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Viruses
Special Issues
Viral Coinfection
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Viral Coinfection

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (1 August 2020) | Viewed by 44136

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Tanya Miura

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Modeling Complex Interactions, University of Idaho, Moscow, USA
Interests: viral coinfection; respiratory viral pathogenesis; pulmonary inflammation; intercellular interactions during viral infections; alveolar epithelial cell responses to viral infection; evolution of viral antibody escape

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Historically, viral pathogenesis has been studied on an individual pathogen basis, frequently in model organisms with no prior infections by pathogens. While this has provided us with a strong foundation for understanding how viruses cause disease in mammalian hosts, viral infections in nature do not occur in isolation from other pathogens. Recent studies in a number of systems have begun to unravel the intricacies of viral pathogenesis in the context of coinfection by unrelated viral, bacterial, and parasitic pathogens in addition to the role of commensal microbes in shaping viral pathogenesis. The presence and activities of other pathogens and commensals can alter viral pathogenesis, including enhancing or reducing disease severity. Similarly, viral infections can alter the susceptibility to and/or severity of subsequent infections. This Special Issue of Viruses will focus on virus/virus coinfections and virus interactions with other microbes within hosts and how these interactions influence disease pathogenesis.

Dr. Tanya Miura
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • viral pathogenesis
  • coinfection
  • polymicrobial interactions

Published Papers (8 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 2358 KiB  
Article
Respiratory Epithelial Cells Respond to Lactobacillus plantarum but Provide No Cross-Protection against Virus-Induced Inflammation
by Eric Mai, Caroline M. Percopo, Ajinkya R. Limkar, Albert C. Sek, Michelle Ma and Helene F. Rosenberg
Viruses 2021, 13(1), 2; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13010002 - 22 Dec 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2201
Abstract
Virus-induced inflammation plays a critical role in determining the clinical outcome of an acute respiratory virus infection. We have shown previously that the administration of immunobiotic Lactobacillus plantarum (Lp) directly to the respiratory tract prevents lethal inflammatory responses to subsequent infection with a [...] Read more.
Virus-induced inflammation plays a critical role in determining the clinical outcome of an acute respiratory virus infection. We have shown previously that the administration of immunobiotic Lactobacillus plantarum (Lp) directly to the respiratory tract prevents lethal inflammatory responses to subsequent infection with a mouse respiratory virus pathogen. While Lp-mediated protective responses involve non-redundant contributions of both Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and NOD2, the cellular basis of these findings remains unclear. Here, we address the impact of Lp and its capacity to suppress inflammation in virus-infected respiratory epithelial cells in two cell culture models. We found that both MLE-12 cells and polarized mouse tracheal epithelial cells (mTECs) were susceptible to infection with Influenza A and released proinflammatory cytokines, including CCL2, CCL5, CXCL1, and CXCL10, in response to replicating virus. MLE-12 cells express NOD2 (81 ± 6.3%) and TLR2 (19 ± 4%), respond to Lp, and are TLR2-specific, but not NOD2-specific, biochemical agonists. By contrast, we found that mTECs express NOD2 (81 ± 17%) but minimal TLR2 (0.93 ± 0.58%); nonetheless, mTECs respond to Lp and the TLR2 agonist, Pam2CSK4, but not NOD2 agonists or the bifunctional TLR2-NOD2 agonist, CL-429. Although MLE-12 cells and mTECS were both activated by Lp, little to no cytokine suppression was observed in response to Lp followed by virus infection via a protocol that replicated experimental conditions that were effective in vivo. Further study and a more complex approach may be required to reveal critical factors that suppress virus-induced inflammatory responses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Coinfection)
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10 pages, 269 KiB  
Article
Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) in Oropharyngeal Cancer Associated with EBV and HPV Coinfection
by Małgorzata Strycharz-Dudziak, Sylwia Fołtyn, Jakub Dworzański, Małgorzata Kiełczykowska, Maria Malm, Bartłomiej Drop and Małgorzata Polz-Dacewicz
Viruses 2020, 12(9), 1008; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v12091008 - 09 Sep 2020
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3219
Abstract
Recent reports have pointed to the link between persistent inflammation, oxidative stress, and carcinogenesis; however most of the studies concerning the role of viruses in head and neck cancer (HNC) are focused mainly on one type of virus. Our present study aimed to [...] Read more.
Recent reports have pointed to the link between persistent inflammation, oxidative stress, and carcinogenesis; however most of the studies concerning the role of viruses in head and neck cancer (HNC) are focused mainly on one type of virus. Our present study aimed to study the relationship between Epstein–Barr virus/human papilloma virus (EBV/HPV) coinfection and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) level in oropharyngeal cancer. Fresh-frozen tumor tissue samples were collected from 128 patients with oropharyngeal cancer infected with EBV or HPV or with EBV/HPV coinfection. After DNA extraction, EBV and HPV DNA was detected using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. GPx and SOD activity was determined in homogenates of cancer tissue using diagnostic kits produced by Randox Laboratories. Both GPx and SOD activity was statistically lower in patients with EBV/HPV coinfection than in a single EBV or HPV infection. Analysis of GPx and SOD activity in relation to histological grading and tumor, node (TN) classification revealed that in poorly-differentiated tumors, the level of antioxidant enzymes was lower compared with well-differentiated lesions and in cases with greater tumor dimensions and lymph-node involvement, both GPx and SOD activity was decreased. Further studies are necessary to clarify the influence of interplay between EBV, HPV, and oxidative stress on malignant transformation of upper aerodigestive tract epithelial cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Coinfection)
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15 pages, 290 KiB  
Article
Impact of Lamivudine-Based Antiretroviral Treatment on Hepatitis B Viremia in HIV-Coinfected South Africans
by Azwidowi Lukhwareni, Maemu Petronella Gededzha, Edina Amponsah-Dacosta, Jason T. Blackard, Rosemary J. Burnett, Selokela Gloria Selabe, Thanda Kyaw and M. Jeffrey Mphahlele
Viruses 2020, 12(6), 634; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v12060634 - 11 Jun 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2188
Abstract
This prospective study investigated the impact of lamivudine-containing antiretroviral therapy (ART) on HIV-positive patients in South Africa with baseline hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Follow-up samples from 56 HBV/HIV co-infected patients, 25 with occult HBV infection (OBI) and 31 with chronic HBV infection [...] Read more.
This prospective study investigated the impact of lamivudine-containing antiretroviral therapy (ART) on HIV-positive patients in South Africa with baseline hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Follow-up samples from 56 HBV/HIV co-infected patients, 25 with occult HBV infection (OBI) and 31 with chronic HBV infection (CHB), were available for analysis. HBV viral loads were quantified at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months post-ART initiation by the COBAS TaqMan HBV Test 48 assay, and the HBV polymerase gene was amplified with an in-house nested polymerase chain reaction assay. During 24 months of lamivudine-based ART, 6 of 8 (75%) OBI and 4 of 6 (67%) CHB patients achieved undetectable levels of HBV DNA, while 2 patients had persistent HBV DNA levels ≥ 2 × 105 despite lamivudine-based ART for 24 months. HIV viremia was undetectable in all patients at 12 months, suggesting high adherence to ART. Several lamivudine-associated HBV resistance mutations, including L180M, A181T, M204I, and M204V, were observed. Sequence analysis also revealed a rare genotype G infection. While resource-limited settings may use lamivudine-based ART because of availability and low cost, antivirals with dual therapy against HBV and HIV (e.g., lamivudine and tenofovir) should always be recommended with the regular monitoring of HBV viremia levels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Coinfection)
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Review

