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Vaccines
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Veterinary Vaccines and Diagnostic Tools
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Veterinary Vaccines and Diagnostic Tools

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "Veterinary Vaccines".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2022) | Viewed by 13903

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Kim Halpin

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness (ACDP), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), East Geelong, VIC 3219, Australia
Interests: emerging infectious diseases; veterinary virology; molecular diagnostics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Charles El-Hage

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Equine Infectious Disease Centre, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
Interests: equine virology; immunology; toxicology endocrinology; parasitology and theriogenology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The lifesaving role of vaccination in the fight against SARS-CoV-2 provides a great reminder of the importance of vaccines controlling various animal diseases. Thanks to more than ten millennia of domestication and the development of agriculture, animal diseases have been intertwined in human history. During these periods, pathogens have posed a constant threat to the health and welfare of animals and to the humans who care for them, either directly or indirectly.

Once the burden of societies across Africa, Asia and Europe since humans initiated the domestication of livestock, rinderpest was a highly contagious disease of cattle. It is now only the second infectious disease, after smallpox for humans, to have been wiped out globally, thanks to decades of an international concerted effort which included vaccinations and rigorous diagnostic tests.

Rabies is a zoonotic vaccine-preventable disease for which there are ambitious one health-based eradication goals. It is estimated that by vaccinating 70% of the dogs where infection is still rife, rabies could be eradicated in dogs, and the number of human cases would rapidly drop to almost zero.

Despite remarkable advances in treatments and diagnostics this century, vaccination remains the most effective means to protect animal populations from serious diseases. By improving our understanding of the various immune responses and their role in disease prevention, we can best harness the utilization of vaccines in the ongoing tussle between pathogens and their hosts. 

This Special Issue focuses on veterinary vaccines and diagnostic tools. Submissions of original articles, systematic reviews, short communications and other types of articles on related topics are welcomed. All manuscripts will follow standard journal peer review practices.

We look forward to receiving your contributions to this Special Issue.

Dr. Kim Halpin
Dr. Charles El-Hage
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vaccines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • veterinary vaccines
  • pathogens in livestock
  • immune protection
  • vaccine adjuvants
  • animal diseases
  • zoonotic diseases
  • molecular diagnostic
  • genetic analysis
  • diagnostic tests
  • diagnostic test validation

Published Papers (6 papers)

