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Fluvial Hydraulics Affected by River Ice and Hydraulic Structures

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A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Hydraulics and Hydrodynamics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2021) | Viewed by 30167

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Special Issue Editor

Dr. Jueyi Sui

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Guest Editor

School of Engineering, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada
Interests: local scour; sediment transport; river ice hydraulics; fluvial hydraulics; vegetated channel; snow hydrology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

To date, scientists conducted lots of cutting-edge research on all aspects of fluvial hydraulics interpreted in its widest sense. So many research has been published to explore the fluvial hydraulics in the presence of hydraulic structures such as bridge piers. In winter, the formation of ice cover in rivers is an important phenomenon that affects fluvial hydraulics compared to that under open flow conditions. Consequently, the winter operation of ice-covered rivers must be changed. In the past 30 years, with the growing interest in fluvial hydraulics under ice-covered flow conditions, some progress has been made. However, a more comprehensive understanding of the impact of ice cover on fluvial hydraulics is required. The aim of this Special Issue is to seek research works that improve knowledge of sediment transport, local scour around hydraulic structures, and fluvial processes under ice-covered flow conditions. It will include not only the mechanics of sediment transport in natural rivers and laboratory flumes but also what is related to local scour and fluvial processes under both open channel and ice-covered flow conditions. Research work regarding the environmental and ecological impacts of sedimentation, interaction between river ice and riverbed deformation, and the effect of reservoir sedimentation and coastal erosion will also be included.

Dr. Jueyi Sui
Guest Editor

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Keywords

flooding
fluvial hydraulics
ice cover
ice jam
local scour
riverbed deformation
river ice hydraulics
sediment transport

Published Papers (13 papers)

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Editorial

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5 pages, 176 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Fluvial Hydraulics Affected by River Ice and Hydraulic Structures

by Jueyi Sui

Water 2023, 15(7), 1262; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w15071262 - 23 Mar 2023

Viewed by 1037

Abstract

Water on earth moves from one place to another by way of hydrologic processes such as precipitation, runoff, infiltration, evapotranspiration, melting, and ground-water flow [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluvial Hydraulics Affected by River Ice and Hydraulic Structures)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

18 pages, 2601 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Waved-Shape Accumulation of Ice Jam—Analysis and Experimental Study

by Pangpang Chen, Jueyi Sui, Guangxue Cao and Tiejie Cheng

Water 2022, 14(23), 3945; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w14233945 - 04 Dec 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1216

Abstract

Ice jam is a unique hydrological phenomenon in rivers in cold regions. The appearance of an ice jam in a river results in an increase in the wetted perimeter of the flow cross-section, and thus an increase in flow resistance as well as water level. It may cause ice flooding sometimes. Similar to the “sand wave” phenomenon in riverbed, it has been observed in laboratory experiments that the waved-shape accumulation of ice particles (termed as “ice wave”) under an ice jam occurred. In this study, an Equation for describing the relationship between the approaching flow Froude number (Fr) and the ratio of ice jam thickness to flow depth (t/H) has been proposed. Taking the inflection point value of the equation under different flow depths, a characteristic curve has been developed to judge whether ice waves under an ice jam occurs. When the flow Froude number in front of an ice jam is below the value at the inflection point of the curve, the ice jam can maintain a mechanical stability within the ice jam thickness in a range from the lower limiting value to the upper limiting value, which were close to the ice wave trough thickness and the ice wave crest thickness, respectively. An Equation for calculating the ice wavelength has been derived and verified by using results of laboratory experiments. The relationship between the migration speed of ice wave and the ratio of ice discharge to water flow rate (Qi/Q) has been also analyzed. At last, case studies have been conducted with respect to ice accumulation in the St. Lawrence River, the Beauharnois Canal and the La Grande River. Results of case studies show that the shoving and ice dam have been dominated by mechanical factors, which would be accompanied by the ice wave phenomenon during the ice jam accumulation process. Results of case studies about ice accumulation in natural rivers also show that the relative thickness of an ice jam (t/H) of 0.4 is the criterion for assessing whether an ice jam in a river belongs to an ice dam. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluvial Hydraulics Affected by River Ice and Hydraulic Structures)

