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Greenhouse Gas Emission from Freshwater Ecosystem

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A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Water Quality and Contamination".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2022) | Viewed by 30953

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Amit Kumar

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Guest Editor

School of Hydrology and Water Resources, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Ningliu Road No. 219, Nanjing 210044, China
Interests: biogeochemistry; environmental impact assessment; environment; eco-hydrology; carbon sequestration; soil analysis; soil chemistry; GHG emission; climate change; water quality; rivers
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Zhiguo Yu

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Guest Editor

School of Hydrology and Water Resources, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
Interests: soil/sediment and water remediation; pollution ecological process; pollutant biogeochemistry; hydrological processes; trace metal cycling and transformations
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Freshwater reservoirs, as with all inland aquatic systems, are a well-known source of greenhouse gas (GHG; CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O) to the atmosphere, but their quantitative measurement and importance are still loosely constrained. This is mainly due to a lack of clear methodology for GHG quantification, unavailability of datasets for medium- to long-term prediction, and model availability. Freshwater bodies (e.g., rivers, lakes, and reservoirs) are actual sites of carbon processing and transport. They receive carbon (C) in various forms (inorganic and organic forms, labile organic carbon, autochthonous and allochthonous); the maximum part of which is released into the atmosphere and partially buried more or less in their sediments and transferred downstream. Since the 1990s (after the pre-industrial era), freshwater has contributed a significant amount of GHG emissions into the atmosphere. Furthermore, it plays an important role in regional and/or global carbon budgeting. The GHG emissions are mainly due to the degradation of organic matter (resulting mainly from the catchments and reaching the freshwater ecosystem through runoffs), occuring aerobically and/or anaerobically in benthic sediment. This quantification (maximum/minimum) is mainly due to the availability of nutrients (particularly carbon and nitrogen), climatic condition, depth, availability of dissolved oxygen, stratification, temperature of water column, etc. In general, tropical eco-regions are hotspots of emissions compared to temperate and sub-tropical regions. Given the worldwide importance of natural ecosystems, questioning man-made reservoirs as to their own carbon footprints is to be expected. There is vast uncertainty surrounding GHG inventory, although part of this uncertainty is the result of the complex biogeochemical processes involved and a lack of clear methodology to assess their GHG footprint.

This Special Issue accepts critical reviews, monographs, mini research articles, and research papers that analyze and discuss GHG emissions from freshwater ecosystems. Special emphasis is placed on (i) the quantification of GHG from rivers, lakes, reservoirs; (ii) their impact on regional and/or global carbon budgeting; (iii) modeling and measurement; (iv) factors affecting emissions; v) carbon budgeting; vi) carbon dynamics and their climate change implications; (vii) the mitigation strategies and/or regulatory policies.

Prof. Dr. Amit Kumar
Prof. Dr. Zhiguo Yu
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

Greenhouse gas emissions
River
Lake
Peatlands
Hydropower reservoir
Freshwater bodies
CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O
Climate and soil environmental factors
Carbon dynamics
Modeling and measurement
Water quality assessment
Carbon budgeting
Soil carbon sequestration
Carbon sources and sink
Eco-hydrology
GHG footprint
C burial

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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20 pages, 2652 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Application of a Hydrogeochemical Model for the Groundwater Treatment Process in Waterworks

by Ruiwen Yan, Jun Zhu, Furui Xi and An Chen

Water 2022, 14(13), 2103; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w14132103 - 30 Jun 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1701

Abstract

Drinking water quality is one of the most important factors affecting human health. The task of the waterworks is to purify raw water into drinking water. The quality of drinking water depends on two major factors: the raw water quality, and the treatment measures that are applied in the waterworks. Since the raw water quality develops over time, it must be determined whether the treatment measures currently used are also suitable when the raw water quality changes. For this reason, a hydrogeochemical model relevant to the drinking water quality during the treatment process was developed. By comparing the modeled results with the measured values, with the exception of chloride and sodium, all other relevant water quality parameters were consistent with one another. Therefore, the model proved to be plausible. This was also supported by the results of mass balance. The model can be used to forecast the development of drinking water quality, and can be applied as a tool to optimize the treatment measures if the raw water conditions change in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Greenhouse Gas Emission from Freshwater Ecosystem)

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13 pages, 5139 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hydrological Effects of Prefabricated Permeable Pavements on Parking Lots

by Kechang Dai, Weixing Liu, Xiaotian Shui, Dafang Fu, Chris Zevenbergen and Rajendra Prasad Singh

Water 2022, 14(1), 45; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w14010045 - 24 Dec 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2999

