Abstract

The research and development of a pertussis-combined vaccine using a novel inactivated poliovirus vaccine made from the Sabin strain (sIPV) is of great significance in the polio eradication project and to address the recent resurge in pertussis. In the present study, we compared [...] Read more.

The research and development of a pertussis-combined vaccine using a novel inactivated poliovirus vaccine made from the Sabin strain (sIPV) is of great significance in the polio eradication project and to address the recent resurge in pertussis. In the present study, we compared the immunogenicity and efficacy of a candidate DTacP-sIPV with those of a commercial DTacP-wIPV/Hib, DTaP/Hib, pertussis vaccine, and aluminum hydroxide adjuvant control in the rhesus macaque model with a 0-, 1-, and 2-month immunization schedule. At day 28 after the third dose, rhesus macaques were challenged with aerosol pertussis and the antibody and cellular response together with pertussis clinical symptoms were determined. The production of anti-PT, anti-PRN, anti-FHA, anti-DT, anti-TT, and polio type I, II, III antibodies was induced by the candidate DTacP-sIPV, which was as potent as commercial vaccines. In comparison with the control group that showed typical pertussis symptoms of humans after the aerosol challenge, the DTacP-sIPV group did not exhibit obvious clinical pertussis symptoms and had higher neutralization titers of anti-PT, anti-PRN, and anti-FHA. In conclusion, the DTacP-sIPV vaccine was able to induce immunity in rhesus macaques to prevent pertussis infections after immunization. The developed vaccine was as efficient as other commercial vaccines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bordetella pertussis Infection and Vaccination)

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24 pages, 16003 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Longitudinal Dynamics of Human B-Cell Response at the Single-Cell Level in Response to Tdap Vaccination

by Indu Khatri, Annieck M. Diks, Erik B. van den Akker, Liesbeth E. M. Oosten, Jaap Jan Zwaginga, Marcel J. T. Reinders, Jacques J. M. van Dongen and Magdalena A. Berkowska

Vaccines 2021, 9(11), 1352; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/vaccines9111352 - 18 Nov 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3322

Abstract

To mount an adequate immune response against pathogens, stepwise mutation and selection processes are crucial functions of the adaptive immune system. To better characterize a successful vaccination response, we performed longitudinal (days 0, 5, 7, 10, and 14 after Boostrix vaccination) analysis of [...] Read more.

To mount an adequate immune response against pathogens, stepwise mutation and selection processes are crucial functions of the adaptive immune system. To better characterize a successful vaccination response, we performed longitudinal (days 0, 5, 7, 10, and 14 after Boostrix vaccination) analysis of the single-cell transcriptome as well as the B-cell receptor (BCR) repertoire (scBCR-rep) in plasma cells of an immunized donor and compared it with baseline B-cell characteristics as well as flow cytometry findings. Based on the flow cytometry knowledge and literature findings, we discriminated individual B-cell subsets in the transcriptomics data and traced over-time maturation of plasmablasts/plasma cells (PB/PCs) and identified the pathways associated with the plasma cell maturation. We observed that the repertoire in PB/PCs differed from the baseline B-cell repertoire e.g., regarding expansion of unique clones in post-vaccination visits, high usage of IGHG1 in expanded clones, increased class-switching events post-vaccination represented by clonotypes spanning multiple IGHC classes and positive selection of CDR3 sequences over time. Importantly, the Variable gene family-based clustering of BCRs represented a similar measure as the gene-based clustering, but certainly improved the clustering of BCRs, as BCRs from duplicated Variable gene families could be clustered together. Finally, we developed a query tool to dissect the immune response to the components of the Boostrix vaccine. Using this tool, we could identify the BCRs related to anti-tetanus and anti-pertussis toxoid BCRs. Collectively, we developed a bioinformatic workflow which allows description of the key features of an ongoing (longitudinal) immune response, such as activation of PB/PCs, Ig class switching, somatic hypermutation, and clonal expansion, all of which are hallmarks of antigen exposure, followed by mutation & selection processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bordetella pertussis Infection and Vaccination)

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11 pages, 2668 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cost-Effectiveness of Pertussis Vaccination Schedule in Israel

by Dean Langsam, Dor Kahana, Erez Shmueli and Dan Yamin

Vaccines 2021, 9(6), 590; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/vaccines9060590 - 02 Jun 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2461

Abstract

Pertussis is a highly contagious bacterial disease that primarily affects infants. To optimize the pertussis vaccination schedule in Israel and evaluate the cost-effectiveness of alternative strategies that add or remove booster doses, we developed an age-structured model for pertussis transmission. Our model was [...] Read more.