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16 pages, 2341 KiB  
Article
Efficacy and Safety of Native and Recombinant Zona Pellucida Immunocontraceptive Vaccines Formulated with Non-Freund’s Adjuvants in Donkeys
by Hilari French, Lorenzo Segabinazzi, Brittany Middlebrooks, Erik Peterson, Martin Schulman, Robyn Roth, Michael Crampton, Anne Conan, Silvia Marchi, Trevor Gilbert, Darryn Knobel and Henk Bertschinger
Vaccines 2022, 10(12), 1999; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/vaccines10121999 - 24 Nov 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1379
Abstract
This study aimed to test zona pellucida (ZP) vaccines’ immunocontraceptive efficacy and safety when formulated with non-Freund’s adjuvant (6% Pet Gel A and 500 Μg Poly(I:C)). Twenty-four jennies were randomly assigned to three treatment groups: reZP (n = 7) received three doses [...] Read more.
This study aimed to test zona pellucida (ZP) vaccines’ immunocontraceptive efficacy and safety when formulated with non-Freund’s adjuvant (6% Pet Gel A and 500 Μg Poly(I:C)). Twenty-four jennies were randomly assigned to three treatment groups: reZP (n = 7) received three doses of recombinant ZP vaccine; pZP (n = 9) received two doses of native porcine ZP; and Control group (n = 8) received two injections of placebo. Jennies were monitored weekly via transrectal ultrasonography and blood sampling for serum progesterone profiles and anti-pZP antibody titres. In addition, adverse effects were inspected after vaccination. Thirty-five days after the last treatment, jacks were introduced to each group and rotated every 28 days. Vaccination with both pZP and reZP was associated with ovarian shutdown in 44% (4/9) and 71% (4/7) of jennies, 118 ± 33 and 91 ± 20 days after vaccination, respectively (p > 0.05). Vaccination delayed the chances of a jenny becoming pregnant (p = 0.0005; Control, 78 ± 31 days; pZP, 218 ± 69 days; reZP, 244 ± 104 days). Anti-pZP antibody titres were elevated in all vaccinated jennies compared to Control jennies (p < 0.05). In addition, only mild local injection site reactions were observed in the jennies after treatment. In conclusion, ZP vaccines formulated with non-Freund’s adjuvant effectively controlled reproduction in jennies with only minor localised side effects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Veterinary Vaccines and Diagnostic Tools)
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15 pages, 1109 KiB  
Article
A Five Year Randomized Controlled Trial to Assess the Efficacy and Antibody Responses to a Commercial and Autogenous Vaccine for the Prevention of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis
by Matthew M. Hille, Matthew L. Spangler, Michael L. Clawson, Kelly D. Heath, Hiep L. X. Vu, Rachel E. S. Rogers and John Dustin Loy
Vaccines 2022, 10(6), 916; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/vaccines10060916 - 09 Jun 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2897
Abstract
A randomized control trial was performed over a five-year period to assess the efficacy and antibody response induced by autogenous and commercial vaccine formulations against infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK). Calves were randomly assigned each year to one of three arms: an autogenous vaccine [...] Read more.
A randomized control trial was performed over a five-year period to assess the efficacy and antibody response induced by autogenous and commercial vaccine formulations against infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK). Calves were randomly assigned each year to one of three arms: an autogenous vaccine treatment that included Moraxella bovis (M. bovis), Moraxella bovoculi, and Mycoplasma bovoculi antigens, a commercial M. bovis vaccine treatment, or a sham vaccine treatment that consisted only of adjuvant. A total of 1198 calves were enrolled in the study. Calves were administered the respective vaccines approximately 21 days apart, just prior to turnout on summer pastures. Treatment effects were analyzed for IBK incidence, retreatment incidence, 205-day adjusted weaning weights, and antibody response to the type IV pilus protein (pili) of M. bovis as measured by a novel indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent screening assay (ELISA). Calves vaccinated with the autogenous formulation experienced a decreased cumulative incidence of IBK over the entire study compared to those vaccinated with the commercial and sham formulations (24.5% vs. 30.06% vs. 30.3%, respectively, p = 0.25), and had less IBK cases that required retreatment compared to the commercial and sham formulations (21.4% vs. 27.9% vs. 34.3%, respectively, p = 0.15), but these differences were not significant. The autogenous formulation induced a significantly stronger antibody response than the commercial (p = 0.022) and sham formulations (p = 0.001), but antibody levels were not significantly correlated with IBK protection (p = 0.37). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Veterinary Vaccines and Diagnostic Tools)
