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Strategic Approaches to Vaccine Design Against Negative Strand Virus Diseases

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A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "Clinical Immunology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2021) | Viewed by 21034

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Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. S. Louise Cosby

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Guest Editor

1. School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
2. Virology, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK
Interests: pathogenic mechanisms of RNA viruses (morbilliviruses, respiratory syncytial virus, coronavirus); recombinant vaccine design; genetic markers of virus susceptibility and assessment in small/large animal models; paramyxoviruses; pathogenic mechanisms of measles virus; morbilliviruses; respiratory syncytial virus; coronavirus; vaccine design; vaccination
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

An introduction about the Special Issue

Vaccines are designed to induce an immune response which will mimic part or all of the response to the actual pathogen A requirement is for immunological memory to be established resulting in rapid recall when the wild type infection is encountered. For viral vaccines this memory response needs to ideally induce both humeral and cell mediated responses and be fully protective against the disease developing. Ideally sterilising immunity should be achieved to prevent virus transmission to other individuals. Many approaches have been taken to design virus vaccines against negative strand viruses (NSV) to try and achieve this aim with some more successful than others. These include more conventional attenuated and inactivated vaccines as well as subunit, vectored or nucleic acid vaccines. In the veterinary world, vaccines differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) vaccines are often required along with associated discriminating immunological assays. Vaccine design is dependent on a range of different factors including the route of administration, the target tissues, the course and rate of infection of the pathogen as well as geographical, environmental and user requirements. This special issue focuses on the range of strategies that have been adopted to design both human and veterinary vaccines against NSV diseases, the underlying mechanisms of induction of immunity and the effectiveness of these approaches.

Prof. S. Louise Cosby
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vaccines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

Negative strand virus vaccines
Human
Veterinary
Design
Mechanisms of action
Attenuated
Inactivated
Subunit
Vectored
DNA/RNA

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 1575 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of PPR Live Attenuated Vaccines (Nigeria 75/1 and Sungri 96) Administered by Intranasal and Subcutaneous Routes

by Mana Mahapatra, M. Selvaraj and Satya Parida

Vaccines 2020, 8(2), 168; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/vaccines8020168 - 06 Apr 2020

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4176

Abstract

Following the successful eradication of rinderpest, the World Organization of Animal Health (OIE) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) have set a goal to eradicate peste des petits ruminants (PPR) globally by 2030. Vaccination is being taken forward as the key strategy along with epidemiological surveillance to target vaccination efforts and eradicate the disease. PPR is highly contagious and is generally spread by aerosolized droplets and close contact. Currently, two live attenuated vaccines (Nigeria 75/1 and Sungri 96) are in use, and administered subcutaneously to prevent transmission of PPR and protect vaccinated animals. Though the target cells that support primary replication of PPR vaccine strains are largely unknown, it is hypothesized that the immune response could be intensified following intranasal vaccine delivery as this route mimics the natural route of infection. This study aims to compare the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the two currently available live attenuated PPR vaccines following subcutaneous and intranasal routes of vaccination in target species. Groups of five goats were vaccinated with live attenuated PPR vaccines (Nigeria 75/1 and Sungri 96) by either the subcutaneous or intranasal route, and 28 days later challenged intranasally with virulent PPR virus. All vaccinated animals regardless of vaccination route produced PPRV-specific antibodies post-vaccination. Following challenge, all goats were protected from clinical disease, and vaccination was considered to have induced sterilizing immunity. This study demonstrates that the intranasal route of vaccination is as effective as the subcutaneous route of vaccination when using available live attenuated PPR vaccines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategic Approaches to Vaccine Design Against Negative Strand Virus Diseases)

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26 pages, 2116 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bovine Herpesvirus-4-Vectored Delivery of Nipah Virus Glycoproteins Enhances T Cell Immunogenicity in Pigs

by Miriam Pedrera, Francesca Macchi, Rebecca K. McLean, Valentina Franceschi, Nazia Thakur, Luca Russo, Lobna Medfai, Shawn Todd, Elma Z. Tchilian, Jean-Christophe Audonnet, Keith Chappell, Ariel Isaacs, Daniel Watterson, Paul R. Young, Glenn A. Marsh, Dalan Bailey, Simon P. Graham and Gaetano Donofrio

Vaccines 2020, 8(1), 115; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/vaccines8010115 - 02 Mar 2020

