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Viruses
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State-of-the-Art Plant-Virus Interactions in Asia
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State-of-the-Art Plant-Virus Interactions in Asia

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Viruses of Plants, Fungi and Protozoa".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 December 2021) | Viewed by 32836

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Yau-Heiu Hsu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
Interests: plant virology; plant RNA virus; RNA replication; virus–host interaction; virus vector; plant molecular farming

Special Issue Information

Dear colleagues,

As obligate parasites, plant viruses must exploit the host repositories in order to complete their infection cycles. The interactions between host plants and viruses determine the outcome of the infection, ranging from severe necrosis that causes host death to symptomless infections, or even ones that are beneficial to the hosts. The comprehension of the underlying mechanisms is crucial for the development of efficient management measures of plant viral diseases and for the applications of plant viruses in plant molecular farming or as bio-regulators of plant genomes.

Over the past few decades, plant–virus interactions have attracted the attention of numerous scientists around the world. In Asia, geographical factors provide versatile environments for the presence of a plethora of distinctive plant–virus systems. Researchers have made good use of certain unique plant–virus systems in order to analyze plant–virus interactions, and have contributed significantly to our understanding of the molecular foundation of the infection processes and host responses, including various host factors involved in promoting/inhibiting viral infections and the interplay with the counterparts encoded by different viruses. It is now a good time to consolidate these studies in order to identify where we are now and where to go next.

In this Special Issue, we focus on the state-of-the-art research regarding plant–virus interactions in Asia, aiming at providing new insights into the communications between plant and viral factors and translating the knowledge to practical applications. We sincerely invite you to contribute your original studies or review articles related to these topics.

Prof. Yau-Heiu Hsu
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • plant-virus interaction
  • plant innate immunity
  • host factors
  • RNA silencing
  • virus replication
  • virus movement
  • disease control measures

Published Papers (13 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

3 pages, 181 KiB  
Editorial
Special Issue “State-of-the-Art Plant–Virus Interactions in Asia”
by Yau-Heiu Hsu
Viruses 2022, 14(5), 864; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v14050864 - 21 Apr 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1259
Abstract
As rivals over the long history of co-evolution, viruses and host plants have each developed specialized strategies and machineries to cope with the rivalry [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Plant-Virus Interactions in Asia)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

