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Water
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Advancement in the Fluid Dynamics Research of Reversible Pump-Turbine
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Advancement in the Fluid Dynamics Research of Reversible Pump-Turbine

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Hydraulics and Hydrodynamics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2022) | Viewed by 22742

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Ran Tao

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, 100107 Beijing, China
Interests: water conservancy; irrigation and drainage machinery; pump and pumping station
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Changliang Ye

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Energy and Electrical Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
Interests: optimization design of fluid machinery; multiphase flow of hydraulic systems; vortex control technology of pump stations
Dr. Xijie Song

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Interests: complex flow and vortex dynamics in pump turbine
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Reversible pump-turbine is the key component of pumped storage power station. It has the functions of peak load regulation, phase regulation, frequency regulation and emergency standby of power grid. Fluid dynamics in reversible pump-turbine is very complex because it operates in both pump mode and turbine mode. There are many problems in the process of working condition conversion. Carrying out relevant researches are necessary for the operation stability and security of pumped storage power station. This Special Issue offers a major opportunity for reporting advancements in the fluid dynamics research of reversible pump-turbine. This Special Issue covers, but is not limited to, a wide range of topics, including:

  • starting-up (Q-H curve) stability in pump mode of reversible pump-turbine;
  • S-shape stability at speed no load of reversible pump-turbine;
  • cavitating flow in reversible pump-turbine;
  • pressure pulsation in reversible pump-turbine;
  • high efficiency design of reversible pump-turbine for multiple conditions;
  • structural response of reversible pump-turbine under hydraulic excitation;
  • hydraulic transient process of reversible pump-turbine;

Both experimental and numerical studies are welcome.

Prof. Dr. Ran Tao
Dr. Changliang Ye
Dr. Xijie Song
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (12 papers)

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Editorial

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4 pages, 1145 KiB  
Editorial
Pumped Storage Technology, Reversible Pump Turbines and Their Importance in Power Grids
by Ran Tao, Xijie Song and Changliang Ye
Water 2022, 14(21), 3569; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w14213569 - 06 Nov 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3572
Abstract
Pumped storage hydro is a mature energy storage method [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement in the Fluid Dynamics Research of Reversible Pump-Turbine)
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Research