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14 pages, 1210 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Humoral and Long-Term Cell-Mediated Immune Responses to Recombinant Canarypox-Vectored Equine Influenza Virus Vaccination in Horses Using Conventional and Accelerated Regimens Respectively
by Charles El-Hage, Carol Hartley, Catherine Savage, James Watson, James Gilkerson and Romain Paillot
Vaccines 2022, 10(6), 855; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/vaccines10060855 - 26 May 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1568
Abstract
During Australia’s first and only outbreak of equine influenza (EI), which was restricted to two northeastern states, horses were strategically vaccinated with a recombinant canarypox-vectored vaccine (rCP-EIV; ProteqFlu™, Merial P/L). The vaccine encoded for haemagglutinin (HA) belonging to two equine influenza viruses (EIVs), [...] Read more.
During Australia’s first and only outbreak of equine influenza (EI), which was restricted to two northeastern states, horses were strategically vaccinated with a recombinant canarypox-vectored vaccine (rCP-EIV; ProteqFlu™, Merial P/L). The vaccine encoded for haemagglutinin (HA) belonging to two equine influenza viruses (EIVs), including an American and Eurasian lineage subtype that predated the EIV responsible for the outbreak (A/equine/Sydney/07). Racehorses in Victoria (a southern state that remained free of EI) were vaccinated prophylactically. Although the vaccine encoded for (HA) belonged to two EIVs of distinct strains of the field virus, clinical protection was reported in vaccinated horses. Our aim is to assess the extent of humoral immunity in one group of vaccinated horses and interferon-gamma ((EIV)-IFN-γ)) production in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of a second population of vaccinated horses. Twelve racehorses at work were monitored for haemagglutination inhibition antibodies to three antigenically distinct equine influenza viruses (EIVs) The EIV antigens included two H3N8 subtypes: A/equine/Sydney/07) A/equine/Newmarket/95 (a European lineage strain) and an H7N7 subtype (A/equine/Prague1956). Cell-mediated immune responses of: seven racehorses following an accelerated vaccination schedule, two horses vaccinated using a conventional regimen, and six unvaccinated horses were evaluated by determining (EIV)-IFN-γ levels. Antibody responses following vaccination with ProteqFlu™ were cross-reactive in nature, with responses to both H3N8 EIV strains. Although (EIV)IFN-γ was clearly detected following the in vitro re-stimulation of PBMC, there was no significant difference between the different groups of horses. Results of this study support reports of clinical protection of Australian horses following vaccination with Proteq-Flu™ with objective evidence of humoral cross-reactivity to the outbreak viral strain A/equine/Sydney/07. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Veterinary Vaccines and Diagnostic Tools)
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27 pages, 3151 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Commercial Myxomatosis Vaccines against Recombinant Myxoma Virus (ha-MYXV) in Iberian Hare and Wild Rabbit
by Fábio A. Abade dos Santos, Carina L. Carvalho, Pâmela C. L. G. Valente, Henrique Armés, Sylvia S. Reemers, Maria C. Peleteiro, Inés Calonge Sanz, Kevin P. Dalton, Francisco Parra and Margarida D. Duarte
Vaccines 2022, 10(3), 356; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/vaccines10030356 - 24 Feb 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2396
Abstract
The recent emergence of a new myxoma virus capable of causing disease in the Iberian hare (Lepus granatensis) has resulted in numerous outbreaks with high mortality leading to the reduction, or even the disappearance, of many local populations of this wild [...] Read more.
The recent emergence of a new myxoma virus capable of causing disease in the Iberian hare (Lepus granatensis) has resulted in numerous outbreaks with high mortality leading to the reduction, or even the disappearance, of many local populations of this wild species in the Iberian Peninsula. Currently, the available vaccines that prevent myxomatosis in domestic rabbits caused by classic strains of myxoma virus have not been assessed for use in Iberian hares. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of commercial rabbit vaccines in Iberian hares and wild rabbits against the natural recombinant myxoma virus (ha-MYXV), bearing in mind its application in specific scenarios where capture is possible, such as genetic reserves. The study used a limited number of animals (pilot study), 15 Iberian hares and 10 wild rabbits. Hares were vaccinated with Mixohipra-FSA vaccine (Hipra) and Mixohipra-H vaccine (Hipra) using two different doses, and rabbits were vaccinated with the Mixohipra-H vaccine or the Nobivac Myxo-RHD PLUS (MSD Animal Health) using the recommended doses for domestic rabbits. After the vaccination trials, the animals were challenged with a wild type strain of ha-MYXV. The results showed that no protection to ha-MYXV challenge was afforded when a commercial dose of Mixohipra-FSA or Mixohipra-H vaccine was used in hares. However, the application of a higher dose of Mixohipra-FSA vaccine may induce protection and could possibly be used to counteract the accelerated decrease of wild hare populations due to ha-MYXV emergence. The two commercial vaccines (Mixohipra-H and Nobivac Myxo-RHD PLUS) tested in wild rabbits were fully protective against ha-MYXV infection. This knowledge gives more insights into ha-MYXV management in hares and rabbits and emphasises the importance of developing a vaccine capable of protecting wild populations of Iberian hare and wild rabbit towards MYXV and ha-MYXV strains. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Veterinary Vaccines and Diagnostic Tools)
