Enteric and Respiratory Viruses in Animals

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Animal Viruses".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2022) | Viewed by 45758

Special Issue Editor

National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
Interests: reverse genetics technique; enteric virus; coronavirus; rotavirus; calicivirus; VLPs (virus-like particles); anti-IgY; animal coronaviruses; animal rotaviruses; pathogenicity
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The main topic of this Special Issue is enteric and respiratory viruses, which cause severe and acute diarrhea and pneumonia in animals, especially in the agricultural and veterinary industries. Enteric and respiratory viruses include mainly Coronaviruses (PEDV, TGEV, PDCoV, SADS-CoV, Bovine CoV, and Equine CoV), Rotaviruses (RVA, RVB, RVC and RVH), and Caliciviruses (Norovirus, and Sapovirus), Toroviruses, Adenoviruses, Herpesviruses (BHV, and ADV), and Pestiviruses (BVDV, and CSFV). Diarrhea and pneumonia lead to the deterioration of health, insufficient body weight gain, and deaths of young animals, resulting in huge economic losses. However, the available information is still limited regarding enteric and respiratory viruses in animals, and hence, there are few effective strategies for the control and prevention of enteric and respiratory viruses, despite their significant economic impact. Therefore, this Special Issue welcomes all types of manuscripts (e.g., reviews, research articles, and short communications), including novel findings with respect to diagnostic approaches, experimental techniques, molecular mechanisms, pathogenicity, host–virus interactions, and the treatment of enteric and respiratory viruses.

Dr. Tohru Suzuki
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • coronaviruses
  • rotaviruses
  • caliciviruses
  • toroviruses
  • adenoviruses
  • herpesviruses
  • pestiviruses
  • diagnosis
  • experimental techniques
  • pathogenicity
  • treatment

Published Papers (14 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

12 pages, 2865 KiB  
Article
Genetic Variations among Different Variants of G1-like Avian Influenza H9N2 Viruses and Their Pathogenicity in Chickens
by Amany Adel, Marwa A. Abdelmagid, Ahmed Abd-Elhalem Mohamed, Anishia Wasberg, Zienab Mosaad, Karim Selim, Asmaa Shaaban, Mohamed Tarek, Naglaa M. Hagag, Åke Lundkvist, Patrik Ellström and Mahmoud M. Naguib
Viruses 2022, 14(5), 1030; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v14051030 - 11 May 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2316
Abstract
Since it was first discovered, the low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H9N2 subtype has established linages infecting the poultry population globally and has become one of the most prevalent influenza subtypes in domestic poultry. Several different variants and genotypes of LPAI H9N2 viruses [...] Read more.
Since it was first discovered, the low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H9N2 subtype has established linages infecting the poultry population globally and has become one of the most prevalent influenza subtypes in domestic poultry. Several different variants and genotypes of LPAI H9N2 viruses have been reported in Egypt, but little is known about their pathogenicity and how they have evolved. In this study, four different Egyptian LPAI H9N2 viruses were genetically and antigenically characterized and compared to representative H9N2 viruses from G1 lineage. Furthermore, the pathogenicity of three genetically distinct Egyptian LPAI H9N2 viruses was assessed by experimental infection in chickens. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that the H9N2 virus of the Egy-2 G1-B lineage (pigeon-like) has become the dominant circulating H9N2 genotype in Egypt since 2016. Considerable variation in virus shedding at day 7 post-infections was detected in infected chickens, but no significant difference in pathogenicity was found between the infected groups. The rapid spread and emergence of new genotypes of the influenza viruses pinpoint the importance of continuous surveillance for the detection of novel reassortant viruses, as well as monitoring the viral evolution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enteric and Respiratory Viruses in Animals)
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12 pages, 607 KiB  
Article
An Importance of Long-Term Clinical Analysis to Accurately Diagnose Calves Persistently and Acutely Infected by Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus 2
by Yusuke Goto, Gakuji Yaegashi, Kazuhiro Fukunari and Tohru Suzuki
Viruses 2021, 13(12), 2431; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13122431 - 03 Dec 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1617
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection results in a wide variety of clinical manifestations and is a pathogen that is able to cause huge economic losses in the cattle industry worldwide. It is important to identify cattle that are persistently infected (PI) by [...] Read more.