Jump to: Editorial

15 pages, 6830 KiB  
Article
Investigation on Pressure Fluctuation of the Impellers of a Double-Entry Two-Stage Double Suction Centrifugal Pump
by Hongyeyu Yan, Yaguang Heng, Yuan Zheng, Ran Tao and Changliang Ye
Water 2022, 14(24), 4065; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w14244065 - 13 Dec 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2096
Abstract
Double-entry two-stage double-suction centrifugal pumps with high flow rates and high heads are used in some large water supply applications. The pressure fluctuation of the impeller is a key factor influencing the vibration in centrifugal pumps. In this paper, the pump is simulated [...] Read more.
Double-entry two-stage double-suction centrifugal pumps with high flow rates and high heads are used in some large water supply applications. The pressure fluctuation of the impeller is a key factor influencing the vibration in centrifugal pumps. In this paper, the pump is simulated and verified by experiments, and the pressure fluctuation distribution of two stage impellers is obtained. The study on the time domain and frequency domain of the two-stage impellers demonstrates that the pressure fluctuation of the first-stage single-suction impeller is affected by the twin volute. At 1.0 Q, the dominant frequency on the blade suction side and pressure side is twice the rotation frequency. The main frequency of pressure fluctuations at the outlet side of the blade at a low flow rate is higher than that at the design flow rate. Pressure fluctuations in the second-stage impeller are influenced by the inter-stage passage. The dominant frequency amplitudes grow incrementally along the streamlined direction. In the second-stage double-suction impeller, the dominant frequency amplitude at 0.6 Q is approximately twice that of 1.0 Q. Research in this paper can guide the design and operation of a two-stage pump. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement in the Fluid Dynamics Research of Reversible Pump-Turbine)
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11 pages, 4966 KiB  
Article
Prediction for the Influence of Guide Vane Opening on the Radial Clearance Sediment Erosion of Runner in a Francis Turbine
by Zhiqiang Jin, Xijie Song, Anfu Zhang, Feng Shao and Zhengwei Wang
Water 2022, 14(20), 3268; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w14203268 - 17 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1600
Abstract
In this paper, the Eulerian–Lagrangian method and Tabakoff erosion model are used to study the solid–liquid two-phase flow in a Francis turbine. Through the analysis of the overall flow pattern, particle flow, particle concentration, and wear in the bladeless area of the unit [...] Read more.
In this paper, the Eulerian–Lagrangian method and Tabakoff erosion model are used to study the solid–liquid two-phase flow in a Francis turbine. Through the analysis of the overall flow pattern, particle flow, particle concentration, and wear in the bladeless area of the unit under different guide vane openings, the influence of runner radial gap flow on the surrounding flow field characteristics and wear under different guide vane openings is revealed. The results show that the smaller the opening of the guide vane, the greater the influence on the vortices and flow pattern and the particle distribution in the runner. The overall wear in the hydraulic turbine unit with the optimal opening is the smallest. The long-term wear of the runner inlet and guide vane outlet will cause the loss of local structures, an increase in the radial clearance of the runner, an increase in the clearance leakage, an increase in the vibration of the unit, and a reduction in efficiency. The research results provide a basis for the structural and hydraulic optimization of the Francis turbine. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement in the Fluid Dynamics Research of Reversible Pump-Turbine)
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18 pages, 8541 KiB  
Article
Numerical Analysis and Model Test Verification of Energy and Cavitation Characteristics of Axial Flow Pumps
by Chuanliu Xie, Cheng Zhang, Tenglong Fu, Tao Zhang, Andong Feng and Yan Jin
Water 2022, 14(18), 2853; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w14182853 - 13 Sep 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1573
Abstract
In order to study the energy and cavitation performance of a high-ratio axial flow pump, the SST k-ω turbulence model and ZGB cavitation model were used to numerically calculate the energy and cavitation performance of a high-ratio axial flow pump, and [...] Read more.
In order to study the energy and cavitation performance of a high-ratio axial flow pump, the SST k-ω turbulence model and ZGB cavitation model were used to numerically calculate the energy and cavitation performance of a high-ratio axial flow pump, and a model test analysis was carried out. The study concluded that the errors in the numerical calculation of head, efficiency, and critical cavitation margin are within 0.2 m, about 3% and 5%, respectively, and the numerical calculation results are reliable. For the flow conditions of Q = 411 L/s, 380 L/s, 348 L/s, and 234 L/s, the numerically calculated critical cavitation margins are 7.1 m, 5.7 m, 4.6 m, and 9.5 m, respectively, and the experimental critical cavitation margins are 7.5 m, 4.9 m, 4.6 m, and 9.5 m, respectively, with errors of −0.4 m, 0.8 m, 0.0 m, and 0.0 m, in that order; numerical calculations and test results trend the same, with small errors. Under the same inlet pressure, as the flow rate decreases, the vacuole first appears at the head of the blade pressure surface under the large flow rate condition (Q = 411 L/s), and the vacuole appears at the head of the blade suction surface under the small flow rate condition (Q = 234 L/s). As the inlet pressure decreases (pin = 11 × 104–4 × 104 Pa), the vacuole gradually increases under the same flow rate and the cavitation degree increases. The research results of this paper can provide a reference for the study of the energy and cavitation mechanism of the same type of axial flow pump. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement in the Fluid Dynamics Research of Reversible Pump-Turbine)
