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Membrane Filtration for Water Reuse
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Membrane Filtration for Water Reuse

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Wastewater Treatment and Reuse".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2022) | Viewed by 16856

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. José Antonio Mendoza-Roca

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Research Institute for Industrial, Radiophysical and Environmental Safety (ISIRYM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
Interests: membrane technology; circular economy; microplastics; wastewater treatment; membrane fouling and cleaning
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Amparo Bes-Piá

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Industrial, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
Interests: ultrafiltration; MBR; water reuse; membrane; sequencing batch reactors; microplastics in wastewater

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Water scarcity is a problem of paramount importance nowadays. This implies that, in many countries, water reuse will be necessary to meet water demand. For this purpose, membrane technologies play an important role, since these processes may produce water of sufficient quality to meet the legal standards for wastewater reuse or to recycle water to the industrial processes in the industries. This Special Issue of Water will focus on membrane processes used for obtaining water to be reused. In this context, the Guest Editors will consider papers dealing with microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, forward osmosis, electrodialysis, or other membrane processes applied to municipal or industrial wastewaters for water reuse. In your submission, we encourage the inclusion of data that clearly demonstrate that the treated water can be reused. Papers focusing on membrane fouling and cleaning in these applications are also welcome.

Prof. Dr. José Antonio Mendoza-Roca
Dr. Amparo Bes-Pía
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Water Reuse
  • Membrane Technologies
  • Wastewater Reclamation
  • Ultrafiltration
  • Nanofiltration
  • Membrane Fouling

