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Vaccines
Special Issues
Controlled Clinical Evaluation of Veterinary Vaccines
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Controlled Clinical Evaluation of Veterinary Vaccines

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "Veterinary Vaccines".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2021) | Viewed by 23445

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Eyal Klement

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
Interests: veterinary vaccines; vaccine effectiveness; field studies; vaccine efficacy; vaccine adverse effects; lumpy skin disease; foot and mouth disease; bovine ephemeral fever; bluetongue; infectious diseases of cattle
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Nahum Shpigel

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
Interests: host–pathogen interaction; immune response in the gut and mammary gland

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Infectious diseases in animals have been intertwined throughout human history, thanks to over 10 millennia of domestication and the development of farming societies. During these periods, microbial pathogens have constituted a constant threat to animal and human health and welfare.      

From the cowpox blister scratched into the skin of James Phipps by Jenner to the controlled efficacy study publically performed by Louis Pasteur in Pouilly-le-Fort, infectious diseases in farm animals were the cradle of modern vaccinology. To date, vaccines are widely used to control many infectious diseases of veterinary importance. However, despite their importance, there is a lack of information about their clinical efficacy and effectiveness and a lack of field data regarding their adverse effects in wild, companion and farm animals. Moreover, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the immune response to vaccine targets, and their association with protection and safety, is required.

We welcome the submission of manuscripts describing the results of studies designed to collect such information. Such data can be collected in challenge studies, clinically controlled efficacy field studies, outbreak investigations or controlled field observational studies. The inclusion of laboratory-derived information on the immune response to these vaccines is encouraged. However, such studies should not be limited only to such outcomes and should include an evaluation of the clinical efficacy or effectiveness and/or controlled clinical evaluation of adverse effects caused by the vaccine.  Studies published in this Special Issue can include original articles as well as meta-analyses and critical reviews. The manuscripts should appropriately describe well-designed studies analyzed using rigorous statistical methods. We expect the information gathered in this Special Issue to support the decision making of all stakeholders interested in the control of veterinary infectious diseases. 

Prof. Dr. Eyal Klement
Prof. Nahum Shpigel
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vaccines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • veterinary
  • vaccines
  • immune response
  • efficacy
  • effectiveness
  • safety
  • clinical trials