Abstract

Permeable pavements can infiltrate and reduce stormwater runoff in parking lots, but issues around long construction periods and proper maintenance still required proper research and further understanding. The application of precast concrete can help to solve this. In this study, precast concrete components were applied to the design of permeable pavements to form prefabricated permeable pavements. The laboratory study is one of the first to examine the hydrological effect of prefabricated pervious pavements in parking lots. Four kinds of permeable pavements were designed and manufactured. These had different materials (natural sand-gravel, medium sand) which comprised the leveling layer or different assembly forms of precast concrete at the base. Three scenarios of rainfall intensity (0.5, 1, and 2 mm/min) and three rainfall intervals (one, three, and seven days) were simulated using rainfall simulators. The initial runoff time, runoff coefficient, and runoff control rate of each permeable pavement were investigated during the process of simulating. Results showed that the initial runoff time was no earlier than 42 min, the maximum runoff coefficient was 0.52, and the minimum runoff control rate was 47.7% within the rainfall intensity of 2 mm/min. The initial runoff time of each permeable pavement was no earlier than 36 min when the rainfall interval was one day, whereas, the maximum runoff coefficient was 0.64, and the average runoff control rate was 41.5%. The leveling layer material had a greater impact on the hydrological effect of permeable pavements, while the assembly form of precast concrete had no significant effect. Compared with natural sand-gravel, when the leveling layer was medium sand, the runoff generation was advanced by 4.5–7.8 min under different rainfall intensities, and 7–10 min under different rainfall intervals. The maximum runoff coefficient increased with about 14.6% when the rainfall interval was one day. Among four kinds of permeable pavements, the type I permeable pavement had the best runoff regulation performance. The results revealed that all prefabricated permeable pavements used in this study had good runoff control performance, and this design idea proved to be an alternative for the future design of permeable pavements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Greenhouse Gas Emission from Freshwater Ecosystem)

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23 pages, 2644 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparing GHG Emissions from Drained Oil Palm and Recovering Tropical Peatland Forests in Malaysia

by Siti Noor Fitriah Azizan, Yuji Goto, Toshihiro Doi, Muhammad Imran Firdaus Kamardan, Hirofumi Hara, Iain McTaggart, Takamitsu Kai and Kosuke Noborio

Water 2021, 13(23), 3372; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w13233372 - 29 Nov 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2901

Abstract

For agricultural purposes, the drainage and deforestation of Southeast Asian peatland resulted in high greenhouse gases’ (GHGs, e.g., CO₂, N₂O and CH₄) emission. A peatland regenerating initiative, by rewetting and vegetation restoration, reflects evidence of subsequent forest recovery. In this study, we compared GHG emissions from three Malaysian tropical peatland systems under the following different land-use conditions: (i) drained oil palm plantation (OP), (ii) rewetting-restored forest (RF) and (iii) undrained natural forest (NF). Biweekly temporal measurements of CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O fluxes were conducted using a closed-chamber method from July 2017 to December 2018, along with the continuous measurement of environmental variables and a one-time measurement of the soil physicochemical properties. The biweekly emission data were integrated to provide cumulative fluxes using the trapezoidal rule. Our results indicated that the changes in environmental conditions resulting from draining (OP) or rewetting historically drained peatland (RF) affected CH₄ and N₂O emissions more than CO₂ emissions. The cumulative CH₄ emission was significantly higher in the forested sites (RF and NF), which was linked to their significantly higher water table (WT) level (p < 0.05). Similarly, the high cumulative CO₂ emission trends at the RF and OP sites indicated that the RF rewetting-restored peatland system continued to have high decomposition rates despite having a significantly higher WT than the OP (p < 0.05). The highest cumulative N₂O emission at the drained-fertilized OP and rewetting-restored RF sites was linked to the available substrates for high decomposition (low C/N ratio) together with soil organic matter mineralization that provided inorganic nitrogen (N), enabling ideal conditions for microbial mediated N₂O emissions. Overall, the measured peat properties did not vary significantly among the different land uses. However, the lower C/N ratio at the OP and the RF sites indicated higher decomposition rates in the drained and historically drained peat than the undrained natural peat (NF), which was associated with high cumulative CO₂ and N₂O emissions in our study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Greenhouse Gas Emission from Freshwater Ecosystem)

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11 pages, 1567 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen Input via Net Nitrogen Mineralization under Antibiotics and Warming from the Water Level Fluctuation Zone of a Three Gorges Tributary

by Junjie Lin, Chang Yan, Dan Liu, Yaling Du, Chunmei Xiong, Xiaoxia Yang and Qingyu Nie

Water 2021, 13(18), 2502; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w13182502 - 12 Sep 2021

