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Emerging Viruses in Aquaculture

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A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Animal Viruses".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 December 2021) | Viewed by 37586

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Manfred Weidmann

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Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Brandenburg Medical School Fontane, Senftenberg Site, B-TU Campus, Building 15, Universitaetsplatz 1, D-01968 Senftenberg, Germany
Interests: viruses; emerging diseases; molecular epidemiology; mobile molecular diagnostics; point-of-care tests
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Mansour El-Matbouli

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Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
Interests: fish diseases; ichthyoparasitology; fish bacteriology; fish virology; fish mycology

Dr. Sven M. Bergmann

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Guest Editor

Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
Interests: aquaculture fish; mollusks; crustaceans; reptiles and amphibia

Prof. Dr. Weiwei Zeng

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Guest Editor

B7-507, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, #33 Guang-yun-lu, Shishan, Nanhai, Foshan 440605, Guangdong, China
Interests: fish virology; fish vaccinology; diagnosis of aquatic diseases; fish diseases and epidemiology; new emerging viruses in aquaculture

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

According to the 2018 FAO report on aquaculture, there are 598 species of finfish, molluscs, crustaceans, and other organisms used in aquafarming around the world. Thus, there is the potential for a multitude of viruses to affect these species.

Aquatic viruses drift through the water passively, and their chance of hitting something in which to amplify is very low. Therefore, not surprisingly, aquatic viruses are very promiscuous, with a huge host range. Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), for example, replicates in about 50 finfish species. A penned-in finfish shoal in a cage is an ideal situation for an aquatic virus. Once the infection establishes a hold, the basic reproduction number (R_o) of virus infection amongst the fish in the cage easily shoots beyond the threshold where only the host number can limit the R_o.

The aim of this Special Issue is therefore to collect peer-reviewed reports, perspectives, reviews, and research articles focusing on the recent advances in aquaculture virology

- Virus detection, virus diversity, and molecular biology;

- Interplay between the virus and host cell;

- Determination of virus epidemiology, ecology, and mechanisms of diffusion in natural reservoirs or in aquaculture operations.

Prof. Dr. Manfred Weidmann
Prof. Dr. Mansour El-Matbouli
Dr. Sven M. Bergmann
Prof. Dr. Weiwei Zeng
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

aquaculture viruses
finfish viruses
shellfish viruses
crustacean viruses
reservoir
emergence
epidemiology
evolution
diversity
transmission
animal model
cellular model
molecular interaction
diagnostic
surveillance

Published Papers (13 papers)

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Editorial

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2 pages, 156 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Special Issue “Emerging Viruses in Aquaculture”

by Manfred Weidmann, Mansour El-Matbouli, Weiwei Zeng and Sven M. Bergmann

Viruses 2021, 13(9), 1777; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13091777 - 06 Sep 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1790

Abstract

According to the 2018 FAO report on aquaculture, there are 598 species of finfish, molluscs, crustaceans, and other organisms used in aquafarming around the world [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Viruses in Aquaculture)

Research

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14 pages, 1491 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reservoirs of Red-Spotted Grouper Nervous Necrosis Virus (RGNNV) in Squid and Shrimp Species of Northern Alboran Sea

by Carolina Johnstone, Montse Pérez, Marta Arizcun, Cristina García-Ruiz and Elena Chaves-Pozo

Viruses 2022, 14(2), 328; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v14020328 - 06 Feb 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2159

Abstract

The production of the aquaculture industry has increased to be equal to that of the world fisheries in recent years. However, aquaculture production faces threats such as infectious diseases. Betanodaviruses induce a neurological disease that affects fish species worldwide and is caused by nervous necrosis virus (NNV). NNV has a nude capsid protecting a bipartite RNA genome that consists of molecules RNA1 and RNA2. Four NNV strains distributed worldwide are discriminated according to sequence homology of the capsid protein encoded by RNA2. Since its first description over 30 years ago, the virus has expanded and reassortant strains have appeared. Preventive treatments prioritize the RGNNV (red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus) strain that has the highest optimum temperature for replication and the broadest range of susceptible species. There is strong concern about the spreading of NNV in the mariculture industry through contaminated diet. To surveil natural reservoirs of NNV in the western Mediterranean Sea, we collected invertebrate species in 2015 in the Alboran Sea. We report the detection of the RGNNV strain in two species of cephalopod mollusks (Alloteuthis media and Abralia veranyi), and in one decapod crustacean (Plesionika heterocarpus). According to RNA2 sequences obtained from invertebrate species and reported to date in the Mediterranean Sea, the strain RGNNV is predominant in this semienclosed sea. Neither an ecosystem- nor host-driven distribution of RGNNV were observed in the Mediterranean basin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Viruses in Aquaculture)