17 pages, 2077 KiB  
Article
First Report of Distinct Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) Isolates Infecting Bambusa funghomii in Vietnam and the Identification of a Highly Variable Region in the BaMV Genome
by Ying-Wen Huang, Chin-Wei Lee, Na-Sheng Lin, Ha Viet Cuong, Chung-Chi Hu and Yau-Heiu Hsu
Viruses 2022, 14(4), 698; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v14040698 - 28 Mar 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2061
Abstract
New isolates of the Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) were identified in Bambusa funghomii bamboo in Vietnam. Sequence analyses revealed that the Vietnam isolates are distinct from all known BaMV strains, sharing the highest sequence identities (about 77%) with the Yoshi isolates reported in [...] Read more.
New isolates of the Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) were identified in Bambusa funghomii bamboo in Vietnam. Sequence analyses revealed that the Vietnam isolates are distinct from all known BaMV strains, sharing the highest sequence identities (about 77%) with the Yoshi isolates reported in California, USA. Unique satellite RNAs were also found to be associated with the BaMV Vietnam isolates. A possible recombination event was detected in the genome of BaMV-VN2. A highly variable region was identified in the ORF1 gene, in between the methyl transferase domain and helicase domain. These results revealed the presence of unique BaMV isolates in an additional bamboo species in one more country, Vietnam, and provided evidence in support of the possible involvement of environmental or host factors in the diversification and evolution of BaMV. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Plant-Virus Interactions in Asia)
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15 pages, 27136 KiB  
Article
Identification of Crucial Amino Acids in Begomovirus C4 Proteins Involved in the Modulation of the Severity of Leaf Curling Symptoms
by Kao-Wei Dai, Yu-Ting Tsai, Chia-Ying Wu, Yi-Chin Lai, Na-Sheng Lin and Chung-Chi Hu
Viruses 2022, 14(3), 499; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v14030499 - 28 Feb 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2861
Abstract
Begomoviruses frequently inflict upward or downward leaf curling symptoms on infected plants, leading to severe economic damages. Knowledge of the underlying mechanism controlling the leaf curling severity may facilitate the development of alternative disease management strategies. In this study, through genomic recombination between [...] Read more.
Begomoviruses frequently inflict upward or downward leaf curling symptoms on infected plants, leading to severe economic damages. Knowledge of the underlying mechanism controlling the leaf curling severity may facilitate the development of alternative disease management strategies. In this study, through genomic recombination between Ageratum yellow vein virus Nan-Tou strain (AYVV-NT) and Tomato leaf curl virus Tai-Chung Strain (TLCV-TC), which caused upward and downward leaf curling on Nicotiana benthamiana, respectively, it was found that the coding region of C4 protein might be involved in the determination of leaf curling directions. Sequence comparison and mutational analysis revealed that the cysteine and glycine at position 8 and 14 of AYVV-TC C4 protein, respectively, are involved in the modulation of leaf curling symptoms. Cross-protection assays further demonstrated that N. benthamiana inoculated with AYVV-carrying mutations of the aforementioned amino acids exhibited attenuated leaf curling symptoms under the challenge of wild-type AYVV-NT. Together, these findings revealed a new function of begomovirus C4 proteins involved in the modulation of leaf curling severity during symptom formation and suggested potential applications for managing viral diseases through manipulating the symptoms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Plant-Virus Interactions in Asia)
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15 pages, 5501 KiB  
Article
Identification of a Novel Geminivirus in Fraxinus rhynchophylla in Korea
by Aamir Lal, Yong-Ho Kim, Thuy Thi Bich Vo, I Gusti Ngurah Prabu Wira Sanjaya, Phuong Thi Ho, Hee-Seong Byun, Hong-Soo Choi, Eui-Joon Kil and Sukchan Lee
Viruses 2021, 13(12), 2385; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13122385 - 28 Nov 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2665
Abstract
Fraxinus rhynchophylla, common name ash, belongs to the family Oleaceae and is found in China, Korea, North America, the Indian subcontinent, and eastern Russia. It has been used as a traditional herbal medicine in Korea and various parts of the world due [...] Read more.
Fraxinus rhynchophylla, common name ash, belongs to the family Oleaceae and is found in China, Korea, North America, the Indian subcontinent, and eastern Russia. It has been used as a traditional herbal medicine in Korea and various parts of the world due to its chemical constituents. During a field survey in March 2019, mild vein thickening (almost negligible) was observed in a few ash trees. High-throughput sequencing of libraries of total DNA from ash trees, rolling-circle amplification (RCA), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) allowed the identification of a Fraxinus symptomless virus. This virus has five confirmed open reading frames along with a possible sixth open reading frame that encodes the movement protein and is almost 2.7 kb in size, with a nonanucleotide and stem loop structure identical to begomoviruses. In terms of its size and structure, this virus strongly resembles begomoviruses, but does not show any significant sequence identity with them. To confirm movement of the virus within the trees, different parts of infected trees were examined, and viral movement was successfully observed. No satellite molecules or DNA B were identified. Two-step PCR confirmed the virion and complementary strands during replication in both freshly collected infected samples of ash tree and Nicotiana benthamiana samples agro-inoculated with infectious clones. This taxon is so distantly grouped from other known geminiviruses that it likely represents a new geminivirus genus. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Plant-Virus Interactions in Asia)
