Hantavirus

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Animal Viruses".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 December 2021) | Viewed by 35196

Special Issue Editors

Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
Interests: rodent-borne infectious diseases; bunyaviruses; chronic kidney disease by unknown etiology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Laboratory of Public Health, Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
Interests: hantaviruses; zoonosis and emerging infection
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Prototype hantavirus was isolated in the 1970s as the causative agent of rodent-borne zoonotic diseases, including hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). Since rodent-borne orthohantaviruses are highly pathogenic to humans, dealing with these viruses remains an important issue. On the other hand, Thottapalayam virus, which was isolated from a shrew in India in the 1950s, was revealed to be a member of the family Hantaviridae. Furthermore, in recent years, hantaviruses have been discovered from shrews, bats, reptiles, and fish. Information on these many novel wildlife-derived hantaviruses of unknown pathogenicity is needed because they can be a cause of a novel pandemic such as the pandemic caused by SARS2 coronavirus. Addressing the challenges of hantaviruses requires a wide range of virological studies related to epidemiology, biology, cell biology, immunology, pharmaceutics, and numerous academic fields. This Special issue covers a wide range of issues related to hantaviruses and aims to boost the foundation of hantavirus virology. 

Prof. Kumiko Yoshimatsu
Prof. Dr. Hiroaki Kariwa
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • natural hosts
  • genetic diversity
  • pathogenesis
  • replication
  • epidemiology
  • epizootiology
  • emerging and re-emerging viruses
  • diagnosis
  • vaccine
  • antiviral drug

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Published Papers (13 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 9119 KiB  
Article
Characterization of Hantavirus N Protein Intracellular Dynamics and Localization
by Robert-William Welke, Hannah Sabeth Sperber, Ronny Bergmann, Amit Koikkarah, Laura Menke, Christian Sieben, Detlev H. Krüger, Salvatore Chiantia, Andreas Herrmann and Roland Schwarzer
Viruses 2022, 14(3), 457; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v14030457 - 23 Feb 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2120
Abstract
Hantaviruses are enveloped viruses that possess a tri-segmented, negative-sense RNA genome. The viral S-segment encodes the multifunctional nucleocapsid protein (N), which is involved in genome packaging, intracellular protein transport, immunoregulation, and several other crucial processes during hantavirus infection. In this study, we generated [...] Read more.
Hantaviruses are enveloped viruses that possess a tri-segmented, negative-sense RNA genome. The viral S-segment encodes the multifunctional nucleocapsid protein (N), which is involved in genome packaging, intracellular protein transport, immunoregulation, and several other crucial processes during hantavirus infection. In this study, we generated fluorescently tagged N protein constructs derived from Puumalavirus (PUUV), the dominant hantavirus species in Central, Northern, and Eastern Europe. We comprehensively characterized this protein in the rodent cell line CHO-K1, monitoring the dynamics of N protein complex formation and investigating co-localization with host proteins as well as the viral glycoproteins Gc and Gn. We observed formation of large, fibrillar PUUV N protein aggregates, rapidly coalescing from early punctate and spike-like assemblies. Moreover, we found significant spatial correlation of N with vimentin, actin, and P-bodies but not with microtubules. N constructs also co-localized with Gn and Gc albeit not as strongly as the glycoproteins associated with each other. Finally, we assessed oligomerization of N constructs, observing efficient and concentration-dependent multimerization, with complexes comprising more than 10 individual proteins. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hantavirus)
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10 pages, 8969 KiB  
Article
Academ Virus, a Novel Hantavirus in the Siberian Mole (Talpa altaica) from Russia
by Liudmila N. Yashina, Victor V. Panov, Sergey A. Abramov, Natalia A. Smetannikova, Ekaterina M. Luchnikova, Tamara A. Dupal, Anton V. Krivopalov, Satoru Arai and Richard Yanagihara
Viruses 2022, 14(2), 309; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v14020309 - 02 Feb 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1585
Abstract
To date, six hantavirus species have been detected in moles (family Talpidae). In this report, we describe Academ virus (ACDV), a novel hantavirus harbored by the Siberian mole (Talpa altaica) in Western Siberia. Genetic analysis of the complete S-, M-, and [...] Read more.