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection results in a wide variety of clinical manifestations and is a pathogen that is able to cause huge economic losses in the cattle industry worldwide. It is important to identify cattle that are persistently infected (PI) by BVDV within the herd as early as possible because PI animals are the main reservoir of the virus. In contrast, cattle who are acutely infected (AI) with BVDV show various clinical signs, but most cattle show either mild symptoms or are asymptomatic. In general, AI and PI animals can be distinguished by repeat testing within an interval of at least 21 days. However, we found a rare case of a BVDV2-infected AI animal with long-term viral presence, making it indistinguishable from PI through two tests within an interval of 21 days. As a result, we diagnosed one infected animal as AI after 35 days from the initial sample collection via multiple analyses. Our findings recommend performing an additional test using samples that have been collected after 14–21 days from the second sample collection in cases where it is difficult to accurately differentiate an AI diagnosis from a PI diagnosis after only two tests. Additionally, our analysis exhibits that monitoring the number of copies of viruses with similar genomes in the sera by means of quantitative real-time RT-PCR through several sample collections periods might be useful to distinguish AI from PI. Furthermore, our data suggest that the AI animals with a long-term viral presence who show test results similar to those of PI animals might be the result of a coincidental combination of various factors that are present in cattle fields. These findings provide useful information that can be used to improve the diagnosis of BVDV in the field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enteric and Respiratory Viruses in Animals)
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9 pages, 3090 KiB  
Communication
First Report on Detection and Molecular Characterization of Adenoviruses in the Small Indian Mongoose (Urva auropunctata)
by Kerry Gainor, Anne A. M. J. Becker, Yashpal S. Malik and Souvik Ghosh
Viruses 2021, 13(11), 2194; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13112194 - 30 Oct 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2207
Abstract
Using a broad-range nested PCR assay targeting the DNA-dependent DNA polymerase (pol) gene, we detected adenoviruses in 17 (20.48%) out of 83 fecal samples from small Indian mongooses (Urva auropunctata) on the Caribbean island of St. Kitts. All 17 [...] Read more.
Using a broad-range nested PCR assay targeting the DNA-dependent DNA polymerase (pol) gene, we detected adenoviruses in 17 (20.48%) out of 83 fecal samples from small Indian mongooses (Urva auropunctata) on the Caribbean island of St. Kitts. All 17 PCR amplicons were sequenced for the partial pol gene (~300 bp, hereafter referred to as Mon sequences). Fourteen of the 17 Mon sequences shared maximum homology (98.3–99.6% and 97–98.9% nucleotide (nt) and deduced amino acid (aa) sequence identities, respectively) with that of bovine adenovirus-6 (species Bovine atadenovirus E). Mongoose-associated adenovirus Mon-39 was most closely related (absolute nt and deduced aa identities) to an atadenovirus from a tropical screech owl. Mon-66 shared maximum nt and deduced aa identities of 69% and 71.4% with those of atadenoviruses from a spur-thighed tortoise and a brown anole lizard, respectively. Phylogenetically, Mon-39 and Mon-66 clustered within clades that were predominated by atadenoviruses from reptiles, indicating a reptilian origin of these viruses. Only a single mongoose-associated adenovirus, Mon-34, was related to the genus Mastadenovirus. However, phylogenetically, Mon-34 formed an isolated branch, distinct from other mastadenoviruses. Since the fecal samples were collected from apparently healthy mongooses, we could not determine whether the mongoose-associated adenoviruses infected the host. On the other hand, the phylogenetic clustering patterns of the mongoose-associated atadenoviruses pointed more towards a dietary origin of these viruses. Although the present study was based on partial pol sequences (~90 aa), sequence identities and phylogenetic analysis suggested that Mon-34, Mon-39, and Mon-66 might represent novel adenoviruses. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the detection and molecular characterization of adenoviruses from the mongoose. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enteric and Respiratory Viruses in Animals)
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14 pages, 1830 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Cidofovir for Treatment of Ocular Bovine Herpesvirus-1 Infection in Cattle Using an Ex-Vivo Model
by Christopher R. Alling, Chin-Chi Liu, Ingeborg M. Langohr, Muzammel Haque, Renee T. Carter, Rose E. Baker and Andrew C. Lewin
Viruses 2021, 13(10), 2102; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13102102 - 18 Oct 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2596
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1) infection contributes to keratoconjunctivitis, respiratory disease, and reproductive losses in cattle. The objective of this study was to determine the most appropriate ophthalmic antiviral agent for BoHV-1 inhibition using in-vitro culture and novel ex-vivo bovine corneal modeling. Half-maximal inhibitory concentrations [...] Read more.
Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1) infection contributes to keratoconjunctivitis, respiratory disease, and reproductive losses in cattle. The objective of this study was to determine the most appropriate ophthalmic antiviral agent for BoHV-1 inhibition using in-vitro culture and novel ex-vivo bovine corneal modeling. Half-maximal inhibitory concentrations of BoHV-1 were determined for cidofovir, ganciclovir, idoxuridine, and trifluridine via in-vitro plaque reduction assays. In-vitro cytotoxicity was compared amongst these compounds via luciferase assays. Trifluridine and cidofovir were the most potent BoHV-1 inhibitors in vitro, while trifluridine and idoxuridine were the most cytotoxic agents. Therefore, cidofovir was the most potent non-cytotoxic agent and was employed in the ex-vivo corneal assay. Corneoscleral rings (n = 36) from fresh cadaver bovine globes were harvested and equally divided into an uninfected, untreated control group; a BoHV-1-infected, untreated group; and a BoHV-1-infected, cidofovir-treated group. Virus isolation for BoHV-1 titers was performed from corneal tissue and liquid media. Histologic measurements of corneal thickness, epithelial cell density, and tissue organization were compared between groups. Substantial BoHV-1 replication was observed in infected, untreated corneas, but BoHV-1 titer was significantly reduced in cidofovir-treated (1.69 ± 0.08 × 103 PFU/mL) versus untreated (8.25 ± 0.25 × 105 PFU/mL, p < 0.0001) tissues by day 2 of culture. No significant differences in histologic criteria were observed between groups. In conclusion, cidofovir warrants further investigation as treatment for BoHV-1 keratoconjunctivitis, with future studies needed to assess in-vivo tolerability and efficacy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enteric and Respiratory Viruses in Animals)
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13 pages, 1046 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Eight Commercially Available Faecal Point-of-Care Tests for Detection of Canine Parvovirus Antigen
by Julia Walter-Weingärtner, Michèle Bergmann, Karin Weber, Uwe Truyen, Cosmin Muresan and Katrin Hartmann
Viruses 2021, 13(10), 2080; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13102080 - 15 Oct 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3252
Abstract
A real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is considered the gold standard for the laboratory diagnosis of canine parvovirus (CPV) infection but can only be performed in specialized laboratories. Several point-of-care tests (POCT), detecting CPV antigens in faeces within minutes, are commercially available. The [...] Read more.