Viewed by 1852

Abstract

The water level fluctuation (WLF) zone is one of the dominant sources of total dissolved inorganic nitrogen (TDN) export via net nitrogen (N) mineralization in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR). However, antibiotics pollution may impact the process of TND exports from WLF zone in the TGR, especially under drying-rewetting processes and climate warming, and thus increasing the risk of eutrophication in the tributaries of the TGR. The effects of the antibiotics Griseofulvin (GIN) and Fosfomycin (FIN) with 0, 0.2 and 0.4 g kg⁻¹ net N mineralization rate (NMR) from WLF-zone soil in the Pengxi river, a typical tributary of the Yangtze River, under 25 and 35 °C were estimated in 30-day flooding and drying incubations. The results showed that GIN concentrations, temperatures and their interaction significantly affect net-nitrification rates (NNR) and NMR under drying and did not significantly affect NNR under flooding. FIN concentrations and temperatures solely influenced the NNR under flooding. The amounts of TDN exports via NMR without antibiotics from the WLF zone of Pengxi River are 6883.8 (flooding, 25 °C), 9987.3 (flooding, 35 °C), 9781.6 (drying, 25 °C), and 27,866.5 (drying, 35 °C) t year⁻¹, which is 21.0, 29.8, 30.4 and 84.8 times of the permissible Class A discharge in China according to (GB18918-2002). Thus, the NMR of WLF zone should be controlled whether there is antibiotics pollution or not, especially during the dry period for alleviating water eutrophication. This study will be helpful for the assessment of nitrogen budgets in the WLF zone to eutrophication in the Three Gorges Reservoir. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Greenhouse Gas Emission from Freshwater Ecosystem)

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12 pages, 4502 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Existing Equations for Calculating the Settling Velocity

by M. Shiva Shankar, Manish Pandey and Anoop Kumar Shukla

Water 2021, 13(14), 1987; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w13141987 - 20 Jul 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3403

Abstract

The settling velocity of sediment is one of the essential parameters in studying freshwater reservoirs and transporting sediment in flowing water, mainly when the suspension is the dominant process. Hence, their quantitative measurements are crucial. An error during the prediction of the settling velocity may be increased by a factor of three or more in the estimation of the suspended load transport in the flowing water. Despite its significance, obtaining its real value in situ is practically impossible, and it is usually derived via laboratory tests or anticipated by empirical formulas. Numerous equations are available to calculate the settling velocity of the particle. However, it is exceedingly difficult to choose the best method when giving a specific solution for the same problem. Hence, a review of the existing equations is required. In this study, extensive data on settling velocity is collected from the literature, and previously proposed equations are analysed using graphical and statistical analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Greenhouse Gas Emission from Freshwater Ecosystem)

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19 pages, 1241 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Influence of Hydropower and Coal Consumption on Greenhouse Gas Emissions: A Comparison between China and India

by Ugur Korkut Pata and Amit Kumar

Water 2021, 13(10), 1387; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w13101387 - 16 May 2021

Cited by 64 | Viewed by 4349

Abstract

This study mainly aims to investigate carbon status according to the Pollution Haven Hypothesis (PHH) in developing countries such as India and China based on annual time series data from 1980 to 2016. The recently developed bootstrap autoregressive distributed lag procedure is applied to observe the long-run effect of FDI, hydropower, and coal-based fossil fuel consumption on three repressive measures of carbon emissions. The empirical results of the analysis show that hydropower and coal consumption lead to an upsurge in carbon emissions and the size of the carbon footprint in China. Similarly, Chinese FDI increases the carbon footprint. Moreover, Indian FDI and coal consumption accelerate carbon emissions while hydropower has no impact on environmental degradation. These results suggest that the PHH exists in China and India and that the validity of the PHH varies according to differing carbon indicators. Based on the empirical results, effective policy practices can be implemented by replacing coal and hydropower with more effective renewable energy sources and allowing foreign investors to pursue environmental concerns in the fight against environmental degradation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Greenhouse Gas Emission from Freshwater Ecosystem)

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Review

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14 pages, 751 KiB

Open AccessReview

Greenhouse Gases Trade-Off from Ponds: An Overview of Emission Process and Their Driving Factors

by Sandeep K. Malyan, Omkar Singh, Amit Kumar, Gagan Anand, Rajesh Singh, Sandeep Singh, Zhiguo Yu, Jhlaesh Kumar, Ram K. Fagodiya and Amit Kumar

Water 2022, 14(6), 970; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w14060970 - 19 Mar 2022

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 10379

Abstract

Inland water bodies (particularly ponds) emit a significant amount of greenhouse gases (GHGs), particularly methane (CH₄), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and a comparatively low amount of nitrous oxide (N₂O) to the atmosphere. In recent decades, ponds (<10,000 m²) probably account for about 1/3rd of the global lake perimeter and are considered a hotspot of GHG emissions. High nutrients and waterlogged conditions provide an ideal environment for CH₄ production and emission. The rate of emissions differs according to climatic regions and is influenced by several biotic and abiotic factors, such as temperature, nutrients (C, N, & P), pH, dissolved oxygen, sediments, water depth, etc. Moreover, micro and macro planktons play a significant role in CO₂ and CH₄ emissions from ponds systems. Generally, in freshwater bodies, the produced N₂O diffuses in the water and is converted into N₂ gas through different biological processes. There are several other factors and mechanisms which significantly affect the CH₄ and CO₂ emission rate from ponds and need a comprehensive evaluation. This study aims to develop a decisive understanding of GHG emissions mechanisms, processes, and methods of measurement from ponds. Key factors affecting the emissions rate will also be discussed. This review will be highly useful for the environmentalists, policymakers, and water resources planners and managers to take suitable mitigation measures in advance so that the climatic impact could be reduced in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Greenhouse Gas Emission from Freshwater Ecosystem)

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