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14 pages, 1628 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Local Scour around a Bridge Pier on Migration of Waved-Shape Accumulation of Ice Particles under an Ice Cover

by Zhixing Hou, Jun Wang, Jueyi Sui, Feihu Song and Zhicong Li

Water 2022, 14(14), 2193; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w14142193 - 11 Jul 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1326

Abstract

The migration of a waved-shape accumulation of ice particles under an ice cover (referred to as “ice wave” in this study) is a phenomenon of transport of ice particles during an ice accumulation process in rivers. The migration of an ice wave will affect the pier scour. On the other hand, the local scour at the pier will affect the migration of ice waves. The interaction between the migration of ice waves and local scour around a pier is a very complicated process since not only the channel bed deforms, but also the ice jam develops simultaneously. By conducting a series of flume experiments, the interaction between the local scour around bridge piers and the migration of ice waves was studied. By applying both continuity and momentum equations, an empirical equation has been derived for predicting the thickness of ice waves around the pier. The impacts of the scour hole on the thickness of ice waves around the pier have been studied. The thickness of the wave crest and the migration speed of ice waves have been investigated. Similar to a scour hole in a sand bed, an “ice scour hole” appeared at the bottom of the ice jam around the pier. The existence of the “ice scour hole” affects the development of ice waves. A formula for calculating ice transport capacity has been obtained. Results calculated using the derived formula are in good agreement with those of laboratory experiments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluvial Hydraulics Affected by River Ice and Hydraulic Structures)

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19 pages, 5353 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Channel Bed Deformation and Ice Jam Evolution around Bridge Piers

by Haotian Hu, Jun Wang, Tiejie Cheng, Zhixing Hou and Jueyi Sui

Water 2022, 14(11), 1766; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w14111766 - 31 May 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1727

Abstract

The interaction between the evolution of an ice jam and the local scour at bridge piers becomes much more complicated due to the evolution of both the channel bed and ice jam. Thus, research work regarding this topic has been hardly conducted. In the present study, experiments under different flow conditions with three different pier shapes were carried out. Through laboratory experiments, the development of scour holes around bridge piers under open flow, ice-covered, and ice-jammed flow conditions was compared. The results show that under the same hydraulic condition and with the same ice discharge rate (Q_i/Q), the development of an initial ice jam with a local scour around bridge piers along the entire flume takes a relatively short time. However, it takes a longer time for an ice jam to achieve an equilibrium state. With the presence of a local scour at bridge piers, after an ice jam reaches an equilibrium state, the ice jam thickness, water level, and water depth for flow are relatively larger compared to that without a local scour at the pier. The equilibrium ice jam thickness around the pier is negatively correlated with the initial flow Froude number. When the development of an initial ice jam is dominated by a mechanical thickening process, the rate of the development of a scour hole around a pier is faster. On the other hand, when the development of an initial ice jam is dominated by a hydraulic thickening process, the development of a scour hole around a pier can be treated as a scour process under an ice-covered flow condition. An equation was developed to determine the scour depth around a pier under an ice-jammed flow condition by considering related factors such as the flow Froude number, ice jam thickness, and ice discharge rate. The results of this research can provide a reference for bridge design and safety protection, as well as the interaction mechanism of local scour and ice jam evolution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluvial Hydraulics Affected by River Ice and Hydraulic Structures)

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16 pages, 3982 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Local Scour around Tandem Double Piers under an Ice Cover

by Liansheng Sang, Jun Wang, Tiejie Cheng, Zhixing Hou and Jueyi Sui

Water 2022, 14(7), 1168; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w14071168 - 06 Apr 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1539