A real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is considered the gold standard for the laboratory diagnosis of canine parvovirus (CPV) infection but can only be performed in specialized laboratories. Several point-of-care tests (POCT), detecting CPV antigens in faeces within minutes, are commercially available. The aim of this study was to evaluate eight POCT in comparison with qPCR. Faecal samples of 150 dogs from three groups (H: 50 client-owned, healthy dogs, not vaccinated within the last four weeks; S: 50 shelter dogs, healthy, not vaccinated within the last four weeks; p = 50 dogs with clinical signs of CPV infection) were tested with eight POCT and qPCR. Practicability, sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV), as well as overall accuracy were determined. To assess the differences between and agreement among POCT, McNemar’s test and Cohen’s Kappa statistic were performed. Specificity and PPV were 100.0% in all POCT. Sensitivity varied from 22.9–34.3% overall and from 32.7–49.0% in group P. VetexpertRapidTestCPVAg® had the highest sensitivity (34.3% overall, 49.0% group P) and differed significantly from the 3 POCT with the lowest sensitivities (Fassisi®Parvo (27.7% overall, 36.7% group P), Primagnost®ParvoH+K (24.3% overall, 34.7% group P), FASTest®PARVOCard (22.9% overall, 32.7% group P)). The agreement among all POCT was at least substantial (kappa >0.80). A positive POCT result confirmed the infection with CPV in unvaccinated dogs, whereas a negative POCT result did not definitely exclude CPV infection due to the low sensitivity of all POCT. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enteric and Respiratory Viruses in Animals)
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15 pages, 1564 KiB  
Article
The Innate Immune DNA Sensing cGAS-STING Signaling Pathway Mediates Anti-PRRSV Function
by Yulin Xu, Youwen Zhang, Shaohua Sun, Jia Luo, Sen Jiang, Jiajia Zhang, Xueliang Liu, Qi Shao, Qi Cao, Wanglong Zheng, Nanhua Chen, François Meurens and Jianzhong Zhu
Viruses 2021, 13(9), 1829; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13091829 - 14 Sep 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2928
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) modulates host innate immunity which plays a key role against PRRSV infection. As a RNA virus, PRRSV is mainly sensed by innate immune RNA receptors, whereas the role of innate immune DNA sensors in the PRRSV [...] Read more.
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) modulates host innate immunity which plays a key role against PRRSV infection. As a RNA virus, PRRSV is mainly sensed by innate immune RNA receptors, whereas the role of innate immune DNA sensors in the PRRSV infection has not been elucidated. Here, we investigated the roles of DNA sensing cGAS-STING pathway in both PRRSV infected Marc-145 cells and porcine macrophages. The results show that in Marc-145 cells, the stable expression of STING with or without stimulations exhibited anti-PRRSV activity, and STING knockout heightened PRRSV infection. In CD163-3D4/21 porcine macrophages, either expression of STING or stimulation of cGAS-STING signaling obviously suppressed PRRSV infection, whereas in STING knockdown macrophages, the PRRSV infection was upregulated. Our results clearly demonstrate that the host cGAS-STING signal exerts an important antiviral role in PRRSV infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enteric and Respiratory Viruses in Animals)
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12 pages, 1043 KiB  
Article
Report of One-Year Prospective Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in Dogs and Cats in France with Various Exposure Risks: Confirmation of a Low Prevalence of Shedding, Detection and Complete Sequencing of an Alpha Variant in a Cat
by Emilie Krafft, Solène Denolly, Bertrand Boson, Sophie Angelloz-Pessey, Sophie Levaltier, Nicolas Nesi, Sandrine Corbet, Bryce Leterrier, Matthieu Fritz, Eric M. Leroy, Meriadeg Ar Gouilh, François-Loïc Cosset, Angeli Kodjo and Vincent Legros
Viruses 2021, 13(9), 1759; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13091759 - 03 Sep 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3071
Abstract
Despite the probable zoonotic origin of SARS-CoV-2, only limited research efforts have been made to understand the role of companion animals in SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology. According to recent serological prevalence studies, human-to-companion animal transmission is quite frequent, which led us to consider that the [...] Read more.
Despite the probable zoonotic origin of SARS-CoV-2, only limited research efforts have been made to understand the role of companion animals in SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology. According to recent serological prevalence studies, human-to-companion animal transmission is quite frequent, which led us to consider that the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission from animal to human, albeit negligible in the present context, may have been underestimated. In this study, we provide the results of a prospective survey that was conducted to evaluate the SARS-CoV-2 isolation rate by qRT-PCR in dogs and cats with different exposure risks and clinical statuses. From April 2020 to April 2021, we analyzed 367 samples and investigated the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA using qRT-PCR. Only four animals tested positive, all of them being cats. Three cats were asymptomatic and one presented a coryza-like syndrome. We describe in detail the infection in two cats and the associated clinical characteristics. Importantly, we obtained SARS-CoV-2 genomes from one infected animal and characterized them as Alpha variants. This represents the first identification of the SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant in an infected animal in France. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enteric and Respiratory Viruses in Animals)
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14 pages, 2513 KiB  
Article
Characteristics of Classical Swine Fever Virus Variants Derived from Live Attenuated GPE Vaccine Seed
by Taksoo Kim, Loc Tan Huynh, Shizuka Hirose, Manabu Igarashi, Takahiro Hiono, Norikazu Isoda and Yoshihiro Sakoda
Viruses 2021, 13(8), 1672; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13081672 - 23 Aug 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2920
Abstract
The GPE strain is a live attenuated vaccine for classical swine fever (CSF) developed in Japan. In the context of increasing attention for the differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) concept, the achievement of CSF eradication with the GPE proposes it [...] Read more.