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14 pages, 10915 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Energy Characteristics and Internal Flow Field of “S” Shaped Airfoil Bidirectional Axial Flow Pump
by Chuanliu Xie, Andong Feng, Tenglong Fu, Cheng Zhang, Tao Zhang and Fan Yang
Water 2022, 14(18), 2839; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w14182839 - 12 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1400
Abstract
In order to study the energy characteristics and internal flow field of “S” shaped airfoil bidirectional axial flow pumps, the SST k-ω turbulence model is used to calculate the bidirectional axial flow pump, and the experimental verification is carried out. The [...] Read more.
In order to study the energy characteristics and internal flow field of “S” shaped airfoil bidirectional axial flow pumps, the SST k-ω turbulence model is used to calculate the bidirectional axial flow pump, and the experimental verification is carried out. The results show that the error of numerical calculation of forward and reverse operation is within 5%, and the numerical calculation result is credible. The test results show that the bidirectional axial flow pump has a design flow rate of Q = 368 L/s, head H = 3.767 m, and an efficiency of η = 80.37%. In reverse operation, the flow of the bidirectional axial flow pump under design condition Q = 316 L/s, head H = 3.658 m, efficiency η = 70.37%. The flow of forward operation is about 15% larger than that of reverse operation under design working condition, the design head is about 3.70 m, and the efficiency of design working condition is about 10% higher than that of reverse operation. The numerical calculation results show that under the forward design condition (Q = 368 L/s), the hydraulic loss accounts for 6.22%, and under the reverse design condition (Q = 316 L/s), the hydraulic loss accounts for 11.81%, with a difference of about 6%. The uniformity of impeller inlet flow rate under the forward operation is about 12% higher than that in the reverse operation. In forward and reverse operation, with the increase of flow, the outlet streamline, the outlet total pressure distribution, the uniformity of impeller inlet velocity, and the vortex in the impeller domain are improved, and the forward direction is better than the reverse direction. The research results of this paper can provide a reference for the research and optimal design of the bidirectional axial flow pump. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement in the Fluid Dynamics Research of Reversible Pump-Turbine)
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21 pages, 14947 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Hydraulic Performance and Flow Characteristics of Inlet and Outlet Channels of Integrated Pump Gate
by Chuanliu Xie, Weipeng Xuan, Andong Feng and Fei Sun
Water 2022, 14(17), 2747; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w14172747 - 02 Sep 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1682
Abstract
The integrated pump gate structure can improve the shortcomings of traditional asymmetric pumping stations with large floor space, but its internal flow mechanism is not clear, which affects its efficient, stable, and safe operation. In order to reveal its internal fluid flow characteristics, [...] Read more.
The integrated pump gate structure can improve the shortcomings of traditional asymmetric pumping stations with large floor space, but its internal flow mechanism is not clear, which affects its efficient, stable, and safe operation. In order to reveal its internal fluid flow characteristics, numerical simulations based on the N-S equation with the SST k-ω turbulence model are used in this paper, and experimental validation is carried out. The test results yielded an efficiency of 60.50% near the design flow condition, corresponding to a flow rate of 11.5 L/s, a head of 2.7569 m, a hydraulic loss of 0.064 m in the inlet channel, and a hydraulic loss of 1.337 m in the outlet channel. The integrated pump gate has a uniform inlet water flow pattern, less undesirable flow pattern, and a large backflow vortex in the outlet water. This paper reveals the internal flow characteristics of its integrated pump gate inlet and outlet water, and the research results can provide some reference for the design, theoretical analysis, and application of similar integrated pump gates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement in the Fluid Dynamics Research of Reversible Pump-Turbine)
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16 pages, 9273 KiB  
Article
Energy Characteristics and Internal Flow Field Analysis of Centrifugal Prefabricated Pumping Station with Two Pumps in Operation
by Chuanliu Xie, Zhenyang Yuan, Andong Feng, Zhaojun Wang and Liming Wu
Water 2022, 14(17), 2705; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w14172705 - 30 Aug 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1526
Abstract
In order to study the hydraulic performance and internal flow field of dual pumps in centrifugal prefabricated pumping station under operation conditions, this paper carried out a numerical calculation based on CFD software for dual pumps in a centrifugal prefabricated pumping station under [...] Read more.
In order to study the hydraulic performance and internal flow field of dual pumps in centrifugal prefabricated pumping station under operation conditions, this paper carried out a numerical calculation based on CFD software for dual pumps in a centrifugal prefabricated pumping station under different flow conditions and verified the internal flow field through test. The results show that the efficiency of centrifugal prefabricated pumping station under design conditions (Qd = 33.93 m3/h) is 63.96%, the head is 8.66 m, the head at the starting point of the saddle area is 10.50 m, which is 1.21 times of the designed head. The efficiency of the high-efficiency zone of the prefabricated pump station is 58.0~63.0%, and the corresponding flow range is 0.62Qd~1.41Qd (21.0~48.0 m3/h). The uniformity of the inlet flow rate of impeller of pump 1 is 74.70%, and that of pump 2 is 75.57%. The flow fields of water pumps on both sides are inconsistent. The results of the flow field indicate that there are severe back flow phenomena at the prefabricated bucket intake, more back flow in the bucket, and many eddies on the side wall. With the increase in flow rate, the eddy structure at the intake expands continuously and moves towards the center area, which has a negative impact on the flow field in the center area. The research results of this paper can provide a theoretical reference for the research and operation of the same type of prefabricated pumping stations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement in the Fluid Dynamics Research of Reversible Pump-Turbine)
