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Harmful Algal Blooms and the Mechanism of Hypoxia in Coastal...
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Harmful Algal Blooms and the Mechanism of Hypoxia in Coastal Waters

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Oceans and Coastal Zones".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2021) | Viewed by 7596

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Haifeng Gu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
Interests: harmful algal blooms; dinoflagellates; toxins; eutrophication; hypoxia
Prof. Dr. Chui Pin Leaw

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia
Interests: bloom dynamics; dinoflagellates; harmful algal bloom; algal toxigenesis; toxic diatoms

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The excessive discharge of nutrients has led to global eutrophication, which contributes to intensive outbreaks of harmful algal blooms worldwide. In addition, climate changes may favor some noxious species over others. Harmful algal blooms pose serious threats to aquaculture, fishery, and even human beings. Hypoxia may occur during these blooms due to deoxygenation and organic matter degradation, further devastating the ecosystems. It is still a challenge to understand the breakout of harmful algal blooms and the driving factors, but the advent of new technology has enabled us to begin revealing the mechanisms.

This Special Issue aims to gather insightful contributions addressing the above topics with multidisciplinary approaches. The Issue welcomes papers addressing the distribution of harmful microalgae, the physiology of harmful microalgae, the ecology of harmful algal blooms, socio-economic impacts of harmful algal bloom events, and the mechanism and occurrence of hypoxia.

Prof. Dr. Haifeng Gu
Prof. Dr. Chui Pin Leaw
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • deoxygenation
  • diatoms
  • dinoflagellates
  • eutrophication
  • harmful algal blooms
  • hypoxia
  • toxin