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 2804 KiB  
Article
Hydrophilic Antimicrobial Polyethersulfone Membrane for Removal of Turbidity of Well-Water
by Nasrul Arahman, Jakfar Jakfar, Wafiq Alni Dzulhijjah, Nur Halimah, Silmina Silmina, Muhammad Prayogie Aulia, Afrillia Fahrina and Muhammad Roil Bilad
Water 2022, 14(22), 3769; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w14223769 - 20 Nov 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2304
Abstract
Membrane-based technologies have been widely used for surface water treatment. Yet, many aspects of this technology can still be improved. This study aims to develop polyethersulfone (PES)-based phase-inverted membranes to improve the morphological structure, antimicrobial properties, and performance by incorporating Poloxamer 188 and [...] Read more.
Membrane-based technologies have been widely used for surface water treatment. Yet, many aspects of this technology can still be improved. This study aims to develop polyethersulfone (PES)-based phase-inverted membranes to improve the morphological structure, antimicrobial properties, and performance by incorporating Poloxamer 188 and patchouli oil as the dope solution additives. The performance of the membrane was assessed for filtration of well water and by evaluating the turbidity rejection. This study used a phase inversion technique in the membrane manufacturing process with PES, PES + P188 + 1 wt% PO, PES + P188 + 3 wt% PO, and PES + P188 + 7 wt% PO. The characteristics of the obtained membranes were studied in terms of structure and morphology, microbial growth prevention, hydrophilicity, filtration flux, and ability to reduce the turbidity of well water samples. Results show that the addition of Poloxamer 188 and patchouli oil in the dope solution turned the membrane more porous (up to 73.24% increase in porosity) and more hydrophilic (the water contact angle (WCA) was lowered from 70 to 37°). The additives also increased the antibacterial properties of the membrane, as shown by up to 97.5% reducing Escherichia coli colonies on the membrane surface. Overall, the results demonstrate significant improvements in the characteristics and performance of PES membranes by incorporating Poloxamer 188 co-polymer and patchouli oil as additives in the dope solution. The modified membrane was successfully applied to remove turbidity from a water sample. The turbidity parameters in well water samples could be fully reduced in nine out of ten samples by the membrane containing 7 wt% PO additives. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Membrane Filtration for Water Reuse)
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16 pages, 3788 KiB  
Article
Application of Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis Membranes for Tannery Wastewater Reuse
by Vilma Fernández-Medrano, Beatriz Cuartas-Uribe, María-Amparo Bes-Piá and José-Antonio Mendoza-Roca
Water 2022, 14(13), 2035; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w14132035 - 25 Jun 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2112
Abstract
Tanneries produce large amounts of wastewater with high concentrations of suspended solids, organic matter, and salts. Treatment and reuse of these effluents are of great importance to preserve water resources and save costs. Although suspended solids and high percentages of organic matter can [...] Read more.
Tanneries produce large amounts of wastewater with high concentrations of suspended solids, organic matter, and salts. Treatment and reuse of these effluents are of great importance to preserve water resources and save costs. Although suspended solids and high percentages of organic matter can be eliminated by physico-chemical and biological processes, refractory chemical oxygen demand (COD) and salts will remain in the wastewater after these processes. In particular, chloride and sulphate ion concentrations may hinder the treated wastewater from being reused or even discharged according to legal standards. In this work, two nanofiltration membranes and two reverse osmosis membranes are tested to assess these technologies as regeneration processes for biologically treated tannery wastewater. Permeate flux and rejection of organic matter and ions were measured at different operating conditions (transmembrane pressure and cross-flow velocities) at both total recycle and concentration modes. Results showed that the difference between permeate fluxes of nanofiltration (NF) membranes and reverse osmosis (RO) membranes was very high. Thus, at 20 bar and 1.77 m·s−1, the permeate flux of the two tested NF membranes in the total recycle mode experiments were 106 and 67 L·m−2·h−1, while the obtained permeate fluxes for the RO membranes were 25 and 18 L·m−2·h−1. Concerning rejections, RO membranes rejected almost 100% of the salts, whereas NF membranes reduced their rejection when faced with increasing concentration factors (salt rejection between 50–60% at the highest concentration factor). In addition, the fouling of RO membranes was lower than that of NF membranes, recovering more than 90% of initial permeability by only water rinsing. In contrast, chemical cleaning was necessary to increase the permeability recovery of the NF membranes above 90%. The considerably lower rejections and the higher membrane fouling of the NF membranes lead us to conclude that reverse osmosis could be the most feasible technique for water reuse in the tannery industry, though the permeate fluxes are lower than those achieved with NF membranes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Membrane Filtration for Water Reuse)
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13 pages, 4035 KiB  
Communication
Study on the Effect of Water Flux in Osmotic Microbial Fuel Cells on Membrane Water Content and Resistance
by Yang Zhao, Yonghui Song and Liang Duan
Water 2022, 14(6), 848; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w14060848 - 09 Mar 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1847
Abstract
Osmotic microbial fuel cells (OsMFCs) can integrate forward osmosis into microbial fuel cells (MFCs), which are able to perform organic elimination, bioenergy production, and high-class water abstraction from wastewater. However, it is not well understood how the unique feature of OsMFCs, i.e., water [...] Read more.
Osmotic microbial fuel cells (OsMFCs) can integrate forward osmosis into microbial fuel cells (MFCs), which are able to perform organic elimination, bioenergy production, and high-class water abstraction from wastewater. However, it is not well understood how the unique feature of OsMFCs, i.e., water flux, helps improve current generation. Based on experimental studies and the Springer model theory, a new method for representing water transmission in OsMFC membranes is put forward that considers water transmission by electro-osmosis resulting from proton flux through the membrane and by osmosis resulting from osmotic pressure grades of water. In this research, osmotic water transmission is associated with the permeable differential pressure resulting from the ionic differential concentration in the membrane, and electro-osmotic water transmission is found to be proportional to the current density employed but irrelevant to the composition gradients. The net water transmission in OsMFC depends on the operation time and increases accordingly with higher current density and composition gradients. Furthermore, the membrane’s proton conductibility and water-transmission capabilities are significantly affected by the moisture content, which decreases from the negative electrode to the positive electrode in the OsMFC system. Increasing water flux with higher osmotic pressure and current density is therefore able to diminish the resistance of the membrane. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Membrane Filtration for Water Reuse)
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16 pages, 3747 KiB  
Article
Municipal-to-Industrial Water Reuse via Multi-Stage and Multi-Pass Reverse Osmosis Systems: A Step from Water Scarcity towards Sustainable Development
by Shih-Shuo Chan and Jung-Hua Wu
Water 2022, 14(3), 362; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w14030362 - 26 Jan 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2981
Abstract
Wastewater reclamation is a promising solution to growing pressure on limited water resources. In this study we evaluated the efficiency of boron removal from effluent at a water resource recovery facility (WRRF) using a two-stage/two-pass RO membrane system. We propose using measurements of [...] Read more.