Abstract

Compared to the scour around a single pier, the local scour process around tandem double piers is much more complicated. Based on laboratory experiments in a flume, we conducted the scour process around tandem double piers under an ice-covered flow condition. The results showed that when the pier spacing ratio L/D = 2 (where L = the pier spacing distance, and D = the pier diameter), the rear pier (the downstream one) will intensify the horseshoe vortex process behind the front pier, and the scour depth around the front pier will increase by about 10%. As the pier spacing ratio L/D increases, the scour depth around the front pier will gradually decrease. When the pier spacing ratio L/D = 5, sediment scoured around the front pier begins to deposit between these two piers. To initiate a deposition dune between piers, the pier spacing distance under an ice-covered condition is about 20% more than that under an open flow condition. The results also showed that the existence of the rear pier will lead to an increase in the length of the scour hole but a decrease in the depth of the scour hole around the front pier. The local scour around the front pier interacts with the local scour of the rear pier. The maximum scour depth of the scour hole around the rear pier increases first, then decreases and increases again afterward. When the pier spacing ratio L/D = 9, the scour depth around the rear pier is the least. With an increase in the pier spacing ratio, the influence of the local scour around the front pier on the local scour around the rear pier gradually decreases. When the pier spacing ratio L/D is more than 17, the scour around the front pier has hardly any influence on that around the rear pier. The scour depth around the rear pier is about 90% of that around the front pier. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluvial Hydraulics Affected by River Ice and Hydraulic Structures)

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21 pages, 4783 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Characteristics of Turbulence in the Downstream Region of a Vegetation Patch

by Masoud Kazem, Hossein Afzalimehr and Jueyi Sui

Water 2021, 13(23), 3468; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w13233468 - 06 Dec 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2335

Abstract

In presence of vegetation patches in a channel bed, different flow–morphology interactions in the river will result. The investigation of the nature and intensity of these structures is a crucial part of the research works of river engineering. In this experimental study, the characteristics of turbulence in the non-developed region downstream of a vegetation patch suffering from a gradual fade have been investigated. The changes in turbulent structure were tracked in sequential patterns by reducing the patch size. The model vegetation was selected carefully to simulate the aquatic vegetation patches in natural rivers. Velocity profile, TKE (Turbulent Kinetic Energy), turbulent power spectra and quadrant analysis have been used to investigate the behavior and intensity of the turbulent structures. The results of the velocity profile and TKE indicate that there are three different flow layers in the region downstream of the vegetation patch, including the wake layer, mixing layer and shear layer. When the vegetation patch is wide enough (D_v/D_c > 0.5, termed as the patch width ratio, where D_v is the width of a vegetation patch and D_c is the width of the channel), highly intermittent anisotropic turbulent events appear in the mixing layer at the depth of z/H_v = 0.7~1.1 and distance of x/H_v = 8~12 (where x is streamwise distance from the patch edge, z is vertical distance from channel bed and H_v is the height of a vegetation patch). The results of quadrant analysis show that these structures are associated with the dominance of the outward interactions (Q1). Moreover, these structures accompany large coherent Reynolds shear stresses, anomalies in streamwise velocity, increases in the standard deviation of TKE and increases in intermittent Turbulent Kinetic Energy (TKE_i). The intensity and extents of these structures fade with the decrease in the size of a vegetation patch. On the other hand, as the size of the vegetation patch decreases, von Karman vortexes appear in the wake layer and form the dominant flow structures in the downstream region of a vegetation patch. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluvial Hydraulics Affected by River Ice and Hydraulic Structures)

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27 pages, 23982 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Investigation of the Effect of Vegetation on Flow Structures and Turbulence Anisotropy around Semi-Elliptical Abutment

by Seyedeh Fatemeh Nabaei, Hossein Afzalimehr, Jueyi Sui, Bimlesh Kumar and Seyed Hamidreza Nabaei

Water 2021, 13(21), 3108; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w13213108 - 04 Nov 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2118