The GPE strain is a live attenuated vaccine for classical swine fever (CSF) developed in Japan. In the context of increasing attention for the differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) concept, the achievement of CSF eradication with the GPE proposes it as a preferable backbone for a recombinant CSF marker vaccine. While its infectious cDNA clone, vGPE, is well characterized, 10 amino acid substitutions were recognized in the genome, compared to the original GPE vaccine seed. To clarify the GPE seed availability, this study aimed to generate and characterize a clone possessing the identical amino acid sequence to the GPE seed. The attempt resulted in the loss of the infectious GPE seed clone production due to the impaired replication by an amino acid substitution in the viral polymerase NS5B. Accordingly, replication-competent GPE seed variant clones were produced. Although they were mostly restricted to propagate in the tonsils of pigs, similarly to vGPE, their type I interferon-inducing capacity was significantly lower than that of vGPE. Taken together, vGPE mainly retains ideal properties for the CSF vaccine, compared with the seed variants, and is probably useful in the development of a CSF marker vaccine. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enteric and Respiratory Viruses in Animals)
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12 pages, 1074 KiB  
Article
New Parvoviruses and Picornavirus in Tissues and Feces of Foals with Interstitial Pneumonia
by Eda Altan, Alvin Hui, Yanpeng Li, Patricia Pesavento, Javier Asín, Beate Crossley, Xutao Deng, Francisco A. Uzal and Eric Delwart
Viruses 2021, 13(8), 1612; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13081612 - 14 Aug 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2573
Abstract
Six foals with interstitial pneumonia of undetermined etiology from Southern California were analyzed by viral metagenomics. Spleen, lung, and colon content samples obtained during necropsy from each animal were pooled, and nucleic acids from virus-like particles enriched for deep sequencing. The recently described [...] Read more.
Six foals with interstitial pneumonia of undetermined etiology from Southern California were analyzed by viral metagenomics. Spleen, lung, and colon content samples obtained during necropsy from each animal were pooled, and nucleic acids from virus-like particles enriched for deep sequencing. The recently described equine copiparvovirus named eqcopivirus, as well as three previously uncharacterized viruses, were identified. The complete ORFs genomes of two closely related protoparvoviruses, and of a bocaparvovirus, plus the partial genome of a picornavirus were assembled. The parvoviruses were classified as members of new ungulate protoparvovirus and bocaparvovirus species in the Parvoviridae family. The picornavirus was classified as a new species in the Salivirus genus of the Picornaviridae family. Spleen, lung, and colon content samples from each foal were then tested for these viral genomes by nested PCR and RT-PCR. When present, parvoviruses were detected in both feces and spleen. The picornavirus, protoparvovirus, and eqcopivirus genomes were detected in the lungs of one animal each. Three foals were co-infected with the picornavirus and either a protoparvovirus, bocaparvovirus, or eqcopivirus. Two other foals were infected with a protoparvovirus only. No viral infection was detected in one animal. The complete ORFs of the first equine protoparvoviruses and bocaparvovirus, the partial ORF of the third equine picornavirus, and their detection in tissues of foals with interstitial pneumonia are described here. Testing the involvement of these viruses in fatal interstitial pneumonia or other equine diseases will require larger epidemiological and/or inoculation studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enteric and Respiratory Viruses in Animals)
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16 pages, 3143 KiB  
Article
Clinical Analysis for Long-Term Sporadic Bovine Viral Diarrhea Transmitted by Calves with an Acute Infection of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus 2
by Yusuke Goto, Gakuji Yaegashi, Kazuhiro Fukunari and Tohru Suzuki
Viruses 2021, 13(4), 621; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13040621 - 04 Apr 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2074
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a viral pathogen associated with serious problems in the cattle industry. Cattle persistently infected (PI) with BVDV are mild or asymptomatic; however, they become a source of BVDV transmission to other cattle. Hence, it is important to [...] Read more.
