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Eutrophication Management in Coastal Zones for Better Water Quality
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Eutrophication Management in Coastal Zones for Better Water Quality

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Oceans and Coastal Zones".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2022) | Viewed by 9927

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Yoonja Kang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Ocean Integrated Science, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Korea
Interests: phytoplankton; harmful algal blooms; aquatic food webs; climate change; eutrophication; biogeochemical cycles
Dr. Yun-Ho Kang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Long Term Marine Ecosystem Research, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
Interests: hydrodynamic modeling; NPZD dynamics; trophic flow model; ecological network analysis; fisheries management
Dr. Hee Yoon Kang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Oceanography, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
Interests: marine ecology; climate change; food web; trophic structure; stable isotope ecology; ecophysiology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Estuaries and coastal waters in the Anthropocene have experienced eutrophication, which has deteriorated estuarine and coastal ecosystems across the globe through a series of consequential events such as algal blooms, hypoxia, mortality of aquatic organisms, etc. In the meantime, water quality improvement in some coastal regions has been accelerated by reducing contamination from river discharge and developing sewage treatment techniques. A majority of coastal organisms are required to adapt to either worsened, recovered, or improved environments, or migrate to locales where they can thrive. It is critically important to understand how aquatic organisms in different trophic levels respond to water quality changes and how ecosystem functional traits shift with these changes. This will be of great interest to water resource managers and policy makers for eutrophication management in coastal zones for better water quality worldwide. This Special Issue invites contributions to address the following research topics: the ecological and physical dynamics of aquatic organisms in response to water quality changes, consequential biogeochemical cycles, impacts on aquatic food webs, spatial/temporal shifts of distribution, shifts in ecosystem functions, biogeochemical and hydrodynamic models, aquatic food web models, and ecological network analysis.

Prof. Dr. Yoonja Kang
Dr. Yun-Ho Kang
Dr. Hee Yoon Kang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • eutrophication
  • water quality
  • aquatic organisms
  • food webs
  • biogeochemical cycles
  • trophic flow model
  • hydrodynamic model