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17 pages, 2236 KiB  
Article
Characterization of a Novel Cysteine Protease Inhibitor from Poultry Red Mites: Potential Vaccine for Chickens
by Sotaro Fujisawa, Shiro Murata, Masayoshi Isezaki, Takuma Ariizumi, Takumi Sato, Eiji Oishi, Akira Taneno, Naoya Maekawa, Tomohiro Okagawa, Osamu Ichii, Satoru Konnai and Kazuhiko Ohashi
Vaccines 2021, 9(12), 1472; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/vaccines9121472 - 13 Dec 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2042
Abstract
Poultry red mite (PRM; Dermanyssus gallinae) is a hazardous, blood-sucking ectoparasite of birds that constitutes a threat to poultry farming worldwide. Acaricides, commonly used in poultry farms to prevent PRMs, are not effective because of the rapid emergence of acaricide-resistant PRMs. However, [...] Read more.
Poultry red mite (PRM; Dermanyssus gallinae) is a hazardous, blood-sucking ectoparasite of birds that constitutes a threat to poultry farming worldwide. Acaricides, commonly used in poultry farms to prevent PRMs, are not effective because of the rapid emergence of acaricide-resistant PRMs. However, vaccination may be a promising strategy to control PRM. We identified a novel cystatin-like molecule in PRMs: Dg-Cys. Dg-Cys mRNA expression was detected in the midgut and ovaries, in all stages of life. The PRM nymphs that were artificially fed with the plasma from chickens that were immunized with Dg-Cys in vitro had a significantly reduced reproductive capacity and survival rate. Moreover, combination of Dg-Cys with other antigen candidates, like copper transporter 1 or adipocyte plasma membrane-associated protein, enhanced vaccine efficacies. vaccination and its application as an antigen for cocktail vaccines could be an effective strategy to reduce the damage caused by PRMs in poultry farming. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Veterinary Vaccines and Diagnostic Tools)
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22 pages, 763 KiB  
Systematic Review
Safety and Efficacy of the East Coast Fever Muguga Cocktail Vaccine: A Systematic Review
by Fiona K. Allan and Andrew R. Peters
Vaccines 2021, 9(11), 1318; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/vaccines9111318 - 12 Nov 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2707
Abstract
Immunisation of livestock with high quality vaccines is considered an essential approach to controlling many animal diseases. The only currently available commercial vaccine to protect cattle from East Coast fever (ECF), a tick-borne disease caused by Theileria parva, is an unconventional “infection [...] Read more.
Immunisation of livestock with high quality vaccines is considered an essential approach to controlling many animal diseases. The only currently available commercial vaccine to protect cattle from East Coast fever (ECF), a tick-borne disease caused by Theileria parva, is an unconventional “infection and treatment method” (ITM) involving administration of a combination of live T. parva isolates, referred to as the “Muguga cocktail”, and simultaneous treatment with long-acting oxytetracycline. Veterinary vaccine research and development typically involves studies designed to demonstrate vaccine quality, safety, and efficacy; however, as there were no such purpose-designed registration studies conducted for the Muguga cocktail, evidence for safety and efficacy is solely based on that which is available in the clinical literature. An extensive systematic review was conducted to analyse the evidence available in the literature in order to establish the safety and efficacy of the Muguga cocktail vaccine. A combination of meta-analyses and narrative summaries was conducted. A total of 61 studies met the criteria to be included in the systematic review. The majority of studies demonstrated or reported in favour of the vaccine with regards to safety and efficacy of the Muguga cocktail vaccine. Proximity to buffalo often resulted in reduced vaccine efficacy, and reports of shed and transmission of vaccine components affected the overall interpretation of safety. Better understanding of control options for this devastating livestock disease is important for policymakers and livestock keepers, enabling them to make informed decisions with regards to the health of their animals and their livelihoods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Veterinary Vaccines and Diagnostic Tools)
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