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Development of Vaccines against Tuberculosis: One Health Approach

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A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "Vaccines against (re)emerging and Tropical Infections Diseases".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2021) | Viewed by 10779

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Special Issue Editor

Dr. Bernat Pérez de Val

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Guest Editor

Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology—Research Center for Animal Health (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
Interests: tuberculosis; micobacteria; vaccines; diagnosis; immune responses; ruminants; animal models

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Tuberculosis (TB) is a major health challenge of global concern, and the corresponding disease in animals (zoonotic TB) represents a fraction of human TB cases, especially in areas where it is endemic and where people live in direct contact with infected animals. Domestic and wild animals are infected throughout the world with Mycobacterium bovis and other species of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). The disease caused by these bacteria is economically devastating for farmers. In cattle alone, TB affects over 50 million animals worldwide; threatens productivity; and results in economic losses in the livestock sector, with a major impact in the poorest communities. Effective vaccination that provides protection against TB in target species and accurate early diagnosis of the disease is essential to combat this deadly disease.

New vaccine platforms (live recombinant or inactivated whole mycobacteria, viral-vectored or subunit vaccines, nano-particles, etc.) and vaccination strategies (single-dose, heterologous prime-boost, revaccination, and post-exposure) have been the focus of extensive research in the past two decades to achieve a more effective vaccine candidate than Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) alone. In animals, this research has been prospected in combination with early diagnosis and removal of infected animals or as an alternative to a “test and cull” strategy in settings where slaughtering of infected animals is economically unaffordable or culturally or unacceptable, or where affected species are protected.

This Special Issue focuses on recent research and development of vaccines against human and animal TB. We particularly encourage you to contribute with an original article or review to highlight (i) recent advances in novel prophylactic and post-exposure TB vaccines; (ii) animal models, delivery modalities, immune responses to vaccination, and correlates of protection; (iii) development of vaccination-compatible diagnoses (DIVA); and (iv) field trials.

Dr. Bernat Pérez de Val
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vaccines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

tuberculosis
one health
zoonosis
vaccines
animal models
efficacy
safety
immune responses
BCG
DIVA

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 1342 KiB

Open AccessArticle

TB and SIV Coinfection; a Model for Evaluating Vaccine Strategies against TB Reactivation in Asian Origin Cynomolgus Macaques: A Pilot Study Using BCG Vaccination

by Andrew D. White, Laura Sibley, Jennie Gullick, Charlotte Sarfas, Simon Clark, Zahra Fagrouch, Ernst Verschoor, Francisco J. Salguero, Mike Dennis and Sally Sharpe

Vaccines 2021, 9(9), 945; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/vaccines9090945 - 25 Aug 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1599

Abstract

This pilot study aimed to determine the utility of a cynomolgus macaque model of coinfection with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) for the assessment of vaccines designed to prevent reactivation of TB. Following infection caused by aerosol exposure to an ultralow dose of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), data trends indicated that subsequent coinfection with SIVmac32H perturbed control of M. tb infection as evidenced by the increased occurrence of progressive disease in this group, higher levels of pathology and increased frequency of progressive tuberculous granulomas in the lung. BCG vaccination led to improved control of TB-induced disease and lower viral load in comparison to unvaccinated coinfected animals. The M. tb-specific IFNγ response after exposure to M. tb, previously shown to be associated with bacterial burden, was lower in the BCG-vaccinated group than in the unvaccinated groups. Levels of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells decreased in coinfected animals, with counts recovering more quickly in the BCG-vaccinated group. This pilot study provides proof of concept to support the use of the model for evaluation of interventions against reactivated/exacerbated TB caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Vaccines against Tuberculosis: One Health Approach)

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11 pages, 2050 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phase I Trial Evaluating the Safety and Immunogenicity of Candidate TB Vaccine MVA85A, Delivered by Aerosol to Healthy M.tb-Infected Adults

by Michael Riste, Julia L. Marshall, Iman Satti, Stephanie A. Harris, Morven Wilkie, Raquel Lopez Ramon, Danny Wright, Rachel E. Wittenberg, Samantha Vermaak, Rebecca Powell Doherty, Alison Lawrie, Christopher P. Conlon, Catherine Cosgrove, Fergus Gleeson, Marc Lipman, Paul Moss, Felicity Perrin, Martin Dedicoat, Henry Bettinson and Helen McShane