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14 pages, 3497 KiB  
Article
Improvement of the Flow Pattern of a Forebay with a Side-Intake Pumping Station by Diversion Piers Based on Orthogonal Test Method
by Chen Zhang, Haodi Yan, Muhammad Tahir Jamil and Yonghai Yu
Water 2022, 14(17), 2663; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w14172663 - 28 Aug 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1848
Abstract
The flow analysis of the forebay of a lateral intake pumping station with asymmetrical operating pumps was carried out with a realizable k-ε turbulent model and SIMPLEC (Semi Implicit Method for Pressure Linked Equations Consistent) algorithm. The Pressure Inlet boundary condition was adopted [...] Read more.
The flow analysis of the forebay of a lateral intake pumping station with asymmetrical operating pumps was carried out with a realizable k-ε turbulent model and SIMPLEC (Semi Implicit Method for Pressure Linked Equations Consistent) algorithm. The Pressure Inlet boundary condition was adopted and the pressure between the top surface and the bottom surface was linear with the height of the inlet section. The Mass Flow Outlet boundary condition was also adopted to ensure the accuracy and precision of the CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulation. The diversion pier was selected as the optimization strategy based on the flow parameters. The layout of the diversion piers was designed with four parameters which are the relative length, relative height, width, and straight-line distance of the piers’ tail. Each parameter had three values. Based on the orthogonal test, nine groups of the numerical simulation on different layouts of diversion piers were analyzed with the uniformity of axial flow velocity and weighted average angle of the flow velocity of the inlet cross-section of each pump, reducing the number of tests from 64 (43) groups to 9 groups, improving work efficiency. The results show that the diversion piers had a significant adjustment of uniformity of axial flow velocity and weighted average angle of flow velocity. After optimization of the forebay, the uniformity of axial flow velocity of intake of No.1 pump was 80.26% and the weighted average angle of flow velocity was 77.68°. The above values of the No.2 pump were 98.74% and 87.84°, respectively. The values of the No.4 pump were 93.41% and 77.28°. The results of numerical simulation, which was carried out to estimate the rectification effect under the operation combination of the No.1, No.3, and No.4 pumps, showed that the uniformity and the angle of the No.1 pump were 92.65% and 72.66°, respectively, the uniformity and the angle of No.3 pump were 94.54% and 85.14°, and the uniformity and the angle of the No.4 pump were 75.81% and 78.21°. This research proves that the orthogonal test method, in a reasonable and convenient way, can be applied in hydraulic optimization for a lateral intake pumping station. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement in the Fluid Dynamics Research of Reversible Pump-Turbine)
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18 pages, 2671 KiB  
Article
Study on Critical Velocity of Sand Transport in V-Inclined Pipe Based on Numerical Simulation
by Rao Yao, Dunzhe Qi, Haiyan Zeng, Xingxing Huang, Bo Li, Yi Wang, Wenqiang Bai and Zhengwei Wang
Water 2022, 14(17), 2627; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w14172627 - 26 Aug 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1704
Abstract
The Yellow River has a high sand content, and sand deposition in the pipelines behind the pumping station occurs from time to time. It is of great significance to reasonably predict the critical velocity of the small-angled V-inclined water transportation pipes. In this [...] Read more.
The Yellow River has a high sand content, and sand deposition in the pipelines behind the pumping station occurs from time to time. It is of great significance to reasonably predict the critical velocity of the small-angled V-inclined water transportation pipes. In this study, a Eulerian multiphase model was employed to simulate the solid–liquid two-phase flow. Based on the conservation of the sand transport rate, the critical velocity of the V-inclined pipe was predicted. The effects of simulated pipeline length, pipe inclination and particle size were investigated. The results show that when the simulated pipeline length reached a certain value, it did not affect the prediction of the critical velocity of the overall pipeline. The ±2∘ pipe inclination had a negligible effect on the critical velocity for transporting small-sized particles, but it led to the nonuniform and asymmetrical distribution of liquid velocity and sand deposition at the different cross-sections. As the particle size increased, the critical velocity also increased. However, the influence of particle size on the critical velocity is currently complicated, resulting in a large difference between numerical simulation and empirical formulas when transporting large-sized particles. Accurate prediction of critical velocity is important for long-distance water transportation pipelines to prevent sand deposition and reduce costs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement in the Fluid Dynamics Research of Reversible Pump-Turbine)
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17 pages, 8730 KiB  
Article
Analysis of the Flow Energy Loss and Q-H Stability in Reversible Pump Turbine as Pump with Different Guide Vane Opening Angles
by Wei Yan, Di Zhu, Ran Tao and Zhengwei Wang
Water 2022, 14(16), 2526; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w14162526 - 17 Aug 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1739
Abstract