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a viral pathogen associated with serious problems in the cattle industry. Cattle persistently infected (PI) with BVDV are mild or asymptomatic; however, they become a source of BVDV transmission to other cattle. Hence, it is important to rapidly identify and remove the PI animals from cattle herds. Whereas cattle acutely infected (AI) with BVDV have various symptoms, yet they generally recover within 3 weeks. However, there is a paucity of information concerning clinical characteristics of AI cattle. Further accumulation of information would be required to accurately diagnose AI cattle with BVDV. Here, we attempted to obtain valuable information via various analyses using a case report of BVD outbreak that occurred for approximately four months in Iwate Prefecture in 2017. Using eight calves and multiple tests (real-time RT-PCR, virus isolation, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and virus neutralization assay) over 6 weeks, we diagnosed the continuous BVD outbreak as an acute infection and not a persistent one. Additionally, we revealed that the sporadic case was caused by low pathogenic BVDV2 via BVDV genotyping and phylogenetic analysis. The data suggest that BVDV2 AI animals might also be a source of transmission to susceptible calves; hence, it might persist for a long period owing to multiple AI animals. These findings provide useful information to diagnose AI and PI cattle with BVDV in the field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enteric and Respiratory Viruses in Animals)
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7 pages, 947 KiB  
Article
First Outbreak of an H5N8 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus on a Chicken Farm in Japan in 2020
by Saki Sakuma, Yuko Uchida, Momoyo Kajita, Taichiro Tanikawa, Junki Mine, Ryota Tsunekuni and Takehiko Saito
Viruses 2021, 13(3), 489; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13030489 - 16 Mar 2021
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2758
Abstract
On 5 November 2020, a confirmed outbreak due to an H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) occurred at an egg-hen farm in Kagawa prefecture (western Japan). This virus, A/chicken/Kagawa/11C/2020 (Kagawa11C2020), was the first HPAI poultry isolate in Japan in 2020 and had [...] Read more.
On 5 November 2020, a confirmed outbreak due to an H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) occurred at an egg-hen farm in Kagawa prefecture (western Japan). This virus, A/chicken/Kagawa/11C/2020 (Kagawa11C2020), was the first HPAI poultry isolate in Japan in 2020 and had multiple basic amino acids—a motif conferring high pathogenicity to chickens—at the hemagglutinin cleavage site. Mortality of chickens was 100% through intravenous inoculation tests performed according to World Organization for Animal Health criteria. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the hemagglutinin of Kagawa11C2020 belongs to clade 2.3.4.4B of the H5 Goose/Guangdong lineage and clusters with H5N8 HPAIVs isolated from wild bird feces collected in Hokkaido (Japan) and Korea in October 2020. These H5N8 HPAIVs are closely related to H5N8 HPAIVs isolated in European countries during the winter of 2019–2020. Intranasal inoculation of chickens with 106 fifty-percent egg infectious doses of Kagawa11C2020 revealed that the 50% chicken lethal dose was 104.63 and the mean time to death was 134.4 h. All infected chickens demonstrated viral shedding beginning on 2 dpi—before clinical signs were observed. These results suggest that affected chickens could transmit Kagawa11C2020 to surrounding chickens in the absence of clinical signs for several days before they died. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enteric and Respiratory Viruses in Animals)
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Review

Jump to: Research

11 pages, 19039 KiB  
Review
Structures and Functional Diversities of ASFV Proteins
by Guoguo Wang, Mengjia Xie, Wei Wu and Zhongzhou Chen
Viruses 2021, 13(11), 2124; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13112124 - 21 Oct 2021
Cited by 38 | Viewed by 6971
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV), the causative pathogen of the recent ASF epidemic, is a highly contagious double-stranded DNA virus. Its genome is in the range of 170~193 kbp and encodes 68 structural proteins and over 100 non-structural proteins. Its high pathogenicity strains [...] Read more.