Vaccines 2021, 9(4), 396; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/vaccines9040396 - 16 Apr 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3083

Abstract

The immunogenicity of the candidate tuberculosis (TB) vaccine MVA85A may be enhanced by aerosol delivery. Intradermal administration was shown to be safe in adults with latent TB infection (LTBI), but data are lacking for aerosol-delivered candidate TB vaccines in this population. We carried out a Phase I trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of MVA85A delivered by aerosol in UK adults with LTBI (NCT02532036). Two volunteers were recruited, and the vaccine was well-tolerated with no safety concerns. Aerosolised vaccination with MVA85A induced mycobacterium- and vector-specific IFN-γ in blood and mycobacterium-specific Th1 cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage. We identified several important barriers that could hamper recruitment into clinical trials in this patient population. The trial did not show any safety concerns in the aerosol delivery of a candidate viral-vectored TB vaccine to two UK adults with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infection. It also systemically and mucosally demonstrated inducible immune responses following aerosol vaccination. A further trial in a country with higher incidence of LTBI would confirm these findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Vaccines against Tuberculosis: One Health Approach)

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16 pages, 21039 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Immunogenicity and Protection against Mycobacterium caprae Challenge in Goats Vaccinated with BCG and Revaccinated after One Year

by Claudia Arrieta-Villegas, Enric Vidal, Maite Martín, Judit Verdés, Xavier Moll, Yvonne Espada, Mahavir Singh, Bernardo Villarreal-Ramos, Mariano Domingo and Bernat Pérez de Val

Vaccines 2020, 8(4), 751; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/vaccines8040751 - 10 Dec 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2391

Abstract

Vaccination has been proposed as a supplementary tool for the control of tuberculosis in livestock. The long-term immunogenicity elicited by bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) and the efficacy of revaccination were investigated in thirty goat kids distributed into three groups: unvaccinated controls, BCG (vaccinated at week 0) and BCG-BCG (vaccinated at weeks 0 and 56). Sixty-four weeks after the first vaccination, all animals were challenged with Mycobacterium caprae and examined post-mortem (pathology and bacterial load) at week 73. Antigen-specific interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) release was measured throughout the experiment. At week 59, peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stained for CD4, CD45RO and IFN-γ to determine the presence of antigen-specific cells secreting IFN-γ. The BCG-BCG group showed reductions in rectal temperatures, M. caprae DNA load in pulmonary lymph nodes (LN), the volume of lesions in pulmonary LN, mineralization in lungs, and higher weight gains compared to unvaccinated controls. IFN-γ responses were undetectable from 32 weeks after primary vaccination until revaccination, when the BCG-BCG group showed detectable IFN-γ production and a greater percentage of antigen-specific CD4⁺CD45RO⁺IFNγ⁺ and CD4⁻CD45RO⁺IFNγ⁺ cells compared to the BCG and control groups, which may be an indicator of the mechanisms of protection. Thus, re-vaccination of goats with BCG appears to prolong protection against infection with M. caprae. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Vaccines against Tuberculosis: One Health Approach)

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Review

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12 pages, 679 KiB

Open AccessReview

Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria Interference with BCG-Current Controversies and Future Directions

by Deepshikha Verma, Edward D. Chan and Diane J. Ordway

Vaccines 2020, 8(4), 688; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/vaccines8040688 - 16 Nov 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2977

Abstract

The global tuberculosis (TB) epidemic caused by the bacterial pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) continues unabated. The Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccination is widely utilized worldwide to protect against infection with M.tb. BCG vaccine protection against TB has had widely varying results for reasons that are not well understood. BCG vaccine interference by non-tuberculosis (NTM) mycobacterial species has been implicated as the potential cause of reduced BCG vaccine efficacy against M.tb. Ongoing efforts to develop new vaccines for TB requires a thorough understanding of the effect of NTM exposure on BCG vaccine efficacy, which may ultimately be a critical determinant of success. We reviewed the conflicting reports on whether NTM interferes with the BCG vaccine, potential explanations to help resolve the controversy, and strategies for developing better animal models. Further studies are needed to longitudinally track the effects of NTM exposure on BCG vaccine-induced host-protective anti-TB immunity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Vaccines against Tuberculosis: One Health Approach)

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