To date, six hantavirus species have been detected in moles (family Talpidae). In this report, we describe Academ virus (ACDV), a novel hantavirus harbored by the Siberian mole (Talpa altaica) in Western Siberia. Genetic analysis of the complete S-, M-, and partial L-genomic segments showed that ACDV shared a common evolutionary origin with Bruges virus, previously identified in the European mole (Talpa europaea), and is distantly related to other mole-borne hantaviruses. Co-evolution and local adaptation of genetic variants of hantaviruses and their hosts, with possible reassortment events, might have shaped the evolutionary history of ACDV. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hantavirus)
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13 pages, 1906 KiB  
Article
Identification of Novel Rodent-Borne Orthohantaviruses in an Endemic Area of Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka
by Devinda S. Muthusinghe, Kenta Shimizu, Sithumini M. W. Lokupathirage, Zhouoxing Wei, Yomani D. Sarathkumara, G. R. Amanda Fonseka, Pavani Senarathne, Nobuo Koizumi, Tomonori Kawakami, Akio Koizumi, Chaminda Wickramasinghe, Hideki Ebihara, Keita Matsuno, Yoshimi Tsuda, Jiro Arikawa, Chandika D. Gamage and Kumiko Yoshimatsu
Viruses 2021, 13(10), 1984; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13101984 - 02 Oct 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3041
Abstract
We reported the genetic evidence of circulating hantaviruses from small mammals captured in a chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) hotspot area of Sri Lanka. The high seroprevalence of anti-hantavirus antibodies against Thailand orthohantavirus (THAIV) has been reported among CKDu patients and [...] Read more.
We reported the genetic evidence of circulating hantaviruses from small mammals captured in a chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) hotspot area of Sri Lanka. The high seroprevalence of anti-hantavirus antibodies against Thailand orthohantavirus (THAIV) has been reported among CKDu patients and rodents in Sri Lankan CKDu hotspots. We captured 116 small mammals from CKDu endemic regions in the Polonnaruwa District of Sri Lanka. Seven animals (five out of 11 Mus booduga and two out of 99 Rattus rattus) were PCR-positive for the hantavirus. A rat-borne sequence was grouped with a THAIV-like Anjozorobe virus. In contrast, Mus-borne sequences belonged to the THAIV lineage, suggesting a novel orthohantavirus species according to the phylogenetic analyses and whole-genome comparisons. Our genetic evidence indicates the presence of two THAIV-related viruses circulating in this CKDu endemic area, suggesting a basis for further investigations to identify the infectious virus in patients with CKDu and the CKDu induction mechanism of these viruses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hantavirus)
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12 pages, 5493 KiB  
Article
Rodent-Borne Orthohantaviruses in Vietnam, Madagascar and Japan
by Fuka Kikuchi, Kae Senoo, Satoru Arai, Kimiyuki Tsuchiya, Nguyễn Trường Sơn, Masaharu Motokawa, Marie Claudine Ranorosoa, Saw Bawm, Kyaw San Lin, Hitoshi Suzuki, Akira Unno, Keisuke Nakata, Masashi Harada, Keiko Tanaka-Taya, Shigeru Morikawa, Motoi Suzuki, Tetsuya Mizutani and Richard Yanagihara
Viruses 2021, 13(7), 1343; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13071343 - 12 Jul 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2288
Abstract
Hantaviruses are harbored by multiple small mammal species in Asia, Europe, Africa, and the Americas. To ascertain the geographic distribution and virus-host relationships of rodent-borne hantaviruses in Japan, Vietnam, Myanmar, and Madagascar, RNAlater™-preserved lung tissues of 981 rodents representing 40 species, [...] Read more.