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26 pages, 43179 KiB  
Article
Investigation of P1/HC-Pro-Mediated ABA/Calcium Signaling Responses via Gene Silencing through High- and Low-Throughput RNA-seq Approaches
by Yen-Hsin Chiu, Yu-Ling Hung, Hsin-Ping Wang, Wei-Lun Wei, Qian-Wen Shang, Thanh Ha Pham, Chien-Kang Huang, Zhao-Jun Pan and Shih-Shun Lin
Viruses 2021, 13(12), 2349; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13122349 - 23 Nov 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1958
Abstract
The P1/HC-Pro viral suppressor of potyvirus suppresses posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS). The fusion protein of P1/HC-Pro can be cleaved into P1 and HC-Pro through the P1 self-cleavage activity, and P1 is necessary and sufficient to enhance PTGS suppression of HC-Pro. To address the [...] Read more.
The P1/HC-Pro viral suppressor of potyvirus suppresses posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS). The fusion protein of P1/HC-Pro can be cleaved into P1 and HC-Pro through the P1 self-cleavage activity, and P1 is necessary and sufficient to enhance PTGS suppression of HC-Pro. To address the modulation of gene regulatory relationships induced by turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) P1/HC-Pro (P1/HC-ProTu), a comparative transcriptome analysis of three types of transgenic plants (P1Tu, HC-ProTu, and P1/HC-ProTu) were conducted using both high-throughput (HTP) and low-throughput (LTP) RNA-Seq strategies. The results showed that P1/HC-ProTu disturbed the endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation and genes in the signaling pathway. Additionally, the integrated responses of stress-related genes, in particular to drought stress, cold stress, senescence, and stomatal dynamics, altered the expressions by the ABA/calcium signaling. Crosstalk among the ABA, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid pathways might simultaneously modulate the stress responses triggered by P1/HC-ProTu. Furthermore, the LTP network analysis revealed crucial genes in common with those identified by the HTP network in this study, demonstrating the effectiveness of the miniaturization of the HTP profile. Overall, our findings indicate that P1/HC-ProTu-mediated suppression in RNA silencing altered the ABA/calcium signaling and a wide range of stress responses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Plant-Virus Interactions in Asia)
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10 pages, 3872 KiB  
Article
Coinfection of Cotton Plants with Watermelon Mosaic Virus and a Novel Polerovirus in China
by Xiuling Yang, Min Du, Shupeng Li and Xueping Zhou
Viruses 2021, 13(11), 2210; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13112210 - 03 Nov 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2129
Abstract
Cotton is the most important fiber crop worldwide. To determine the presence of viruses in cotton plants showing leaf roll and vein yellowing symptoms in Henan Province of China, a small RNA-based deep sequencing approach was performed. Analysis of the de novo-assembled contigs [...] Read more.
Cotton is the most important fiber crop worldwide. To determine the presence of viruses in cotton plants showing leaf roll and vein yellowing symptoms in Henan Province of China, a small RNA-based deep sequencing approach was performed. Analysis of the de novo-assembled contigs followed by reverse transcription PCR allowed the reconstruction of watermelon mosaic virus and an unknown virus. The genome of the unknown virus was determined to be 5870 nucleotides in length, and has a genomic organization with characteristic features of previously reported poleroviruses. Sequence analysis revealed that the virus was closely related to, but significantly different from, cotton leafroll dwarf virus, a polerovirus of the family Solemoviridae. This virus had less than 90% amino acid sequence identity in the products of both ORF0 and ORF1. According to the polerovirus species demarcation criteria set by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, this virus should be assigned to a new polerovirus species, for which we propose the name “cotton leaf roll virus”. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Plant-Virus Interactions in Asia)
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14 pages, 3509 KiB  
Article
Expression of an Antiviral Gene GmRUN1 from Soybean Is Regulated via Intron-Mediated Enhancement (IME)
by Pengfei Diao, Hongyu Sun, Zhuo Bao, Wenxia Li, Niu Niu, Weimin Li and Hada Wuriyanghan
Viruses 2021, 13(10), 2032; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13102032 - 08 Oct 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2209
Abstract
Most of R (resistance) genes encode the protein containing NBS-LRR (nucleotide binding site and leucine-rich repeat) domains. Here, N. benthamiana plants were used for transient expression assays at 3–4 weeks of age. We identified a TNL (TIR-NBS-LRR) encoding gene GmRUN1 that was resistant [...] Read more.
Most of R (resistance) genes encode the protein containing NBS-LRR (nucleotide binding site and leucine-rich repeat) domains. Here, N. benthamiana plants were used for transient expression assays at 3–4 weeks of age. We identified a TNL (TIR-NBS-LRR) encoding gene GmRUN1 that was resistant to both soybean mosaic virus (SMV) and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Truncation analysis indicated the importance of all three canonical domains for GmRUN1-mediated antiviral activity. Promoter-GUS analysis showed that GmRUN1 expression is inducible by both salicylic acid (SA) and a transcription factor GmDREB3 via the cis-elements as-1 and ERE (ethylene response element), which are present in its promoter region. Interestingly, GmRUN1 gDNA (genomic DNA) shows higher viral resistance than its cDNA (complementary DNA), indicating the existence of intron-mediated enhancement (IME) for GmRUN1 regulation. We provided evidence that intron2 of GmRUN1 increased the mRNA level of native gene GmRUN1, a soybean antiviral gene SRC7 and also a reporter gene Luciferase, indicating the general transcriptional enhancement of intron2 in different genes. In summary, we identified an antiviral TNL type soybean gene GmRUN1, expression of which was regulated at different layers. The investigation of GmRUN1 gene regulatory network would help to explore the mechanism underlying soybean-SMV interactions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Plant-Virus Interactions in Asia)