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 1880 KiB  
Article
Inorganic Nitrogen Uptake Characteristics of Three Typical Bloom-Forming Algae in the East China Sea
by Guangmao Ding, Huorong Chen, Haifeng Gu, Youquan Zhang, Rongmao Li and Shufeng Zhang
Water 2022, 14(16), 2580; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w14162580 - 21 Aug 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1879
Abstract
Inorganic nitrogen (N) is an important element for eutrophication and harmful algal bloom (HAB) formation. However, the roles of inorganic N in HAB outbreaks are still unclear. Here, we compared the affinities and abilities for inorganic N uptake and assimilation among three typical [...] Read more.
Inorganic nitrogen (N) is an important element for eutrophication and harmful algal bloom (HAB) formation. However, the roles of inorganic N in HAB outbreaks are still unclear. Here, we compared the affinities and abilities for inorganic N uptake and assimilation among three typical bloom-forming algae in the East China Sea (ECS), Skeletonema costatum, Prorocentrum donghaiense and Alexandrium pacificum by investigating the uptake and enzymatic (nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamine synthetase (GS) kinetics for nitrate and ammonia. The Ks of nitrate and ammonium in S. costatum was lower than those in P. donghaiense and A. pacificum. The NR activity of S. costatum and P. donghaiense exhibited a positive relationship with the nitrate concentration, and NR activity of S. costatum was nearly 4-fold higher than that of P. donghaiense at high nitrate concentration. However, the NR activity of A. pacificum could not be detected. The GS activity of three species decreased with the increase of ammonium concentrations, and the highest GS activity was detected in A. pacificum. S. costatum presented the highest affinity for nitrate and ammonium, followed by P. donghaiense and A. pacificum. Moreover, P. donghaiense exhibited the highest affinity for intracellular ammonium. Our results characterized the differences in inorganic nitrogen uptake among the three typical bloom-forming algae, which may contribute to the formation of blooms in the coastal waters of the ECS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Harmful Algal Blooms and the Mechanism of Hypoxia in Coastal Waters)
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22 pages, 3598 KiB  
Article
Dynamics of the Toxic Dinoflagellate Alexandrium pacificum in the Taiwan Strait and Its Linkages to Surrounding Populations
by Minlu Liu, Jing Zheng, Bernd Krock, Guangmao Ding, Lincoln MacKenzie, Kirsty F. Smith and Haifeng Gu
Water 2021, 13(19), 2681; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w13192681 - 28 Sep 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2385
Abstract
The dinoflagellate Alexandrium pacificum can produce paralytic shellfish toxins and is mainly distributed in the Pacific. Blooms of A. pacificum have been frequently reported in offshore areas of the East China Sea, but not along the coast. To investigate the bloom dynamics of [...] Read more.
The dinoflagellate Alexandrium pacificum can produce paralytic shellfish toxins and is mainly distributed in the Pacific. Blooms of A. pacificum have been frequently reported in offshore areas of the East China Sea, but not along the coast. To investigate the bloom dynamics of A. pacificum and their potential origins in the Taiwan Strait, we performed intensive sampling of both water and sediments from 2017 to 2020. Ellipsoidal cysts were identified as A. pacificum and enumerated based on microscopic observation. Their abundances were quite low but there was a maximum of 9.6 cysts cm−3 in the sediment near the Minjiang River estuary in May 2020, consistent with the high cell abundance in the water column in this area. Cells of A. pacificum were examined using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and they appeared to be persistent in the water column across the seasons. High densities of A. pacificum (103 cells L−1) were observed near the Jiulongjiang and Minjiang River estuary in early May 2020, where high nutrients (dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphate), and relatively low temperatures (20–21 °C) were also recorded. Strains isolated from the East and South China Sea exhibited the highest division rate (0.63 and 0.93 divisions d−1) at 20 and 23 °C, respectively, but the strain from the Yellow Sea showed the highest division (0.40 divisions d−1) at 17–23 °C. Strains from the East and South China Sea shared similar toxin profiles dominated by the N-sulfocarbamoyl toxins C1/2, but the strain from the Yellow Sea predominantly produced the carbamoyl toxins GTX1/4 and no C1/2. Our results suggest that both cyst germination and persistent cells in the water column might contribute to the bloom formation in the Taiwan Strait. Our results also indicate that the East and South China Sea populations are connected genetically through similar toxin formation but separated from the Yellow Sea population geographically. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Harmful Algal Blooms and the Mechanism of Hypoxia in Coastal Waters)
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13 pages, 2085 KiB  
Article
Induced Allelopathic Effects of Thalassiosira weissflogii on Colony Formation in Phaeocystis globosa
by Xiaodong Wang, Yiping Huo, Fan Yang and Yan Wang
Water 2021, 13(5), 581; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w13050581 - 24 Feb 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2098
Abstract
Co-culturing and using cell-free filtrates are common methods for investigating allelopathy of marine phytoplankton; however, these methods often yield inconsistent or even contradictory results. The induced release of allelopathic compounds has been hypothesized as a mechanism to explain the discrepancy. Here, we used [...] Read more.
Co-culturing and using cell-free filtrates are common methods for investigating allelopathy of marine phytoplankton; however, these methods often yield inconsistent or even contradictory results. The induced release of allelopathic compounds has been hypothesized as a mechanism to explain the discrepancy. Here, we used experiments to assess the inducibility of allelopathy by the diatom, Thalassiosira weissflogii, on the colony formation of Phaeocystis globosa. T. weissflogii and its cell-free filtrates showed inhibitory effects on the growth of solitary P. globosa cells. The colony number, colony diameter, and cells per colony decreased by co-occurring T. weissflogii cells but were enhanced by their extracellular filtrates alone. Living T. weissflogii cells possibly affect the colony integrity by reducing colonial cell density of P. globosa. When P. globosa and T. weissflogii were co-cultured but separated with a 2-µm membrane filter, thus allowing the exchange of extracellular secretions without direct cell contact, P. globosa colony concentration, colony diameter, cells per colony and colonial cell density were inhibited. Once T. weissflogii cells were pre-exposed to cell-free filtrates of P. globosa, their filtrates inhibited colony formation. T. weissflogii had allelopathic effects on P. globosa by releasing extracellular compounds that inhibited growth of solitary cells and colony formation, as well as disrupting colony integrity. However, the allelopathic effects of T. weissflogii on colony formation were only induced when the presence of P. globosa was perceived. Chemically mediated allelopathic effects of diatoms on colony formation of P. globosa may play an important role in the succession of diatoms and Phaeocystis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Harmful Algal Blooms and the Mechanism of Hypoxia in Coastal Waters)
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