Hantaviruses are harbored by multiple small mammal species in Asia, Europe, Africa, and the Americas. To ascertain the geographic distribution and virus-host relationships of rodent-borne hantaviruses in Japan, Vietnam, Myanmar, and Madagascar, RNAlater™-preserved lung tissues of 981 rodents representing 40 species, collected in 2011–2017, were analyzed for hantavirus RNA by RT-PCR. Our data showed Hantaan orthohantavirus Da Bie Shan strain in the Chinese white-bellied rat (Niviventer confucianus) in Vietnam, Thailand; orthohantavirus Anjo strain in the black rat (Rattus rattus) in Madagascar; and Puumala orthohantavirus Hokkaido strain in the grey-sided vole (Myodes rufocanus) in Japan. The Hokkaido strain of Puumala virus was also detected in the large Japanese field mouse (Apodemus speciosus) and small Japanese field mouse (Apodemus argenteus), with evidence of host-switching as determined by co-phylogeny mapping. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hantavirus)
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12 pages, 3935 KiB  
Article
Geographic Distribution and Phylogeny of Soricine Shrew-Borne Seewis Virus and Altai Virus in Russia
by Liudmila N. Yashina, Sergey A. Abramov, Alexander V. Zhigalin, Natalia A. Smetannikova, Tamara A. Dupal, Anton V. Krivopalov, Fuka Kikuchi, Kae Senoo, Satoru Arai, Tetsuya Mizutani, Motoi Suzuki, Joseph A. Cook and Richard Yanagihara
Viruses 2021, 13(7), 1286; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13071286 - 01 Jul 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2847
Abstract
The discovery of genetically distinct hantaviruses (family Hantaviridae) in multiple species of shrews, moles and bats has revealed a complex evolutionary history involving cross-species transmission. Seewis virus (SWSV) is widely distributed throughout the geographic ranges of its soricid hosts, including the Eurasian [...] Read more.
The discovery of genetically distinct hantaviruses (family Hantaviridae) in multiple species of shrews, moles and bats has revealed a complex evolutionary history involving cross-species transmission. Seewis virus (SWSV) is widely distributed throughout the geographic ranges of its soricid hosts, including the Eurasian common shrew (Sorex araneus), tundra shrew (Sorex tundrensis) and Siberian large-toothed shrew (Sorex daphaenodon), suggesting host sharing. In addition, genetic variants of SWSV, previously named Artybash virus (ARTV) and Amga virus, have been detected in the Laxmann’s shrew (Sorex caecutiens). Here, we describe the geographic distribution and phylogeny of SWSV and Altai virus (ALTV) in Asian Russia. The complete genomic sequence analysis showed that ALTV, also harbored by the Eurasian common shrew, is a new hantavirus species, distantly related to SWSV. Moreover, Lena River virus (LENV) appears to be a distinct hantavirus species, harbored by Laxmann’s shrews and flat-skulled shrews (Sorex roboratus) in Eastern Siberia and far-eastern Russia. Another ALTV-related virus, which is more closely related to Camp Ripley virus from the United States, has been identified in the Eurasian least shrew (Sorex minutissimus) from far-eastern Russia. Two highly divergent viruses, ALTV and SWSV co-circulate among common shrews in Western Siberia, while LENV and the ARTV variant of SWSV co-circulate among Laxmann’s shrews in Eastern Siberia and far-eastern Russia. ALTV and ALTV-related viruses appear to belong to the Mobatvirus genus, while SWSV is a member of the Orthohantavirus genus. These findings suggest that ALTV and ALTV-related hantaviruses might have emerged from ancient cross-species transmission with subsequent diversification within Sorex shrews in Eurasia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hantavirus)
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19 pages, 1591 KiB  
Article
The Serological Cross-Detection of Bat-Borne Hantaviruses: A Valid Strategy or Taking Chances?
by Renata Carvalho de Oliveira, Jorlan Fernandes, Elba Regina de Sampaio Lemos, Fernando de Paiva Conte and Rodrigo Nunes Rodrigues-da-Silva
Viruses 2021, 13(7), 1188; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13071188 - 22 Jun 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1933
Abstract
Bats are hosts of a range of viruses, and their great diversity and unique characteristics that distinguish them from all other mammals have been related to the maintenance, evolution, and dissemination of these pathogens. Recently, very divergent hantaviruses have been discovered in distinct [...] Read more.