Pertussis is a highly contagious bacterial disease that primarily affects infants. To optimize the pertussis vaccination schedule in Israel and evaluate the cost-effectiveness of alternative strategies that add or remove booster doses, we developed an age-structured model for pertussis transmission. Our model was calibrated using 16 years of data from laboratory-confirmed pertussis cases in Israel. Costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) projected by the model within 12 years from the implementation of the considered interventions were compared with the current vaccination schedule. We found that by using the same number of vaccines administered today, the targeting of children at the age of six instead of seven would be predicted to be the optimal schedule to decrease both outpatient visits and hospitalizations. We also found that any increase in maternal vaccination coverage is likely to be cost-effective, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $77,000–$97,000 per QALY. By contrast, the contribution of the second booster dose is limited, with a probability of only 0.6 to be cost-effective at $110,000/QALY saved. Additional effort should be invested to encourage maternal vaccination against pertussis. We recommend moving the first booster to age six and prudently considering the necessity of the second booster dose. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bordetella pertussis Infection and Vaccination)

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Review

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18 pages, 2596 KiB

Open AccessReview

Evaluation of Whole-Cell and Acellular Pertussis Vaccines in the Context of Long-Term Herd Immunity

by Ewa Szwejser-Zawislak, Mieszko M. Wilk, Piotr Piszczek, Justyna Krawczyk, Daria Wilczyńska and Daniela Hozbor

Vaccines 2023, 11(1), 1; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/vaccines11010001 - 20 Dec 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4412

Abstract

After the pertussis vaccine had been introduced in the 1940s and was shown to be very successful in reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with the disease, the possibility of improving both vaccine composition and vaccination schedules has become the subject of continuous [...] Read more.

After the pertussis vaccine had been introduced in the 1940s and was shown to be very successful in reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with the disease, the possibility of improving both vaccine composition and vaccination schedules has become the subject of continuous interest. As a result, we are witnessing a considerable heterogeneity in pertussis vaccination policies, which remains beyond universal consensus. Many pertussis-related deaths still occur in low- and middle-income countries; however, these deaths are attributable to gaps in vaccination coverage and limited access to healthcare in these countries, rather than to the poor efficacy of the first generation of pertussis vaccine consisting in inactivated and detoxified whole cell pathogen (wP). In many, particularly high-income countries, a switch was made in the 1990s to the use of acellular pertussis (aP) vaccine, to reduce the rate of post-vaccination adverse events and thereby achieve a higher percentage of children vaccinated. However the epidemiological data collected over the past few decades, even in those high-income countries, show an increase in pertussis prevalence and morbidity rates, triggering a wide-ranging debate on the causes of pertussis resurgence and the effectiveness of current pertussis prevention strategies, as well as on the efficacy of available pertussis vaccines and immunization schedules. The current article presents a systematic review of scientific reports on the evaluation of the use of whole-cell and acellular pertussis vaccines, in the context of long-term immunity and vaccines efficacy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bordetella pertussis Infection and Vaccination)

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16 pages, 346 KiB

Open AccessReview

Vaccination in Pregnancy against Pertussis: A Consensus Statement on Behalf of the Global Pertussis Initiative

by Bahaa Abu-Raya, Kevin Forsyth, Scott A. Halperin, Kirsten Maertens, Christine E. Jones, Ulrich Heininger, Daniela Hozbor, Carl Heinz Wirsing von König, Amar J. Chitkara, Rudzani Muloiwa and Tina Q. Tan

Vaccines 2022, 10(12), 1990; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/vaccines10121990 - 23 Nov 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3127

Abstract

Infants are at high risk for severe morbidity and mortality from pertussis disease during early infancy. Vaccination against pertussis in pregnancy has emerged as the ideal strategy to protect infants during these early, vulnerable, first months of life. On 30 November and 1 [...] Read more.

Infants are at high risk for severe morbidity and mortality from pertussis disease during early infancy. Vaccination against pertussis in pregnancy has emerged as the ideal strategy to protect infants during these early, vulnerable, first months of life. On 30 November and 1 December 2021, the Global Pertussis Initiative held a meeting that aimed to discuss and review the most up-to-date scientific literature supporting vaccination against pertussis in pregnancy and outstanding scientific questions. Herein, we review the current and historically published literature and summarize the findings as consensus statements on vaccination against pertussis in pregnancy on behalf of the Global Pertussis Initiative. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bordetella pertussis Infection and Vaccination)

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