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13 pages, 4243 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic and Pathogenic Characterization of a New Iridovirus Isolated from Cage-Cultured Large Yellow Croaker (Larimichthys crocea) in China

by Gengshen Wang, Yingjia Luan, Jinping Wei, Yunfeng Li, Hui Shi, Haoxue Cheng, Aixu Bai, Jianjun Xie, Wenjun Xu and Pan Qin

Viruses 2022, 14(2), 208; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v14020208 - 21 Jan 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2480

Abstract

Iridoviruses are an important pathogen of ectothermic vertebrates and are considered a significant threat to aquacultural fish production. Recently, one of the most economically important marine species in China, the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea), has been increasingly reported to be the victim of iridovirus disease. In this study, we isolated and identified a novel iridovirus, LYCIV-ZS-2020, from cage-cultured large yellow croaker farms in Zhoushan island, China. Genome sequencing and subsequent phylogenetic analyses showed that LYCIV-ZS-2020 belongs to the genus Megalocytivirus and is closely related to the Pompano iridoviruses isolated in the Dominican Republic. LYCIV-ZS-2020 enriched from selected tissues of naturally infected large yellow croaker was used in an artificial infection trial and the results proved its pathogenicity in large yellow croaker. This is the first systematic research on the genetic and pathogenic characterization of iridovirus in large yellow croakers, which expanded our knowledge of the iridovirus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Viruses in Aquaculture)

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21 pages, 4635 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Oral Administration of Bacillus subtilis Subunit Vaccine Significantly Enhances the Immune Protection of Grass Carp against GCRV-II Infection

by Yang Gao, Xingchen Huo, Zhensheng Wang, Gailing Yuan, Xiaoling Liu, Taoshan Ai and Jianguo Su

Viruses 2022, 14(1), 30; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v14010030 - 24 Dec 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2974

Abstract

Grass carp reovirus (GCRV) is a severe virus that causes great losses to grass carp culture every year, and GCRV-II is the current popular and fatal strain. VP56, fibrin on the outer surface of GCRV-II, mediates cell attachment. In this study, we firstly divided the VP56 gene into four fragments to screen the optimal antigen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and neutralizing antibody methods. The second fragment VP56-2 demonstrates the optimal efficiency and was employed as an antigen in the following experiments. Bacillus subtilis were used as a carrier, and VP56-2 was expressed on the surface of the spores. Then, we performed the oral immunization for grass carp and the challenge with GCRV-II. The survival rate was remarkably raised, and mRNA expressions of IgM were significantly up-regulated in spleen and head kidney tissues in the B. s-CotC-VP56-2 group. Three crucial immune indexes (complement C3, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase) in the sera were also significantly enhanced. mRNA expressions of four important genes (TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN1 and MHC-II) were significantly strengthened. Tissue lesions were obviously attenuated by histopathological slide examination in trunk kidney and spleen tissues. Tissue viral burdens were significantly reduced post-viral challenge. These results indicated that the oral recombinant B. subtilis VP56-2 subunit vaccine is effective for controlling GCRV infection and provides a feasible strategy for the control of fish virus diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Viruses in Aquaculture)

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11 pages, 5821 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Susceptibility of Goldfish to Cyprinid Herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) SH01 Isolated from Cultured Crucian Carp

by Jinxuan Wen, Yao Xu, Meizhen Su, Liqun Lu and Hao Wang

Viruses 2021, 13(9), 1761; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13091761 - 03 Sep 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2770

Abstract

Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2), a member of the Alloherpesviridae family belonging to the genus Cyprinivirus, is a fatal contagious aquatic pathogen that affects goldfish (Carassius auratus) and crucian carp (Carassius carassius). Although crucian carp and goldfish belong to the genus Carassius, it is unclear whether they are susceptible to the same CyHV-2 isolate. In addition, the origin of the crucian carp-derived CyHV-2 virus isolate remains unclear. CyHV-2 SH01 was isolated during herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis disease (HVHN) outbreaks in crucian carp at a local fish farm near Shanghai. CyHV-2 SH01 was confirmed by PCR and Western blot analysis of kidney, spleen, muscle, and blood tissue from the diseased crucian carp. Moreover, histopathological and ultra-pathological analyses revealed pathological changes characteristic of CyHV-2 SH01 infection in the tissues of the diseased crucian carp. In the present study, goldfish and crucian carp were challenged with CyHV-2 SH01 to elucidate viral virulence. We found that CyHV-2 SH01 could cause rapid and fatal disease progression in goldfish and crucian carp 24 h post-injection at 28 °C. Experimental infection of goldfish by injection indicated that the average virus titer in the kidney of the goldfish was 10^3.47 to 10^3.59 copies/mg. In addition, tissues exhibited the most prominent histopathological changes (cellular wrinkling and shrinkage, cytoplasmic vacuolation, fusion of the gill lamellae, and hepatic congestion) in CyHV-2 SH01-infected goldfish and crucian carp. Thus, crucian carp and goldfish showed a high sensitivity, with typical symptoms, to HVHN disease caused by CyHV-2 SH01. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Viruses in Aquaculture)

