Vaccine Related Immune Responses

Dear Colleagues,

The use of vaccination to prevent infectious diseases was described long before establishing the fundamental dogmas of the immune system. Most vaccines work by mimicking infections. Vaccines activate the immune system and generate memory T and B lymphocytes that "remember" the disease-causing agents. Upon encountering these pathogens later, the immune system will mount a rapid and robust immune response to antigens it has previously experienced, thereby preventing disease or reducing its severity. The initial response to a vaccine is similar to the primary response upon first exposure to a pathogen, that is, slow and limited. Subsequent doses of the vaccine boost the immune response, resulting in the production of long-lived antibodies and memory cells. For most vaccines, more than one dose is necessary to provide long-lasting protection.

Since the advent of recombinant DNA technology, vaccines have become the mainstay of protection against several infectious and non-infectious diseases. How a vaccine stimulates the immune system depends on many factors, such as the nature of the antigens, the route of administration, and the adjuvant present in the vaccines. The nature of the adjuvants is fundamental to determining the type, duration, and intensity of the primary response, and the characteristics of the resulting antigen-specific memory.

This Special Issue aims to collect recent research related to vaccine-related immune responses, including recent advances in mRNA vaccines. We hope to provide a broad overview of how different vaccines work and help understand some new techniques and their utilization in vaccinology.

Dr. Abhisek Bhattacharya
Dr. Zhongmei Zhang
Guest Editors

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• immune response
• immune system
• techniques
• vaccinology