Bats are hosts of a range of viruses, and their great diversity and unique characteristics that distinguish them from all other mammals have been related to the maintenance, evolution, and dissemination of these pathogens. Recently, very divergent hantaviruses have been discovered in distinct species of bats worldwide, but their association with human disease remains unclear. Considering the low success rates of detecting hantavirus RNA in bat tissues and that to date no hantaviruses have been isolated from bat samples, immunodiagnostic tools could be very helpful to understand pathogenesis, epidemiology, and geographic range of bat-borne hantaviruses. In this sense, we aimed to identify in silico immunogenic B-cell epitopes present on bat-borne hantaviruses nucleoprotein (NP) and verify if they are conserved among them and other selected members of Mammantavirinae, using a combination of (the three most used) different prediction algorithms, ELLIPRO, Discotope 2.0, and PEPITO server. To support our data, we in silico modeled 3D structures of NPs from representative members of bat-borne hantaviruses, using comparative and ab initio methods due to the absence of crystallographic structures of studied proteins or similar models in the Protein Data Bank. Our analysis demonstrated the antigenic complexity of the bat-borne hantaviruses group, showing a low sequence conservation of epitopes among members of its own group and a minor conservation degree in comparison to Orthohantavirus, with a recognized importance to public health. Our data suggest that the use of recombinant rodent-borne hantavirus NPs to cross-detect antibodies against bat- or shrew-borne viruses could underestimate the real impact of this virus in nature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hantavirus)
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9 pages, 890 KiB  
Article
Continuing Orthohantavirus Circulation in Deer Mice in Western Montana
by Brandi N. Williamson, Kimberly Meade-White, Kristin Boardman, Jonathan E. Schulz, Carson T. Telford, Dania M. Figueroa Acosta, Trenton Bushmaker, Robert J. Fischer, Kyle Rosenke and Heinz Feldmann
Viruses 2021, 13(6), 1006; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13061006 - 27 May 2021
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Abstract
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is an often-fatal disease caused by New World hantaviruses, such as Sin Nombre orthohantavirus (SNV). In the US, >800 cases of HPS have been confirmed since it was first discovered in 1993, of which 43 were reported from the [...] Read more.
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is an often-fatal disease caused by New World hantaviruses, such as Sin Nombre orthohantavirus (SNV). In the US, >800 cases of HPS have been confirmed since it was first discovered in 1993, of which 43 were reported from the state of Montana. The primary cause of HPS in the US is SNV, which is primarily found in the reservoir host Peromyscus maniculatus (deer mouse). The reservoir host covers most of the US, including Montana, where multiple studies found SNV in local deer mouse populations. This study aimed to check the prevalence of SNV in the deer mice at popular recreation sites throughout the Bitterroot Valley in Western Montana as compared to previous studies in western Montana. We found high prevalence (up to 20%) of deer mice positive for SNV RNA in the lungs. We were unable to obtain a SNV tissue culture isolate from the lungs but could passage SNV from lung tissue into naïve deer mice. Our findings demonstrate continuing circulation of SNV in western Montana. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hantavirus)
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16 pages, 2165 KiB  
Article
Multiplex PCR-Based Nanopore Sequencing and Epidemiological Surveillance of Hantaan orthohantavirus in Apodemus agrarius, Republic of Korea
by Kyungmin Park, Seung-Ho Lee, Jongwoo Kim, Jingyeong Lee, Geum-Young Lee, Seungchan Cho, Seung Ho Lee, Kkothanahreum Park, Jin Sun No, Shailesh Budhathoki, Yu-Jin Kim, Young-Su Kim, Heung-Chul Kim, Terry A. Klein, Won-Keun Kim and Jin-Won Song
Viruses 2021, 13(5), 847; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13050847 - 06 May 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3607
Abstract
Whole-genome sequencing of infectious agents enables the identification and characterization of emerging viruses. The MinION device is a portable sequencer that allows real-time sequencing in fields or hospitals. Hantaan orthohantavirus (Hantaan virus, HTNV), harbored by Apodemus agrarius, causes hemorrhagic fever with renal [...] Read more.