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13 pages, 12744 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genotype Diversity and Spread of White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) in Madagascar (2012–2016)

by Alain Moïse Onihary, Iony Manitra Razanajatovo, Lydia Rabetafika, Alexandra Bastaraud, Jean-Michel Heraud and Voahangy Rasolofo

Viruses 2021, 13(9), 1713; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13091713 - 28 Aug 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2409

Abstract

White Spot Disease (WSD) caused by the White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) is the most devastating viral disease threatening the shrimp culture industry worldwide, including Madagascar. WDS was first reported on the island in 2012; however, little is known about the circulation of the virus and its genetic diversity. Our study aimed at describing the molecular diversity and the spread of WSSV in the populations of Madagascan crustaceans. Farmed and wild shrimps were collected from various locations in Madagascar from 2012 to 2016 and were tested for WSSV. Amplicons from positive specimens targeting five molecular markers (ORF75, ORF94, ORF125, VR14/15 and VR23/24) were sequenced for genotyping characterizations. Four genotypes were found in Madagascar. The type-I genotype was observed in the south-west of Madagascar in April 2012, causing a disastrous epidemic, then spread to the North-West coast. Type-II strains were detected in October 2012 causing an outbreak in another Penaeus monodon farm. In 2014 and 2015, types II and III were observed in shrimp farms. Finally, in 2016, types II and IV were found in wild species including Fenneropenaeus indicus, Metapenaeus monoceros, Marsupenaeus japonicus and Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Considering the economic importance of the shrimp industry for Madagascar, our study highlights the need to maintain WSSV surveillance to quickly take appropriate countermeasures in case of outbreak and to sustain this industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Viruses in Aquaculture)

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11 pages, 2186 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Emerging Viral Pathogens in Sturgeon Aquaculture in Poland: Focus on Herpesviruses and Mimivirus Detection

by Magdalena Stachnik, Marek Matras, Ewa Borzym, Joanna Maj-Paluch and Michał Reichert

Viruses 2021, 13(8), 1496; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13081496 - 29 Jul 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3255

Abstract

Recently, Poland has become a leading producer of sturgeon meat and caviar in Europe and is one of the largest in the world. The growing importance of this branch of aquaculture means that diseases of these fish, especially viral ones, are becoming the object of interest for ichthyopathologists. In recent years, there have been increasing reports of health problems in the dynamically developing sturgeon farming. The greatest risk appears to be emerging infectious diseases that are caused by viruses and that can become a serious threat to the development of the aquaculture industry and the success of sturgeon restitution programs undertaken in many European countries, including Poland. In this paper, an attempt was made to determine the spread of the two most important groups of viruses in Polish sturgeon farming: These include the herpesviruses and sturgeon nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (sNCLDV), in particular, mimiviruses. In the years 2016–2020, 136 samples from nine farms were collected and tested by using the WSSK-1 cell line, PCR and Real Time PCR methods. All results were negative for herpesviruses. Out of the samples, 26% of the samples have been tested positive for mimiviruses. Sanger sequencing of mimiviruses demonstrated their affiliation with AciV-E. The sequence characterization confirmed the presence of both V1 and V2 lineages in Polish fish facilities, but variant V2 seems to be more widespread, as is observed in other European countries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Viruses in Aquaculture)

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15 pages, 2068 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Co-Infection of Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHHNV) and White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) in the Wild Crustaceans of Andaman and Nicobar Archipelago, India

by Kandasamy Saravanan, Jayasimhan Praveenraj, Rajendran Kiruba-Sankar, Varsha Devi, Utpal Biswas, Thangaraj Sathish Kumar, Arun Sudhagar, Mansour El-Matbouli and Gokhlesh Kumar

Viruses 2021, 13(7), 1378; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13071378 - 15 Jul 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2797