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

22 pages, 3841 KiB  
Article
A Study on the Possibility of Early Warning for Cochlodinium polykrikoides Blooms, Using Molecular Methods
by Hye-Eun Kang, Tae-Ho Yoon, Jong-Woo Park, Weol-Ae Lim, Chang-Keun Kang and Hyun-Woo Kim
Water 2022, 14(19), 3115; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w14193115 - 02 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1331
Abstract
The occurrence of HABs is known to be affected by multiple environmental factors such as temperature, salinity, nutrients, light, water chemistry, and biological activity. This study aimed to study the possibility of early warning for Cochlodinium polykrikoides blooms in southern Korean waters using [...] Read more.
The occurrence of HABs is known to be affected by multiple environmental factors such as temperature, salinity, nutrients, light, water chemistry, and biological activity. This study aimed to study the possibility of early warning for Cochlodinium polykrikoides blooms in southern Korean waters using qPCR and metabarcoding analysis. We were able to detect C. polykrikoides via a sensitive technique, and confirmed the early warning potential of C. polykrikoides by quantitative PCR. To identify the microbial organisms related to the bloom caused by C. polykrikoides, metabarcoding analysis was conducted using 18 water samples collected from bloom sites in southern Korean waters between 2018 and 2019. Although there was no single group that could explain the successive blooms of C. polykrikoides, four taxa, including Gamma proteobacteria (0.588, p < 0.01), Verrucomicrobia (0.874, p < 0.01), Cyanobacteria (0.975, p < 0.01), and Cryptophyta, were related to C. polykrikoides blooms. When the HABs that occurred were caused by C. polykrikoides, although there were sites where the cells of C. polykrikoides were not detected, similar functions of the microbial communities operated in all southern Korean coastal waters. We identified that the phytoplankton community structure was divided into three or four, using metabarcoding analysis by sampling years. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eutrophication Management in Coastal Zones for Better Water Quality)
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21 pages, 7871 KiB  
Article
C, N, and P Mass Balances in the Bottom Seawater–Surface Sediment Interface in the Reducing Environment due to Anoxic Water of Gamak Bay, Korea
by Huiho Jeong, Yoonja Kang and Hyeonseo Cho
Water 2022, 14(14), 2244; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w14142244 - 17 Jul 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3290
Abstract
Current mass balances of C, N, and P were estimated using a model (Fluxin = Fluxout + ΔFlux) from Gamak Bay, Korea, in August 2017, where eutrophication and reducing conditions are prevalent. To examine the current fluxes of particulate organic [...] Read more.
Current mass balances of C, N, and P were estimated using a model (Fluxin = Fluxout + ΔFlux) from Gamak Bay, Korea, in August 2017, where eutrophication and reducing conditions are prevalent. To examine the current fluxes of particulate organic carbon (POC), nitrogen (PON), and phosphorus (POP), sinking and re-floating sediment traps were deployed, a sediment oxygen demand (SOD) chamber experiment and ex-situ nutrient incubation experiment were conducted, and Fick’s first law of diffusion was applied. The principal component analysis and cluster analysis were performed to identify the three groups of water masses based on the characteristics of the bay, including the effects of the reducing environment due to the anoxic water mass using 14 bottom water quality parameters. In the reducing environment (sampling point GA4), the SOD20 flux was 3047.2 mg O2/m2/d. Additionally, the net sinking POC flux was 861.0 mg C/m2/d, while 131.8% of the net sinking POC flux (1134.5 mg C/m2/d) was removed toward the overlying water. This indicates that the organic matter that had been deposited was decomposed as a flux of 273.6 mg C/m2/d. The net sinking PON flux was 187.9 mg N/m2/d, whereas 15.8% of the net sinking PON flux was eluted, and 84.2% remained in the surface sediments. The dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) elution flux from the surface sediments consisted of NH4+ elution (33.7 mg N/m2/d) and NOx− elution (−4.1 mg N/m2/d) fluxes. Despite the net sinking POP flux being 26.0 mg P/m2/d, the 47.7 mg P/m2/d of DIP elution flux (179.5% of the net sinking POP flux) was eluted to the overlying water. Similar to C mass balance, the additional elution flux occurred. Therefore, severe eutrophication (16.5 of the Okaichi eutrophication index) with the lowest N:P ratio (2.6) in GA4 was noted. This indicates that not only the freshly exported organic matter to the surface sediments but also the biochemical processes under anoxic conditions played an essential role as a remarkable nutrient source–particularly P–for eutrophication in Gamak Bay, Korea. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eutrophication Management in Coastal Zones for Better Water Quality)
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22 pages, 5517 KiB  
Article
Monitoring the Chl-a Distribution Details in the Yangtze River Mouth Using Satellite Remote Sensing
by Juan Bu, Lina Cai, Xiaojun Yan, Huanzhi Xu, Haiyan Hu and Jingjing Jiang
Water 2022, 14(8), 1295; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w14081295 - 15 Apr 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2266
Abstract
The distribution of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) in the Yangtze River Mouth area was analyzed using a new Chl-a inversion model (PMS-C) based on the relationship between in situ Chl-a and GF-4 PMS band combinations. Combining GF-4 PMS with HY-C CZI, this paper revealed that: [...] Read more.
The distribution of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) in the Yangtze River Mouth area was analyzed using a new Chl-a inversion model (PMS-C) based on the relationship between in situ Chl-a and GF-4 PMS band combinations. Combining GF-4 PMS with HY-C CZI, this paper revealed that: (1) Chl-a concentration in Yangtze River Mouth was in the range of 2–6 µg/L, being higher in the west than in the east. The high Chl-a area was mainly distributed near the mouth of the Yangtze River and the Chl-a value was in the range of 3.7 µg/L to 5.9 µg/L. Chl-a concentration is higher in spring and summer than in autumn and winter, with a Chl-a concentration difference of 1–2 µg/L. Chl-a downstream of islands and bridges increased by 0.5–1.7 µg/L compared with upstream. (2) Short-term (within 3 h) changes of Chl-a concentration were effectively detected. In summer and autumn, Chl-a obtained at 13:30 in the noon was generally lower than Chl-a obtained at around 10:30 in the morning and it decreased by nearly 0.1–4 μg/L within three hours on the same day. In winter, the concentration of Chl-a decreased in the range of 0–1.9 μg/L. Generally, within three hours, Chl-a in the downstream of the island decreased significantly from 5 μg/L to about 3.8 μg/L, and Chl-a downstream of piers decreased from 3.7 μg/L to about 3 μg/L. (3) Environmental factors including seawater temperature, illumination, and nutrients, as well as dynamic factors such as wind and tidal current can induce Chl-a change in the Yangtze River Mouth. Short-term change of Chl-a concentration is closely related to the specific hydrodynamic conditions, nutrients, and lighting conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eutrophication Management in Coastal Zones for Better Water Quality)
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20 pages, 3236 KiB  
Article
Biochemical Composition of Seston Reflecting the Physiological Status and Community Composition of Phytoplankton in a Temperate Coastal Embayment of Korea
by Riaz Bibi, Hee Yoon Kang, Dongyoung Kim, Jaebin Jang, Changseong Kim, Goutam K. Kundu and Chang-Keun Kang
Water 2021, 13(22), 3221; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w13223221 - 13 Nov 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2460
Abstract
The biochemical composition of seston along a salinity gradient were examined in the low-turbidity, temperate, estuarine embayment, Gwangyang Bay in Korea. Seasonal variations in sestonic protein (PRT), carbohydrate (CHO), and lipid (LIP) concentrations were analyzed to assess the effects of physiological status and [...] Read more.
The biochemical composition of seston along a salinity gradient were examined in the low-turbidity, temperate, estuarine embayment, Gwangyang Bay in Korea. Seasonal variations in sestonic protein (PRT), carbohydrate (CHO), and lipid (LIP) concentrations were analyzed to assess the effects of physiological status and taxonomic composition of phytoplankton. The concentrations of biochemical compounds displayed a close relationship with chlorophyll a (Chla). PRT:CHO ratios were high (>1.0) in the estuarine channel in warmer months and in whole bay in February, indicating a N-replete condition for phytoplankton growth. High CHO:LIP ratios (>2.5) in the saline deep-bay area during the warmer months (>2.0) emphasized the importance of temperature and photoperiod over nutritional conditions. The low POC:Chla (<200), molar C:N (~7) ratios, and biopolymeric carbon concentrations coupled with high primary productivity indicated a low detrital contribution to the particulate organic matter pool. Diatom dominance throughout the year contributed to consistently high carbohydrate concentrations. Furthermore, generalized additive models highlighted that phytoplankton community (i.e., size) structure may serve as an important descriptor of sestonic biochemical composition. Collectively, our results suggest that physiological and taxonomic features of phytoplankton play prominent roles in determining the biochemical composition of seston, supporting the fact that the ecosystem processes in Gwangyang Bay are largely based on phytoplankton dynamics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eutrophication Management in Coastal Zones for Better Water Quality)
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