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 6542

Abstract

Nipah virus (NiV) is an emergent pathogen capable of causing acute respiratory illness and fatal encephalitis in pigs and humans. A high fatality rate and broad host tropism makes NiV a serious public and animal health concern. There is therefore an urgent need for a NiV vaccines to protect animals and humans. In this study we investigated the immunogenicity of bovine herpesvirus (BoHV-4) vectors expressing either NiV attachment (G) or fusion (F) glycoproteins, BoHV-4-A-CMV-NiV-GΔTK or BoHV-4-A-CMV-NiV-FΔTK, respectively in pigs. The vaccines were benchmarked against a canarypox (ALVAC) vector expressing NiV G, previously demonstrated to induce protective immunity in pigs. Both BoHV-4 vectors induced robust antigen-specific antibody responses. BoHV-4-A-CMV-NiV-GΔTK stimulated NiV-neutralizing antibody titers comparable to ALVAC NiV G and greater than those induced by BoHV-4-A-CMV-NiV-FΔTK. In contrast, only BoHV-4-A-CMV-NiV-FΔTK immunized pigs had antibodies capable of significantly neutralizing NiV G and F-mediated cell fusion. All three vectored vaccines evoked antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses, which were particularly strong in BoHV-4-A-CMV-NiV-GΔTK immunized pigs and to a lesser extent BoHV-4-A-CMV-NiV-FΔTK. These findings emphasize the potential of BoHV-4 vectors for inducing antibody and cell-mediated immunity in pigs and provide a solid basis for the further evaluation of these vectored NiV vaccine candidates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategic Approaches to Vaccine Design Against Negative Strand Virus Diseases)

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Review

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18 pages, 25960 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Bacterial and Viral Agents of BRDC: Immune Evasion and Vaccine Developments

by Rachael Lynda Bell, Hannah Louise Turkington and Sara Louise Cosby

Vaccines 2021, 9(4), 337; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/vaccines9040337 - 01 Apr 2021

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4078

Abstract

Bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) is a multifactorial disease of cattle which presents as bacterial and viral pneumonia. The causative agents of BRDC work in synergy to suppress the host immune response and increase the colonisation of the lower respiratory tracts by pathogenic bacteria. Environmental stress and/or viral infection predispose cattle to secondary bacterial infections via suppression of key innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. This allows bacteria to descend the respiratory tract unchallenged. BRDC is the costliest disease among feedlot cattle, and whilst vaccines exist for individual pathogens, there is still a lack of evidence for the efficacy of these vaccines and uncertainty surrounding the optimum timing of delivery. This review outlines the immunosuppressive actions of the individual pathogens involved in BRDC and highlights the key issues in the development of vaccinations against them. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategic Approaches to Vaccine Design Against Negative Strand Virus Diseases)

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26 pages, 2477 KiB

Open AccessReview

Investigating the Interaction between Negative Strand RNA Viruses and Their Hosts for Enhanced Vaccine Development and Production

by Kostlend Mara, Meiling Dai, Aaron M. Brice, Marina R. Alexander, Leon Tribolet, Daniel S. Layton and Andrew G. D. Bean

Vaccines 2021, 9(1), 59; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/vaccines9010059 - 17 Jan 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 5513

Abstract

The current pandemic has highlighted the ever-increasing risk of human to human spread of zoonotic pathogens. A number of medically-relevant zoonotic pathogens are negative-strand RNA viruses (NSVs). NSVs are derived from different virus families. Examples like Ebola are known for causing severe symptoms and high mortality rates. Some, like influenza, are known for their ease of person-to-person transmission and lack of pre-existing immunity, enabling rapid spread across many countries around the globe. Containment of outbreaks of NSVs can be difficult owing to their unpredictability and the absence of effective control measures, such as vaccines and antiviral therapeutics. In addition, there remains a lack of essential knowledge of the host–pathogen response that are induced by NSVs, particularly of the immune responses that provide protection. Vaccines are the most effective method for preventing infectious diseases. In fact, in the event of a pandemic, appropriate vaccine design and speed of vaccine supply is the most critical factor in protecting the population, as vaccination is the only sustainable defense. Vaccines need to be safe, efficient, and cost-effective, which is influenced by our understanding of the host–pathogen interface. Additionally, some of the major challenges of vaccines are the establishment of a long-lasting immunity offering cross protection to emerging strains. Although many NSVs are controlled through immunisations, for some, vaccine design has failed or efficacy has proven unreliable. The key behind designing a successful vaccine is understanding the host–pathogen interaction and the host immune response towards NSVs. In this paper, we review the recent research in vaccine design against NSVs and explore the immune responses induced by these viruses. The generation of a robust and integrated approach to development capability and vaccine manufacture can collaboratively support the management of outbreaking NSV disease health risks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategic Approaches to Vaccine Design Against Negative Strand Virus Diseases)

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