Whole-genome sequencing of infectious agents enables the identification and characterization of emerging viruses. The MinION device is a portable sequencer that allows real-time sequencing in fields or hospitals. Hantaan orthohantavirus (Hantaan virus, HTNV), harbored by Apodemus agrarius, causes hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and poses a critical public health threat worldwide. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the feasibility of using nanopore sequencing for whole-genome sequencing of HTNV from samples having different viral copy numbers. Amplicon-based next-generation sequencing was performed in A. agrarius lung tissues collected from the Republic of Korea. Genomic sequences of HTNV were analyzed based on the viral RNA copy numbers. Amplicon-based nanopore sequencing provided nearly full-length genomic sequences of HTNV and showed sufficient read depth for phylogenetic analysis after 8 h of sequencing. The average identity of the HTNV genome sequences for the nanopore sequencer compared to those of generated from Illumina MiSeq revealed 99.8% (L and M segments) and 99.7% (S segment) identities, respectively. This study highlights the potential of the portable nanopore sequencer for rapid generation of accurate genomic sequences of HTNV for quicker decision making in point-of-care testing of HFRS patients during a hantavirus outbreak. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hantavirus)
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15 pages, 2410 KiB  
Article
Identification of Novel Antiviral Compounds Targeting Entry of Hantaviruses
by Jennifer Mayor, Giulia Torriani, Olivier Engler and Sylvia Rothenberger
Viruses 2021, 13(4), 685; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13040685 - 16 Apr 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2539
Abstract
Hemorrhagic fever viruses, among them orthohantaviruses, arenaviruses and filoviruses, are responsible for some of the most severe human diseases and represent a serious challenge for public health. The current limited therapeutic options and available vaccines make the development of novel efficacious antiviral agents [...] Read more.
Hemorrhagic fever viruses, among them orthohantaviruses, arenaviruses and filoviruses, are responsible for some of the most severe human diseases and represent a serious challenge for public health. The current limited therapeutic options and available vaccines make the development of novel efficacious antiviral agents an urgent need. Inhibiting viral attachment and entry is a promising strategy for the development of new treatments and to prevent all subsequent steps in virus infection. Here, we developed a fluorescence-based screening assay for the identification of new antivirals against hemorrhagic fever virus entry. We screened a phytochemical library containing 320 natural compounds using a validated VSV pseudotype platform bearing the glycoprotein of the virus of interest and encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). EGFP expression allows the quantitative detection of infection and the identification of compounds affecting viral entry. We identified several hits against four pseudoviruses for the orthohantaviruses Hantaan (HTNV) and Andes (ANDV), the filovirus Ebola (EBOV) and the arenavirus Lassa (LASV). Two selected inhibitors, emetine dihydrochloride and tetrandrine, were validated with infectious pathogenic HTNV in a BSL-3 laboratory. This study provides potential therapeutics against emerging virus infection, and highlights the importance of drug repurposing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hantavirus)
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7 pages, 253 KiB  
Communication
Effectiveness Regarding Hantavirus Detection in Rodent Tissue Samples and Urine
by Mónika Madai, Győző Horváth, Róbert Herczeg, Balázs Somogyi, Brigitta Zana, Fanni Földes, Gábor Kemenesi, Kornélia Kurucz, Henrietta Papp, Safia Zeghbib and Ferenc Jakab
Viruses 2021, 13(4), 570; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13040570 - 29 Mar 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2087
Abstract
The natural hosts of Orthohantaviruses are rodents, soricomorphs and bats, and it is well known that they may cause serious or even fatal diseases among humans worldwide. The virus is persistent among animals and it is shed via urine, saliva and feces throughout [...] Read more.
The natural hosts of Orthohantaviruses are rodents, soricomorphs and bats, and it is well known that they may cause serious or even fatal diseases among humans worldwide. The virus is persistent among animals and it is shed via urine, saliva and feces throughout the entirety of their lives. We aim to identify the effectiveness of hantavirus detection in rodent tissue samples and urine originating from naturally infected rodents. Initially, animals were trapped at five distinct locations throughout the Transdanubian region in Hungary. Lung, liver, kidney and urine samples were obtained from 163 deceased animals. All organs and urine were tested using nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (nRT-PCR). Furthermore, sera were examined for IgG antibodies against Dobrava–Belgrade virus (DOBV) and Puumala virus (PUUV) by Western blot assay. IgG antibodies against hantaviruses and/or nucleic acid were detected in 25 (15.3%) cases. Among Apodemus, Myodes, and Microtus rodent species, DOBV, PUUV and Tula virus (TULV) were clearly identified. Amid the PCR-positive samples, the nucleic acid of the viruses was detected most effectively in the kidney (100%), while only 55% of screened lung tissues were positive. Interestingly, only three out of 20 rodent urine samples were positive when tested using nRT-PCR. Moreover, five rodents were seropositive without detectable virus nucleic acid in any of the tested organs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hantavirus)

Review

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25 pages, 12790 KiB  
Review
Occupational Hantavirus Infections in Agricultural and Forestry Workers: A Systematic Review and Metanalysis
by Matteo Riccò, Simona Peruzzi, Silvia Ranzieri and Nicola Magnavita
Viruses 2021, 13(11), 2150; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13112150 - 25 Oct 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2186
Abstract
Hantaviruses are zoonotic pathogens that can cause serious human disorders, including hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome. As the main risk factor for human infections is the interaction with rodents, occupational groups such as farmers and forestry workers are reportedly [...] Read more.