Abstract

The present study was intended to screen the wild crustaceans for co-infection with Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHHNV) and White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) in Andaman and Nicobar Archipelago, India. We screened a total of 607 shrimp and 110 crab samples using a specific polymerase chain reaction, and out of them, 82 shrimps (13.5%) and 5 (4.5%) crabs were found positive for co-infection of IHHNV and WSSV. A higher rate of co-infection was observed in Penaeus monodon and Scylla serrata than other shrimp and crab species. The nucleotide sequences of IHHNV and WSSV obtained from crab in this present study exhibited very high sequence identity with their counterparts retrieved from various countries. Histopathological analysis of the infected shrimp gill sections further confirmed the eosinophilic intra-nuclear cowdry type A inclusion bodies and basophilic intra-nuclear inclusion bodies characteristics of IHHNV and WSSV infections, respectively. The present study serves as the first report on co-infection of WSSV and IHHNV in Andaman and Nicobar Archipelago, India and accentuates the critical need for continuous monitoring of wild crustaceans and appropriate biosecurity measures for brackishwater aquaculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Viruses in Aquaculture)

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23 pages, 3342 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Global mRNA and miRNA Analysis Reveal Key Processes in the Initial Response to Infection with WSSV in the Pacific Whiteleg Shrimp

by Rebecca S. Millard, Lisa K. Bickley, Kelly S. Bateman, Audrey Farbos, Diana Minardi, Karen Moore, Stuart H. Ross, Grant D. Stentiford, Charles R. Tyler, Ronny van Aerle and Eduarda M. Santos

Viruses 2021, 13(6), 1140; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13061140 - 13 Jun 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5110

Abstract

White Spot Disease (WSD) presents a major barrier to penaeid shrimp production. Mechanisms underlying White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) susceptibility in penaeids are poorly understood due to limited information related to early infection. We investigated mRNA and miRNA transcription in Penaeus vannamei over 36 h following infection. Over this time course, 6192 transcripts and 27 miRNAs were differentially expressed—with limited differential expression from 3–12 h post injection (hpi) and a more significant transcriptional response associated with the onset of disease symptoms (24 hpi). During early infection, regulated processes included cytoskeletal remodelling and alterations in phagocytic activity that may assist WSSV entry and translocation, novel miRNA-induced metabolic shifts, and the downregulation of ATP-dependent proton transporter subunits that may impair cellular recycling. During later infection, uncoupling of the electron transport chain may drive cellular dysfunction and lead to high mortalities in infected penaeids. We propose that post-transcriptional silencing of the immune priming gene Dscam (downregulated following infections) by a novel shrimp miRNA (Pva-pmiR-78; upregulated) as a potential mechanism preventing future recognition of WSSV that may be suppressed in surviving shrimp. Our findings improve our understanding of WSD pathogenesis in P. vannamei and provide potential avenues for future development of prophylactics and treatments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Viruses in Aquaculture)

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13 pages, 3196 KiB

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Identification, Virulence, and Molecular Characterization of a Recombinant Isolate of Grass Carp Reovirus Genotype I

by Weiwei Zeng, Sven M. Bergmannc, Hanxu Dong, Ying Yang, Minglin Wu, Hong Liu, Yanfeng Chen and Hua Li

Viruses 2021, 13(5), 807; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13050807 - 30 Apr 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2036

Abstract

The hemorrhagic disease of grass carp (HDGC) caused by grass carp reovirus (GCRV) still poses a great threat to the grass carp industry. Isolation and identification of the GCRV genotype I (GCRV-I) has been rarely reported in the past decade. In this study, a new GCRV was isolated from diseased fish with severe symptoms of enteritis and mild hemorrhages on the body surface. The isolate was further identified by cell culture, transmission electron, indirect immunofluorescence, and SDS-PAGE electrophoretic pattern analysis of genomic RNA. The results were consistent with the new isolate as a GCRV-I member and tentatively named GCRV-GZ1208. Both grass carp and rare minnow infected by the GCRV-GZ1208 have no obvious hemorrhagic symptoms, and the final mortality rate was ≤10%, indicating that it may be a low virulent isolate. GZ1208 possessed highest genomic homology to 873/GCHV (GCRV-I) and golden shiner reovirus (GSRV). Additionally, it was found a 90.7–98.3% nucleotide identity, a 96.4–100% amino acid identity, and <50% identity with GCRV-II and III genotypes. Interestingly, the sequences of some segments of GZ1208 were similar to GCRV-8733/GCHV, whereas the remaining segments were more closely related to GSRV, suggesting that a recombination event had occurred. Bootscan analysis of the complete genomic sequence confirmed this hypothesis, and recombination events between 873/GCHV and other GSRV-like viruses were also accompanied by gene mutations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Viruses in Aquaculture)