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

20 pages, 3329 KiB  
Article
Comparative Evaluation of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus-Based Live Attenuated Vaccines
by Andy Haegeman, Ilse De Leeuw, Laurent Mostin, Willem Van Campe, Laetitia Aerts, Estelle Venter, Eeva Tuppurainen, Claude Saegerman and Kris De Clercq
Vaccines 2021, 9(5), 473; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/vaccines9050473 - 08 May 2021
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 5676
Abstract
Vaccines form the cornerstone of any control, eradication and preventative strategy and this is no different for lumpy skin disease. However, the usefulness of a vaccine is determined by a multiplicity of factors which include stability, efficiency, safety and ease of use, to [...] Read more.
Vaccines form the cornerstone of any control, eradication and preventative strategy and this is no different for lumpy skin disease. However, the usefulness of a vaccine is determined by a multiplicity of factors which include stability, efficiency, safety and ease of use, to name a few. Although the vaccination campaign in the Balkans against lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) was successful and has been implemented with success in the past in other countries, data of vaccine failure have also been reported. It was therefore the purpose of this study to compare five homologous live attenuated LSDV vaccines (LSDV LAV) in a standardized setting. All five LSDV LAVs studied were able to protect against a challenge with virulent LSDV. Aside from small differences in serological responses, important differences were seen in side effects such as a local reaction and a Neethling response upon vaccination between the analyzed vaccines. These observations can have important implications in the applicability in the field for some of these LSDV LAVs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Controlled Clinical Evaluation of Veterinary Vaccines)
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14 pages, 7939 KiB  
Article
TLR4 Agonist Combined with Trivalent Protein JointS of Streptococcus suis Provides Immunological Protection in Animals
by Zhaofei Wang, Mengting Guo, Licheng Kong, Ya Gao, Jingjiao Ma, Yuqiang Cheng, Henan Wang, Yaxian Yan and Jianhe Sun
Vaccines 2021, 9(2), 184; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/vaccines9020184 - 22 Feb 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2141
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) serotype 2 (SS2) is the causative agent of swine streptococcosis and can cause severe diseases in both pigs and humans. Although the traditional inactive vaccine can protect pigs from SS2 infection, novel vaccine candidates are needed to [...] Read more.
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) serotype 2 (SS2) is the causative agent of swine streptococcosis and can cause severe diseases in both pigs and humans. Although the traditional inactive vaccine can protect pigs from SS2 infection, novel vaccine candidates are needed to overcome its shortcomings. Three infection-associated proteins in S. suis—muramidase-released protein (MRP), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and DLD, a novel putative dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase—have been previously identified by immunoproteomic assays. In this study, the effective immune protection of the recombinant trivalent protein GAPDH-MRP-DLD (JointS) against SS2, SS7, and SS9 was determined in zebrafish. To improve the immune efficacy of JointS, monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) as a TLR4 agonist adjuvant, which induces a strong innate immune response in the immune cells of mice and pigs, was combined with JointS to immunize the mice. The results showed that immunized mice could induce the production of a high titer of anti-S. suis antibodies; as a result, 100% of mice survived after SS2 infection. Furthermore, JointS provides good protection against virulent SS2 strain infections in piglets. Given the above, there is potential to develop JointS as a novel subunit vaccine for piglets to prevent infection by SS2 and other S. suis serotypes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Controlled Clinical Evaluation of Veterinary Vaccines)
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13 pages, 2584 KiB  
Article
Potent Protective Immune Responses to Senecavirus Induced by Virus-Like Particle Vaccine in Pigs
by Suyu Mu, Shiqi Sun, Hu Dong, Manyuan Bai, Yun Zhang, Zhidong Teng, Mei Ren, Shuanghui Yin and Huichen Guo
Vaccines 2020, 8(3), 532; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/vaccines8030532 - 15 Sep 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3284
Abstract
Senecavirus A (SVA) is the pathogen that has recently caused porcine idiopathic vesicular disease (PIVD). The clinical symptoms of PIVD are similar to those of acute foot-and-mouth disease and also can result in the death of newborn piglets, thus entailing economic losses. Vaccine [...] Read more.
Senecavirus A (SVA) is the pathogen that has recently caused porcine idiopathic vesicular disease (PIVD). The clinical symptoms of PIVD are similar to those of acute foot-and-mouth disease and also can result in the death of newborn piglets, thus entailing economic losses. Vaccine immunization is the most effective way to prevent and control SVA. Among all SVA vaccines reported, only the SVA inactivated vaccine has been successfully developed. However, to ensure the elimination of this pathogen, safer and more effective vaccines are urgently required. A virus-like particles (VLPs)-based vaccine is probably the best alternative to inactivated vaccine. To develop an SVA VLPs vaccine and evaluate its immune effect, a prokaryotic expression system was used to produce SVA capsid protein and assemble VLPs. The VLPs were characterized by affinity chromatography, sucrose density gradient centrifugation, ZetaSizer and transmission electron microscopy. Meanwhile, the SVA CH-HB-2017 strain was used to infect pigs and to determine infection routes and dose. Experimental pigs were then immunized with the SVA VLPs vaccine emulsified in an ISA 201 adjuvant. The results showed that the VLPs vaccine induced neutralizing and specific antibodies at similar levels as an inactivated SVA vaccine after immunization. The level of INF-γ induced by the VLPs vaccine gradually decreased—similar to that of inactivated vaccine. These results indicated that VLPs vaccine may simultaneously cause both cellular and humoral immune responses. Importantly, after the challenge, the VLPs vaccine provided similar levels of protection as the inactivated SVA vaccine. In this study, we successfully obtained novel SVA VLPs and confirmed their highly immunogenicity, thus providing a superior candidate vaccine for defense and elimination of SVA, compared to the inactivated vaccine. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Controlled Clinical Evaluation of Veterinary Vaccines)
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20 pages, 2944 KiB  
Article
Determining Equine Influenza Virus Vaccine Efficacy—The Specific Contribution of Strain Versus Other Vaccine Attributes