Wastewater reclamation is a promising solution to growing pressure on limited water resources. In this study we evaluated the efficiency of boron removal from effluent at a water resource recovery facility (WRRF) using a two-stage/two-pass RO membrane system. We propose using measurements of electrical conductivity (EC) as a proxy for boron concentration. We tested our approach to boron estimation and the proposed split partial second pass (SPSP) system at an established WRRF and a pilot plant we constructed at the same location. Results showed that boron in the effluent was directly related to the concentration of EC. The proposed regression equation (y = 4.959 × 10-5x + 0.138) represents a rule of thumb for wastewater plant operators. The proposed SPSP system was optimized through manipulation of operating conditions, achieving a promising total water recovery of 64% at maximum boron rejection (over 85% removal) in a manner that was both cost-effective and flexible. This study demonstrates that two-stage/two-pass split-partial permeate treatment with a high pH for boron removal offers a sustainable freshwater supply option suitable for use by the semiconductor industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Membrane Filtration for Water Reuse)
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10 pages, 1120 KiB  
Article
Towards a Novel Combined Treatment Approach Using Light-Emitting Diodes and Photocatalytic Ceramic Membranes
by Jorge Bernardo, João Sério, Beatriz Oliveira, Ana Paula Marques, Rosa Huertas, João Goulão Crespo and Vanessa Jorge Pereira
Water 2022, 14(3), 292; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w14030292 - 19 Jan 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1939
Abstract
Natural disasters (such as earthquakes, floods, heatwaves and landslides), isolation and war affect the water access of millions of people worldwide. Developments in the areas of membrane filtration, photolysis and photocatalysis are important for safe water production and water re-use applications. This work [...] Read more.
Natural disasters (such as earthquakes, floods, heatwaves and landslides), isolation and war affect the water access of millions of people worldwide. Developments in the areas of membrane filtration, photolysis and photocatalysis are important for safe water production and water re-use applications. This work aimed to test alternative ways to ensure effective disinfection of wastewater effluents: light-emitting diodes that emit at different wavelengths, photocatalytic membranes, and the combination of the two solutions. The different treatment processes were tested at the laboratory scale to assess their performance in the removal and inactivation of water quality indicator bacteria and fungi present in wastewater effluents. The membranes were found to be effective to retain the microorganisms (rejection values higher than 96%), while three small ultraviolet C light-emitting diodes that emitted light at 255 and 265 nm showed an excellent performance for inactivation (higher than 2.5-log inactivation of total coliforms and Escherichia coli after 10 min of exposure in real wastewater effluents). When photocatalytic membranes are used, ultraviolet A light-emitting diodes ensured effective treatment of the retentate (higher than 65%). The combination of these two processes is extremely promising since it ensures not only the production of a high quality permeate that can be reused, but also the treatment of the retentate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Membrane Filtration for Water Reuse)
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17 pages, 3531 KiB  
Article
Hydraulic Resistance and Protein Fouling Resistance of a Zirconia Membrane with a Tethered PVP Layer
by Yian Chen, Montserrat Rovira-Bru, Francesc Giralt and Yoram Cohen
Water 2021, 13(7), 951; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w13070951 - 31 Mar 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2842
Abstract
The influence of surface modification of zirconia (ZrO2) membrane with tethered poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) chains was evaluated with respect to the impact of pH and ionic strength on hydraulic resistance and fouling resistance in the filtration of bovine serum albumin (BSA) [...] Read more.
The influence of surface modification of zirconia (ZrO2) membrane with tethered poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) chains was evaluated with respect to the impact of pH and ionic strength on hydraulic resistance and fouling resistance in the filtration of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and lysozyme (Lys) as model protein foulants. The tethered PVP surface layer led to membrane permeability and fouling propensity that were responsive to both pH and ionic strength. The PVP-modified membrane (PVP-ZrO2) hydraulic resistance increased by up to ~48% over a pH range of 6–11, but with no discernible impact at lower pH. Membrane hydraulic resistance was virtually unaffected by ionic strength over the 0.001–1 M range. However, reversible foulant cake resistance in BSA and Lys solution filtration increased with elevated ionic strength, owing in part to the weakening of protein–protein repulsion. Irreversible BSA and Lys fouling was affected by the operational pH relative to the protein isoelectric point (IEP) and reduced under conditions of chain swelling. Irreversible membrane fouling resistance for both proteins was significantly lower, by ~11–49% and 18–74%, respectively, for the PVP-ZrO2 membrane relative to the unmodified ZrO2 membrane. The present results suggest the merit of further exploration of fouling reduction and improvement of membrane cleaning effectiveness via tuning pH and ionic strength triggered conformational responsiveness of the tethered target polymer layer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Membrane Filtration for Water Reuse)
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11 pages, 2462 KiB  
Article
Filterability of Polysulfone Membrane in a Tilted Panel System for Activated Sludge Filtration
by Ahmad Aliyan Alif Ismail, Sri Mulyati, Sri Aprilia, Mohd Hizami Mohd Yusoff, Normi Izati Mat Nawi, Muhammad Roil Bilad, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail and Nasrul Arahman
Water 2020, 12(12), 3533; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w12123533 - 16 Dec 2020
Viewed by 1807
Abstract
Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) are established technology for treatment of domestic and industrial wastewater because they offer a small footprint and high quality of effluent, in addition to lower excess sludge. However, their widespread applications are still limited by higher expenditure for compensating for [...] Read more.
Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) are established technology for treatment of domestic and industrial wastewater because they offer a small footprint and high quality of effluent, in addition to lower excess sludge. However, their widespread applications are still limited by higher expenditure for compensating for membrane fouling. In this study, polysulfone (PSF)-based ultrafiltration membranes were developed and integrated with a tilted panel system for fouling control in activated sludge filtration. The results show an enhanced performance of filtration system thanks to the mutual advantage of the tilted panel system and the membrane properties. Both membranes showed a clear trend of higher permeability with respect to the tilted panel parameters, namely, higher tilting angle, higher aeration rate, and shorter intermittent/switching period. PSF-1 (1 wt% polyethylene glycol (PEG) additive) shows significantly better performance than PSF-3 (3 wt% PEG additive) although their mean flow pore size, structural properties, and contact angle do not differ significantly. PSF-1 shows superior filterability performance of about 45% for panel tilting angles of 20° at an aeration rate of 1.8 L·min−1, and 11% for a switching period of 1 min compared with PSF-3. The key property enhancing the performance of the PSF-1 is its narrower distribution of pore size. Overall results suggest that an optimum system could be achieved by optimizing both the filtration system and the membrane material properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Membrane Filtration for Water Reuse)
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