The internal flow problem of a reversible pump turbine restricts its safe and stable operation. Among them, the influence of the guide vane on the internal flow field is very crucial. The flow–head relationship is of great significance in the performance stability of [...] Read more.
The internal flow problem of a reversible pump turbine restricts its safe and stable operation. Among them, the influence of the guide vane on the internal flow field is very crucial. The flow–head relationship is of great significance in the performance stability of the unit. In this study, the performance and flow field characteristics under different flow rates were analyzed for different guide vane opening angles. By comparing the results of the model test and computational fluid dynamics simulation, it was found that the simulation can well predict the energy characteristics and flow field distribution. There is an optimal efficiency range under each guide vane opening angle. The increase or decrease in flow will reduce the efficiency. For the head, it will decrease significantly with a decrease in the flow rate, especially when it deviates seriously from the optimal efficiency region. From the contour of the flow energy loss and the vector of velocity, it can be seen that the head drop is closely related to the flow blockage caused by the difference between the runner incoming flow direction and the installation direction of the guide vane. This study deeply revealed the valley and peak of head variation under different guide vane opening conditions. It can provide technical support for improving the wide range operation stability of a pump turbine. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement in the Fluid Dynamics Research of Reversible Pump-Turbine)
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18 pages, 4988 KiB  
Article
Numerical Simulation of Internal Flow Characteristics and Pressure Fluctuation in Deceleration Process of Bulb Tubular Pump
by Jiaxu Li, Fengyang Xu, Li Cheng, Weifeng Pan, Jiali Zhang, Jiantao Shen and Yi Ge
Water 2022, 14(11), 1788; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w14111788 - 02 Jun 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1609
Abstract
In order to explore the change in internal and external characteristics and the pressure fluctuation of the large bulb tubular pump unit during deceleration, a transient and steady three-dimensional (3D) numerical simulation is executed, based on the standard k-ε turbulence model and the [...] Read more.
In order to explore the change in internal and external characteristics and the pressure fluctuation of the large bulb tubular pump unit during deceleration, a transient and steady three-dimensional (3D) numerical simulation is executed, based on the standard k-ε turbulence model and the change in boundary conditions such as flow rate. Finally, the pressure fluctuation data are analyzed by the wavelet method. There is a good agreement between the experimental data and numerical simulation results. During the deceleration process of the unit, the head decreases linearly while the efficiency remains stable. Meanwhile, the shock phenomenon and hysteresis effect appear before and after the unit head deceleration. Although there are vortex and backflow in the outlet conduit during deceleration, the pressure distribution on the suction surface of the impeller blades changes uniformly and significantly. The pressure fluctuation changes on the inlet surface of the impeller are more obvious during the deceleration: the closer to the hub, the greater the pressure, and this change decreases with decreasing radius. The fluctuation energy is mainly concentrated in the high-frequency region of 100–120 Hz and decreases uniformly with the deceleration of the rotational speed. This paper provides a reference for the energy utilization and safe operation of the water pump unit in adjusting speeds with variable frequency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement in the Fluid Dynamics Research of Reversible Pump-Turbine)
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17 pages, 8802 KiB  
Article
Simulation of Internal Flow Characteristics of an Axial Flow Pump with Variable Tip Clearance
by Jiantao Shen, Fengyang Xu, Li Cheng, Weifeng Pan, Yi Ge, Jiaxu Li and Jiali Zhang
Water 2022, 14(10), 1652; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w14101652 - 22 May 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 1516
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of the change in blade tip clearance on the internal flow characteristics of a vertical axial flow pump. Taking the actual running vertical axial flow pump of a pumping station as the research object, based on the SST [...] Read more.
This study investigated the influence of the change in blade tip clearance on the internal flow characteristics of a vertical axial flow pump. Taking the actual running vertical axial flow pump of a pumping station as the research object, based on the SST k-ω turbulent flow model, the numerical simulation technology was used to study the effects of different tip clearances on the pressure, turbulent kinetic energy, Z–X section pressure and flow state of the impeller at the middle section. Furthermore, the impact of clearance layer tip leakage was also analyzed. Unsteady calculations of flow characteristics under the design conditions were performed. The research results showed that the variation trend of the pressure in the impeller was basically the same under different tip clearance values. With the increase in the clearance value, the pressure gradient along the water inlet direction of the blade decreased and the leakage vorticity increased. Observing the leakage vorticity distribution of the gap layer under the flow condition of 0.6Q0, it was found that when the tip clearance was smaller than 1 mm, the leakage flow was small and easily assimilated by the mainstream, and the leakage flow and mainstream had a certain ability to compete, which caused adverse effects on the performance of the pump device. The pressure pulsation characteristics showed that the leakage flow caused by the tip clearance caused a high-frequency distribution, and the clearance obviously influenced the pressure pulsation characteristics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement in the Fluid Dynamics Research of Reversible Pump-Turbine)
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