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21 pages, 6704 KiB  
Article
Investigating the Viral Suppressor HC-Pro Inhibiting Small RNA Methylation through Functional Comparison of HEN1 in Angiosperm and Bryophyte
by Neda Sanobar, Pin-Chun Lin, Zhao-Jun Pan, Ru-Ying Fang, Veny Tjita, Fang-Fang Chen, Hao-Ching Wang, Huang-Lung Tsai, Shu-Hsing Wu, Tang-Long Shen, Yan-Huey Chen and Shih-Shun Lin
Viruses 2021, 13(9), 1837; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13091837 - 15 Sep 2021
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3344
Abstract
In plants, HEN1-facilitated methylation at 3′ end ribose is a critical step of small-RNA (sRNA) biogenesis. A mutant of well-studied Arabidopsis HEN1 (AtHEN1), hen1-1, showed a defective developmental phenotype, indicating the importance of sRNA methylation. Moreover, Marchantia polymorpha has been identified to [...] Read more.
In plants, HEN1-facilitated methylation at 3′ end ribose is a critical step of small-RNA (sRNA) biogenesis. A mutant of well-studied Arabidopsis HEN1 (AtHEN1), hen1-1, showed a defective developmental phenotype, indicating the importance of sRNA methylation. Moreover, Marchantia polymorpha has been identified to have a HEN1 ortholog gene (MpHEN1); however, its function remained unfathomed. Our in vivo and in vitro data have shown MpHEN1 activity being comparable with AtHEN1, and their substrate specificity towards duplex microRNA (miRNA) remained consistent. Furthermore, the phylogenetic tree and multiple alignment highlighted the conserved molecular evolution of the HEN1 family in plants. The P1/HC-Pro of the turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) is a known RNA silencing suppressor and inhibits HEN1 methylation of sRNAs. Here, we report that the HC-Pro physically binds with AtHEN1 through FRNK motif, inhibiting HEN1’s methylation activity. Moreover, the in vitro EMSA data indicates GST-HC-Pro of TuMV lacks sRNA duplex-binding ability. Surprisingly, the HC-Pro also inhibits MpHEN1 activity in a dosage-dependent manner, suggesting the possibility of interaction between HC-Pro and MpHEN1 as well. Further investigations on understanding interaction mechanisms of HEN1 and various HC-Pros can advance the knowledge of viral suppressors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Plant-Virus Interactions in Asia)
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13 pages, 18717 KiB  
Article
Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases CYP6AY3 and CYP6CW1 Regulate Rice Black-Streaked Dwarf Virus Replication in Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén)
by Jian-Hua Zhang, Ming Zhao, Yi-Jun Zhou, Qiu-Fang Xu and Yuan-Xue Yang
Viruses 2021, 13(8), 1576; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13081576 - 10 Aug 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2040
Abstract
The small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén), is an important agricultural pest that causes significant losses by sucking and transmitting multiple plant viruses, such as rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV). Insecticides are commonly used to control planthoppers and cause the induction or overexpression [...] Read more.
The small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén), is an important agricultural pest that causes significant losses by sucking and transmitting multiple plant viruses, such as rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV). Insecticides are commonly used to control planthoppers and cause the induction or overexpression of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) from the CYP3 and CYP4 clades after insecticide application. However, little is known about the roles of insecticides and P450s in the regulation of viral replication in insects. In this study, RBSDV-infected L. striatellus were injected with imidacloprid, deltamethrin, pymetrozine, and buprofezin, respectively. The insecticide treatments caused a significant decrease in RBSDV abundance in L. striatellus. Treatment of piperonyl butoxide (PBO), an effective inhibitor of P450s, significantly increased the RBSDV abundance in L. striatellus. Fourteen P450 candidate genes in the CYP3 clade and 21 in the CYP4 clade were systematically identified in L. striatellus, and their expression patterns were analyzed under RBSDV infection, in different tissues, and at different developmental stages. Among the thirty-five P450 genes, the expression level of CYP6CW1 was the highest, while CYP6AY3 was the lowest after RBSDV infection. Knockdown of CYP6CW1 and CYP6AY3 significantly increased the virus abundance and promoted virus replication in L. striatellus. Overall, our data reveal that CYP6CW1 and CYP6AY3 play a critical role in the regulation of virus replication in L.striatellus. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Plant-Virus Interactions in Asia)
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16 pages, 1773 KiB  
Article
Exploring the Multifunctional Roles of Odontoglossum Ringspot Virus P126 in Facilitating Cymbidium Mosaic Virus Cell-to-Cell Movement during Mixed Infection
by Shu-Chuan Lee, Hsuan Pai, Ying-Wen Huang, Meng-Hsun He, Yun-Lin Song, Song-Yi Kuo, Wen-Chi Chang, Yau-Heiu Hsu and Na-Sheng Lin
Viruses 2021, 13(8), 1552; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13081552 - 06 Aug 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2854
Abstract
Synergistic interactions among viruses, hosts and/or transmission vectors during mixed infection can alter viral titers, symptom severity or host range. Viral suppressors of RNA silencing (VSRs) are considered one of such factors contributing to synergistic responses. Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV) and cymbidium mosaic [...] Read more.