by Sylvia Reemers, Denny Sonnemans, Linda Horspool, Sander van Bommel, Qi Cao and Saskia van de Zande
Vaccines 2020, 8(3), 501; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/vaccines8030501 - 03 Sep 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3255
Abstract
Vaccination is an effective tool to limit equine influenza virus (EIV H3N8) infection, a contagious respiratory disease with potentially huge economic impact. The study assessed the effects of antigenic change on vaccine efficacy and the need for strain update. Horses were vaccinated (V1 [...] Read more.
Vaccination is an effective tool to limit equine influenza virus (EIV H3N8) infection, a contagious respiratory disease with potentially huge economic impact. The study assessed the effects of antigenic change on vaccine efficacy and the need for strain update. Horses were vaccinated (V1 and V2) with an ISCOMatrix-adjuvanted, whole inactivated virus vaccine (Equilis Prequenza, group 2, FC1 and European strains) or a carbomer-adjuvanted, modified vector vaccine (ProteqFlu, group 3, FC1 and FC2 HA genes). Serology (SRH, HI, VN), clinical signs and viral shedding were assessed in comparison to unvaccinated control horses. The hypothesis was that group 2 (no FC2 vaccine strain) would be less well protected than group 3 following experimental infection with a recent FC2 field strain (A/equi-2/Wexford/14) 4.5 months after vaccination. All vaccinated horses had antibody titres to FC1 and FC2. After challenge, serology increased more markedly in group 3 than in group 2. Vaccinated horses had significantly lower total clinical scores and viral shedding. Unexpectedly, viral RNA shedding was significantly lower in group 2 than in group 3. Vaccination induced protective antibody titres to FC1 and FC2 and reduced clinical signs and viral shedding. The two tested vaccines provided equivalent protection against a recent FC2 EIV field strain. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Controlled Clinical Evaluation of Veterinary Vaccines)
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13 pages, 979 KiB  
Article
Characterization of the Maternally Derived Antibody Immunity against Rhdv-2 after Administration in Breeding Does of an Inactivated Vaccine
by Massimiliano Baratelli, Joan Molist-Badiola, Alba Puigredon-Fontanet, Mariam Pascual, Oriol Boix, Francesc Xavier Mora-Igual, Michelle Woodward, Antonio Lavazza and Lorenzo Capucci
Vaccines 2020, 8(3), 484; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/vaccines8030484 - 28 Aug 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3704
Abstract
Inactivated strain-specific vaccines have been successfully used to control rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) caused by RHDV-2 in the rabbit industry. It is unknown whether and how vaccination of breeding does contributed to protect the population of young susceptible rabbit kits. The present study [...] Read more.
Inactivated strain-specific vaccines have been successfully used to control rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) caused by RHDV-2 in the rabbit industry. It is unknown whether and how vaccination of breeding does contributed to protect the population of young susceptible rabbit kits. The present study investigates whether the immunity against RHDV-2 produced by vaccination of breeding does is transmitted to their progeny and its dynamic once inherited by kits. For this purpose, New Zealand female rabbits of 8–9 weeks of age were allocated into 2 groups of 40 subjects each and bred during 6 reproductive cycles. The first experimental group was vaccinated with a commercially available inactivated vaccine against RHDV-2 whereas the second group was inoculated with PBS. Moreover, the present study was also meant to identify the mechanisms of transmission of that maternal immunity. For this reason, rabbit kits of vaccinated and non-vaccinated breeding does were cross-fostered before milk uptake. The RHDV-2 antibody response was monitored in the blood serum of breeding does and of their kits by competition ELISA (cELISA) and solid-phase ELISA (spELISA). Since it has been clearly demonstrated that cELISA positive rabbits are protected from RHD, we avoided the resorting of the challenge of the kits with RHDV-2. Results showed that RHDV-2 antibodies were inherited by kits up to one year from vaccination of breeding does. Once inherited, the maternally derived antibody response against RHDV-2 lasted at least until 28 days of life. Finally, the study also elucidated that the major contribution to the maternal derived immunity against RHDV-2 in kits was provided during gestation and probably transmitted through transplacental mechanisms although lactation provided a little contribution to it. The present study contributed to elucidate the characteristics of the maternal antibody immunity produced by vaccination and its mechanisms of transmission. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Controlled Clinical Evaluation of Veterinary Vaccines)
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12 pages, 2239 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Vaccination with Live Attenuated Neethling Lumpy Skin Disease Vaccine on Milk Production and Mortality—An Analysis of 77 Dairy Farms in Israel
by Michal Morgenstern and Eyal Klement
Vaccines 2020, 8(2), 324; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/vaccines8020324 - 19 Jun 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4692
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an economically important, arthropod borne viral disease of cattle. Vaccination by the live attenuated homologous Neethling vaccine was shown as the most efficient measure for controlling LSD. However, adverse effects due to vaccination were never quantified in a [...] Read more.
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an economically important, arthropod borne viral disease of cattle. Vaccination by the live attenuated homologous Neethling vaccine was shown as the most efficient measure for controlling LSD. However, adverse effects due to vaccination were never quantified in a controlled field study. The aim of this study was to quantify the milk production loss and mortality due to vaccination against LSD. Daily milk production, as well as culling and mortality, were retrieved for 21,844 cows accommodated in 77 dairy cattle farms in Israel. Adjusted milk production was calculated for each day during the 30 days post vaccination. This was compared to the preceding month by fitting mixed effects linear models. Culling and mortality rates were compared between the 60 days periods prior and post vaccination, by survival analysis. The results of the models indicate no significant change in milk production during the 30 days post vaccination period. No difference was observed between the pre- and post-vaccination periods in routine culling, as well as in immediate culling and in-farm mortality. We conclude that adverse effects due to Neethling vaccination are negligible. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Controlled Clinical Evaluation of Veterinary Vaccines)
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