African swine fever virus (ASFV), the causative pathogen of the recent ASF epidemic, is a highly contagious double-stranded DNA virus. Its genome is in the range of 170~193 kbp and encodes 68 structural proteins and over 100 non-structural proteins. Its high pathogenicity strains cause nearly 100% mortality in swine. Consisting of four layers of protein shells and an inner genome, its structure is obviously more complicated than many other viruses, and its multi-layered structures play different kinds of roles in ASFV replication and survival. Each layer possesses many proteins, but very few of the proteins have been investigated at a structural level. Here, we concluded all the ASFV proteins whose structures were unveiled, and explained their functions from the view of structures. Those structures include ASFV AP endonuclease, dUTPases (E165R), pS273R protease, core shell proteins p15 and p35, non-structural proteins pA151R, pNP868R (RNA guanylyltransferase), major capsid protein p72 (gene B646L), Bcl-2-like protein A179L, histone-like protein pA104R, sulfhydryl oxidase pB119L, polymerase X and ligase. These novel structural features, diverse functions, and complex molecular mechanisms promote ASFV to escape the host immune system easily and make this large virus difficult to control. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enteric and Respiratory Viruses in Animals)
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15 pages, 1913 KiB  
Review
SDAV, the Rat Coronavirus—How Much Do We Know about It in the Light of Potential Zoonoses
by Michalina Bartak, Anna Słońska, Marcin W Bańbura and Joanna Cymerys
Viruses 2021, 13(10), 1995; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13101995 - 04 Oct 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4102
Abstract
Sialodacryoadenitis virus (SDAV) is known to be an etiological agent, causing infections in laboratory rats. Until now, its role has only been considered in studies on respiratory and salivary gland infections. The scant literature data, consisting mainly of papers from the last century, [...] Read more.
Sialodacryoadenitis virus (SDAV) is known to be an etiological agent, causing infections in laboratory rats. Until now, its role has only been considered in studies on respiratory and salivary gland infections. The scant literature data, consisting mainly of papers from the last century, do not sufficiently address the topic of SDAV infections. The ongoing pandemic has demonstrated, once again, the role of the Coronaviridae family as extremely dangerous etiological agents of human zoonoses. The ability of coronaviruses to cross the species barrier and change to hosts commonly found in close proximity to humans highlights the need to characterize SDAV infections. The main host of the infection is the rat, as mentioned above. Rats inhabit large urban agglomerations, carrying a vast epidemic threat. Of the 2277 existing rodent species, 217 are reservoirs for 66 zoonotic diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. This review provides insight into the current state of knowledge of SDAV characteristics and its likely zoonotic potential. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enteric and Respiratory Viruses in Animals)
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19 pages, 1672 KiB  
Review
Cell Entry of Animal Coronaviruses
by Yang-Ran Cheng, Xinglin Li, Xuesen Zhao and Hanxin Lin
Viruses 2021, 13(10), 1977; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13101977 - 01 Oct 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4885
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a group of enveloped positive-sense RNA viruses and can cause deadly diseases in animals and humans. Cell entry is the first and essential step of successful virus infection and can be divided into two ongoing steps: cell binding and membrane [...] Read more.
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a group of enveloped positive-sense RNA viruses and can cause deadly diseases in animals and humans. Cell entry is the first and essential step of successful virus infection and can be divided into two ongoing steps: cell binding and membrane fusion. Over the past two decades, stimulated by the global outbreak of SARS-CoV and pandemic of SARS-CoV-2, numerous efforts have been made in the CoV research. As a result, significant progress has been achieved in our understanding of the cell entry process. Here, we review the current knowledge of this essential process, including the viral and host components involved in cell binding and membrane fusion, molecular mechanisms of their interactions, and the sites of virus entry. We highlight the recent findings of host restriction factors that inhibit CoVs entry. This knowledge not only enhances our understanding of the cell entry process, pathogenesis, tissue tropism, host range, and interspecies-transmission of CoVs but also provides a theoretical basis to design effective preventive and therapeutic strategies to control CoVs infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enteric and Respiratory Viruses in Animals)
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