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13 pages, 225 KiB  
Review
HIV and Human Coronavirus Coinfections: A Historical Perspective
by Palesa Makoti and Burtram C. Fielding
Viruses 2020, 12(9), 937; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v12090937 - 26 Aug 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5185
Abstract
Seven human coronaviruses (hCoVs) are known to infect humans. The most recent one, SARS-CoV-2, was isolated and identified in January 2020 from a patient presenting with severe respiratory illness in Wuhan, China. Even though viral coinfections have the potential to influence the resultant [...] Read more.
Seven human coronaviruses (hCoVs) are known to infect humans. The most recent one, SARS-CoV-2, was isolated and identified in January 2020 from a patient presenting with severe respiratory illness in Wuhan, China. Even though viral coinfections have the potential to influence the resultant disease pattern in the host, very few studies have looked at the disease outcomes in patients infected with both HIV and hCoVs. Groups are now reporting that even though HIV-positive patients can be infected with hCoVs, the likelihood of developing severe CoV-related diseases in these patients is often similar to what is seen in the general population. This review aimed to summarize the current knowledge of coinfections reported for HIV and hCoVs. Moreover, based on the available data, this review aimed to theorize why HIV-positive patients do not frequently develop severe CoV-related diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Coinfection)
24 pages, 1016 KiB  
Review
Enteric Viral Co-Infections: Pathogenesis and Perspective
by Heyde Makimaa, Harshad Ingle and Megan T. Baldridge
Viruses 2020, 12(8), 904; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v12080904 - 18 Aug 2020
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 8016
Abstract
Enteric viral co-infections, infections involving more than one virus, have been reported for a diverse group of etiological agents, including rotavirus, norovirus, astrovirus, adenovirus, and enteroviruses. These pathogens are causative agents for acute gastroenteritis and diarrheal disease in immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals of [...] Read more.
Enteric viral co-infections, infections involving more than one virus, have been reported for a diverse group of etiological agents, including rotavirus, norovirus, astrovirus, adenovirus, and enteroviruses. These pathogens are causative agents for acute gastroenteritis and diarrheal disease in immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals of all ages globally. Despite virus–virus co-infection events in the intestine being increasingly detected, little is known about their impact on disease outcomes or human health. Here, we review what is currently known about the clinical prevalence of virus–virus co-infections and how co-infections may influence vaccine responses. While experimental investigations into enteric virus co-infections have been limited, we highlight in vivo and in vitro models with exciting potential to investigate viral co-infections. Many features of virus–virus co-infection mechanisms in the intestine remain unclear, and further research will be critical. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Coinfection)
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11 pages, 215 KiB  
Review
Hepatitis C Virus and Hepatitis B Virus Co-Infection
by Yi-Fen Shih and Chun-Jen Liu
Viruses 2020, 12(7), 741; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v12070741 - 10 Jul 2020
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 3470
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) co-infection can be encountered in either virus endemic countries. Co-infection can also be found in populations at risk of parenteral transmission. Previous studies demonstrated a high risk of liver disease progression in patients with [...] Read more.
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) co-infection can be encountered in either virus endemic countries. Co-infection can also be found in populations at risk of parenteral transmission. Previous studies demonstrated a high risk of liver disease progression in patients with HCV/HBV co-infection; thus, they should be treated aggressively. Previous evidence recommended therapy combining peginterferon (pegIFN) alfa and ribavirin for co-infected patients with positive HCV RNA. Recent trials further advise using direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) for the clearance of HCV in the co-infected patients. Reactivation of HBV has been observed in patients post-intervention, with higher risks and earlier onset in those having had HCV cured by DAA- versus pegIFN-based therapy. The mechanism of HBV reactivation is an interesting but unsolved puzzle. Our recent study revealed that in vitro HBV replication was suppressed by HCV co-infection; HBV suppression was attenuated when interferon signaling was blocked. In vivo, the HBV viremia, initially suppressed by the presence of HCV super-infection, rebounded following HCV clearance by DAA treatment and was accompanied by a reduced hepatic interferon response. In summary, major achievements in the treatment of HCV/HBV co-infection have been accomplished over the past 20 years. Future clinical trials should address measures to reduce or prevent HBV reactivation post HCV cure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Coinfection)
32 pages, 947 KiB  
Review
The Interplay between Adeno-Associated Virus and Its Helper Viruses
by Anita F. Meier, Cornel Fraefel and Michael Seyffert
Viruses 2020, 12(6), 662; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v12060662 - 19 Jun 2020
Cited by 64 | Viewed by 14265
Abstract
The adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a small, nonpathogenic parvovirus, which depends on helper factors to replicate. Those helper factors can be provided by coinfecting helper viruses such as adenoviruses, herpesviruses, or papillomaviruses. We review the basic biology of AAV and its most-studied helper [...] Read more.
The adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a small, nonpathogenic parvovirus, which depends on helper factors to replicate. Those helper factors can be provided by coinfecting helper viruses such as adenoviruses, herpesviruses, or papillomaviruses. We review the basic biology of AAV and its most-studied helper viruses, adenovirus type 5 (AdV5) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). We further outline the direct and indirect interactions of AAV with those and additional helper viruses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Coinfection)
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6 pages, 191 KiB  
Review
Infection by Hepatitis Delta Virus
by John M. Taylor
Viruses 2020, 12(6), 648; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v12060648 - 16 Jun 2020
Cited by 33 | Viewed by 4390
Abstract
Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) are blood-borne viruses that infect human hepatocytes and cause significant liver disease. Infections with HBV are more damaging when there is a coinfection with HDV. The genomes and modes of replication of these two [...] Read more.
Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) are blood-borne viruses that infect human hepatocytes and cause significant liver disease. Infections with HBV are more damaging when there is a coinfection with HDV. The genomes and modes of replication of these two viruses are fundamentally different, except for the fact that, in nature, HDV replication is dependent upon the envelope proteins of HBV to achieve assembly and release of infectious virus particles, ones that use the same host cell receptor. This review focuses on what has been found of the various ways, natural and experimental, by which HDV particles can be assembled and released. This knowledge has implications for the prevention and treatment of HDV infections, and maybe for an understanding of the origin of HDV. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Coinfection)
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