Synergistic interactions among viruses, hosts and/or transmission vectors during mixed infection can alter viral titers, symptom severity or host range. Viral suppressors of RNA silencing (VSRs) are considered one of such factors contributing to synergistic responses. Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV) and cymbidium mosaic virus (CymMV), which are two of the most significant orchid viruses, exhibit synergistic symptom intensification in Phalaenopsis orchids with unilaterally enhanced CymMV movement by ORSV. In order to reveal the underlying mechanisms, we generated infectious cDNA clones of ORSV and CymMV isolated from Phalaenopsis that exerted similar unilateral synergism in both Phalaenopsis orchid and Nicotiana benthamiana. Moreover, we show that the ORSV replicase P126 is a VSR. Mutagenesis analysis revealed that mutation of the methionine in the carboxyl terminus of ORSV P126 abolished ORSV replication even though some P126 mutants preserved VSR activity, indicating that the VSR function of P126 alone is not sufficient for viral replication. Thus, P126 functions in both ORSV replication and as a VSR. Furthermore, P126 expression enhanced cell-to-cell movement and viral titers of CymMV in infected Phalaenopsis flowers and N. benthamiana leaves. Taking together, both the VSR and protein function of P126 might be prerequisites for unilaterally enhancing CymMV cell-to-cell movement by ORSV. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Plant-Virus Interactions in Asia)
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14 pages, 3967 KiB  
Article
Fungal F8-Culture Filtrate Induces Tomato Resistance against Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Thailand Virus
by Yi-Shu Chiu, Yuh Tzean, Yi-Hui Chen, Chi-Wei Tsai and Hsin-Hung Yeh
Viruses 2021, 13(8), 1434; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13081434 - 23 Jul 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3046
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is an important economic crop worldwide. However, tomato production is jeopardized by the devastating tomato yellow leaf curl disease caused by whitefly-transmitted begomoviruses (WTBs). In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of our previously developed plant antiviral immunity [...] Read more.
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is an important economic crop worldwide. However, tomato production is jeopardized by the devastating tomato yellow leaf curl disease caused by whitefly-transmitted begomoviruses (WTBs). In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of our previously developed plant antiviral immunity inducer, fungal F8-culture filtrate, on tomato to combat tomato yellow leaf curl Thailand virus (TYLCTHV), the predominant WTB in Taiwan. Our results indicated that F8-culture filtrate treatment induced strong resistance, did not reduce the growth of tomato, and induced prominent resistance against TYLCTHV both in the greenhouse and in the field. Among TYLCTHV-inoculated Yu-Nu tomato grown in the greenhouse, a greater percentage of plants treated with F8-culture filtrate (43–100%) were healthy-looking compared to the H2O control (0–14%). We found that TYLCTHV cannot move systemically only on the F8-culture filtrate pretreated healthy-looking plants. Tracking the expression of phytohormone-mediated immune maker genes revealed that F8-culture filtrate mainly induced salicylic acid-mediated plant immunity. Furthermore, callose depositions and the expression of the pathogen-induced callose synthase gene, POWDERY MILDEW RESISTANT 4 were only strongly induced by TYLCTHV on tomato pretreated with F8-culture filtrate. This study provides an effective way to induce tomato resistance against TYLCTHV. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Plant-Virus Interactions in Asia)
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15 pages, 2656 KiB  
Article
The Lipid Transfer Protein 1 from Nicotiana benthamiana Assists Bamboo mosaic virus Accumulation
by Ling-Ying Chiu, I-Hsuan Chen, Yau-Heiu Hsu and Ching-Hsiu Tsai
Viruses 2020, 12(12), 1361; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v12121361 - 27 Nov 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2039
Abstract
Host factors play a pivotal role in regulating virus infection. Uncovering the mechanism of how host factors are involved in virus infection could pave the way to defeat viral disease. In this study, we characterized a lipid transfer protein, designated NbLTP1 in Nicotiana [...] Read more.
Host factors play a pivotal role in regulating virus infection. Uncovering the mechanism of how host factors are involved in virus infection could pave the way to defeat viral disease. In this study, we characterized a lipid transfer protein, designated NbLTP1 in Nicotiana benthamiana, which was downregulated after Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) inoculation. BaMV accumulation significantly decreased in NbLTP1-knockdown leaves and protoplasts compared with the controls. The subcellular localization of the NbLTP1-orange fluorescent protein (OFP) was mainly the extracellular matrix. However, when we removed the signal peptide (NbLTP1/ΔSP-OFP), most of the expressed protein targeted chloroplasts. Both NbLTP1-OFP and NbLTP1/ΔSP-OFP were localized in chloroplasts when we removed the cell wall. These results suggest that NbLTP1 may have a secondary targeting signal. Transient overexpression of NbLTP1 had no effect on BaMV accumulation, but that of NbLTP1/ΔSP significantly increased BaMV expression. NbLTP1 may be a positive regulator of BaMV accumulation especially when its expression is associated with chloroplasts, where BaMV replicates. The mutation was introduced to the predicted phosphorylation site to simulate the phosphorylated status, NbLTP/ΔSP/P(+), which could still assist BaMV accumulation. By contrast, a mutant lacking calmodulin-binding or simulates the phosphorylation-negative status could not support BaMV accumulation. The lipid-binding activity of LTP1 was reported to be associated with calmodulin-binding and phosphorylation, by which the C-terminus functional domain of NbLTP1 may play a critical role in BaMV accumulation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Plant-Virus Interactions in Asia)
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Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research