Hantaviruses are zoonotic pathogens that can cause serious human disorders, including hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome. As the main risk factor for human infections is the interaction with rodents, occupational groups such as farmers and forestry workers are reportedly at high risk, but no summary evidence has been collected to date. Therefore, we searched two different databases (PubMed and EMBASE), focusing on studies reporting the prevalence of hantaviruses in farmers and forestry workers. Data were extracted using a standardized assessment form, and results of such analyses were systematically reported, summarized and compared. We identified a total of 42 articles, including a total of 28 estimates on farmers, and 22 on forestry workers, with a total workforce of 15,043 cases (821 positive cases, 5.5%). A pooled seroprevalence of 3.7% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 2.2–6.2) was identified in farmers, compared to 3.8% (95% CI 2.6–5.7) in forestry workers. Compared to the reference population, an increased occurrence was reported for both occupational groups (odds ratio [OR] 1.875, 95% CI 1.438–2.445 and OR 2.892, 95% CI 2.079–4.023 for farmers and forestry workers, respectively). In summary, our analyses stress the actual occurrence of hantaviruses in selected occupational groups. Improved understanding of appropriate preventive measures, as well as further studies on hantavirus infection rates in reservoir host species (rodents, shrews, and bats) and virus transmission to humans, is needed to prevent future outbreaks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hantavirus)
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16 pages, 1749 KiB  
Review
Hantavirus Replication Cycle—An Updated Structural Virology Perspective
by Kristina Meier, Sigurdur R. Thorkelsson, Emmanuelle R. J. Quemin and Maria Rosenthal
Viruses 2021, 13(8), 1561; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13081561 - 06 Aug 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 6221 | Correction
Abstract
Hantaviruses infect a wide range of hosts including insectivores and rodents and can also cause zoonotic infections in humans, which can lead to severe disease with possible fatal outcomes. Hantavirus outbreaks are usually linked to the population dynamics of the host animals and [...] Read more.
Hantaviruses infect a wide range of hosts including insectivores and rodents and can also cause zoonotic infections in humans, which can lead to severe disease with possible fatal outcomes. Hantavirus outbreaks are usually linked to the population dynamics of the host animals and their habitats being in close proximity to humans, which is becoming increasingly important in a globalized world. Currently there is neither an approved vaccine nor a specific and effective antiviral treatment available for use in humans. Hantaviruses belong to the order Bunyavirales with a tri-segmented negative-sense RNA genome. They encode only five viral proteins and replicate and transcribe their genome in the cytoplasm of infected cells. However, many details of the viral amplification cycle are still unknown. In recent years, structural biology methods such as cryo-electron tomography, cryo-electron microscopy, and crystallography have contributed essentially to our understanding of virus entry by membrane fusion as well as genome encapsidation by the nucleoprotein. In this review, we provide an update on the hantavirus replication cycle with a special focus on structural virology aspects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hantavirus)
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1 pages, 165 KiB  
Correction
Correction: Meier et al. Hantavirus Replication Cycle—An Updated Structural Virology Perspective. Viruses 2021, 13, 1561
by Kristina Meier, Sigurdur R. Thorkelsson, Emmanuelle R. J. Quemin and Maria Rosenthal
Viruses 2023, 15(2), 273; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v15020273 - 18 Jan 2023
Viewed by 688
Abstract
There was an error in the original publication [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hantavirus)
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