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18 pages, 29709 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Isolation, Identification, and Genomic Analysis of a Novel Reovirus from Healthy Grass Carp and Its Dynamic Proliferation In Vitro and In Vivo

by Ke Zhang, Wenzhi Liu, Yiqun Li, Yong Zhou, Yan Meng, Lingbing Zeng, Vikram N. Vakharia and Yuding Fan

Viruses 2021, 13(4), 690; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13040690 - 16 Apr 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2090

Abstract

A new grass carp reovirus (GCRV), healthy grass carp reovirus (HGCRV), was isolated from grass carp in 2019. Its complete genome sequence was determined and contained 11 dsRNAs with a total size of 23,688 bp and 57.2 mol% G+C content, encoding 12 proteins. All segments had conserved 5' and 3' termini. Sequence comparisons showed that HGCRV was closely related to GCRV-873 (GCRV-I; 69.57–96.71% protein sequence identity) but shared only 22.65–45.85% and 23.37–43.39% identities with GCRV-HZ08 and Hubei grass carp disease reovirus (HGDRV), respectively. RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (RdRp) protein-based phylogenetic analysis showed that HGCRV clustered with Aquareovirus-C (AqRV-C) prior to joining a branch common with other aquareoviruses. Further analysis using VP6 amino acid sequences from Chinese GCRV strains showed that HGCRV was in the same evolutionary cluster as GCRV-I. Thus, HGCRV could be a new GCRV isolate of GCRV-I but is distantly related to other known GCRVs. Grass carp infected with HGCRV did not exhibit signs of hemorrhage. Interestingly, the isolate induced a typical cytopathic effect in fish cell lines, such as infected cell shrank, apoptosis, and plague-like syncytia. Further analysis showed that HGCRV could proliferate in grass carp liver (L28824), gibel carp brain (GiCB), and other fish cell lines, reaching a titer of up to 7.5 × 10⁴ copies/μL. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Viruses in Aquaculture)

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12 pages, 4721 KiB

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Molecular Epidemiology of Novirhabdoviruses Emerging in Iranian Trout Farms

by Sohrab Ahmadivand, Dušan Palić and Manfred Weidmann

Viruses 2021, 13(3), 448; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13030448 - 10 Mar 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2426

Abstract

Novirhabdoviruses cause large epizootics and economic losses of farmed trout. In this study, we surveyed Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus and Infectious hematopoietic and necrosis virus (VHSV and IHNV) through both monitoring and investigation of clinical outbreaks reported by farmers in the regions with major rainbow trout production in Iran from 2015 to 2019. RT-PCR assays of the kidney samples and cell culture (EPC/FHM cells) samples confirmed the presence of the viruses, with 9 VHSV and 4 IHNV isolates, in both endemic and new areas of Iran. Sequence analysis of the G gene revealed that VHSV isolates belonged to genogroup Ia, and IHNV isolates were clustered into genogroup E, both typical for isolates from European countries. A haplotype analysis based on non-homologous amino acids of the G gene supports the emergence of two lineages of IHNV from clade 1 (E-1), as well as VHSV clade 2 (Ia-2) of the European genogroups, confirming that VHSV and IHNV isolates in Iran, have originated from Europe possibly via imported eggs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Viruses in Aquaculture)

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9 pages, 3348 KiB

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Isolation of a New Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV) Variant from a Fish Farm in Scotland

by Jessica Benkaroun, Katherine Fiona Muir, Rosa Allshire, Cüneyt Tamer and Manfred Weidmann

Viruses 2021, 13(3), 385; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13030385 - 28 Feb 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2958

Abstract

The aquatic virus, infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), is known to infect various farmed fish, in particular salmonids, and is responsible for large economic losses in the aquaculture industry. Common practices to detect the virus include qPCR tests based on specific primers and serum neutralization tests for virus serotyping. Following the potential presence of IPNV viruses in a fish farm in Scotland containing vaccinated and IPNV-resistant fish, the common serotyping of the IPNV isolates was not made possible. This led us to determine the complete genome of the new IPNV isolates in order to investigate the cause of the serotyping discrepancy. Next-generation sequencing using the Illumina technology along with the sequence-independent single primer amplification (SISPA) approach was conducted to fully characterize the new Scottish isolates. With this approach, the full genome of two isolates, V1810–4 and V1810–6, was determined and analyzed. The potential origin of the virus isolates was investigated by phylogenetic analyses along with tridimensional and secondary protein structure analyses. These revealed the emergence of a new variant from one of the main virus serotypes, probably caused by the presence of selective pressure exerted by the vaccinated IPNV-resistant farmed fish. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Viruses in Aquaculture)

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