15 pages, 1047 KiB  
Review
Pepper Mottle Virus and Its Host Interactions: Current State of Knowledge
by Miao Fang, Jisuk Yu and Kook-Hyung Kim
Viruses 2021, 13(10), 1930; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13101930 - 25 Sep 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3029
Abstract
Pepper mottle virus (PepMoV) is a destructive pathogen that infects various solanaceous plants, including pepper, bell pepper, potato, and tomato. In this review, we summarize what is known about the molecular characteristics of PepMoV and its interactions with host plants. Comparisons of symptom [...] Read more.
Pepper mottle virus (PepMoV) is a destructive pathogen that infects various solanaceous plants, including pepper, bell pepper, potato, and tomato. In this review, we summarize what is known about the molecular characteristics of PepMoV and its interactions with host plants. Comparisons of symptom variations caused by PepMoV isolates in plant hosts indicates a possible relationship between symptom development and genetic variation. Researchers have investigated the PepMoV–plant pathosystem to identify effective and durable genes that confer resistance to the pathogen. As a result, several recessive pvr or dominant Pvr resistance genes that confer resistance to PepMoV in pepper have been characterized. On the other hand, the molecular mechanisms underlying the interaction between these resistance genes and PepMoV-encoded genes remain largely unknown. Our understanding of the molecular interactions between PepMoV and host plants should be increased by reverse genetic approaches and comprehensive transcriptomic analyses of both the virus and the host genes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Plant-Virus Interactions in Asia)
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