Abstract

In the present experimental study, the effect of vegetation on flow structure and scour profile around a bridge abutment has been investigated. The vegetation in the channel bed significantly impacted the turbulent statistics and turbulence anisotropy. Interestingly, compared to the channel without vegetation, the presence of vegetation in the channel bed dramatically reduced the primary vortex, but less impacts the wake vortex. Moreover, the tangential and radial velocities decreased with the vegetation in the channel bed, while the vertical velocity (azimuthal angle > 90°) had large positive values near the scour hole bed. Results showed that the presence of the vegetation in the channel bed caused a noticeable decrease in the Reynolds shear stress. Analysis of the Reynolds stress anisotropy indicated that the flow had more tendency to be isotropic for the vegetated bed. Results have shown that the anisotropy profile changes from pancake-shaped to cigar-shaped in the un-vegetated channel. In contrast, it had the opposite reaction for the vegetated bed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluvial Hydraulics Affected by River Ice and Hydraulic Structures)

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16 pages, 3504 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Formation of Coherent Flow Structures beyond Vegetation Patches in Channel

by Masoud Kazem, Hossein Afzalimehr and Jueyi Sui

Water 2021, 13(20), 2812; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w13202812 - 10 Oct 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 1966

Abstract

By using model vegetation (e.g., synthetic bars), vortex structures in a channel with vegetation patches have been studied. It has been reported that vortex structures, including both the vertical and horizontal vortexes, may be produced in the wake in the channel bed with a finite-width vegetation patch. In the present experimental study, both velocity and TKE have been measured (via Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter—ADV) to study the formation of vortexes behind four vegetation patches in the channel bed. These vegetation patches have different dimensions, from the channel-bed fully covered patch to small-sized patches. Model vegetation used in this research is closely similar to vegetation in natural rivers with a gravel bed. The results show that, for a channel with a small patch (L_v/D_c = 0.44 and D_v/D_c = 0.33; where L_v and D_v are the length and width of patch and D_c is the channel width, respectively), both the flow passing through the patch and side flow around the patch have a considerable effect on the formation of flow structures beyond the patch. The results of further analysis via 3D classes of the bursting events show that the von Karman vortex street splits into two parts beyond the vegetation patch as the strong part near the surface and the weak part near the bed; while the middle part of the flow is completely occupied by the vertical vortex formed at a distance of 0.8–1 H_v beyond the vegetation patch, and thus, the horizontal vortexes cannot be detected in this region. The octant analysis is conducted for the coherent shear stress analysis that confirms the results of this experimental study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluvial Hydraulics Affected by River Ice and Hydraulic Structures)

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11 pages, 1210 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Numerical Study of the Flow and Sediment Interaction in the Middle Reach of the Huai River

by Jin Ni, Bangyi Yu and Peng Wu

Water 2021, 13(15), 2041; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w13152041 - 27 Jul 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1544

Abstract

In recent years, the incoming sediments from upstream of the Huai River have continuously decreased. The relationship between flow and sediment has significantly changed. Therefore, the erosion and deposition characteristics of the river could be affected. To investigate this interaction between flow and sediment, the present study was conducted using the Wanglin section in the middle reach of the Huai River as the study site. A 1D hydrodynamic model was developed and validated using field data. Data from 1985–2014 were used as a continuous series while data from 2004–2014 were used as a repetitive series. The sediment variation and distribution processes at different locations were discussed. It was found that the river channel displayed several notable characteristics. In the flow direction, the channel had frontal erosion and backward deposition. The variation rate was relatively slow. With reduced sediment, the overall deposition at the Wanglin section was significantly mitigated. Future recommendations are provided based on the present simulation for flood mitigation along the Huai River. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluvial Hydraulics Affected by River Ice and Hydraulic Structures)

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20 pages, 10064 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Velocity Field and Turbulence Structure around Spur Dikes with Different Angles of Orientation under Ice Covered Flow Conditions

by Rahim Jafari and Jueyi Sui

Water 2021, 13(13), 1844; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w13131844 - 01 Jul 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3915

Abstract

Spur dikes are well-known structures that are widely used in rivers and coastal regions. Depending on their types, sizes, and orientation angles, spur dikes can substantially change flow characteristics. Results of previous studies indicate that the presence of an ice cover in rivers can cause complicated flow structures. The present experimental study investigates velocity fields and turbulence structures in the vicinity of spur dikes under ice cover with different roughness coefficients. The spur dikes were set up at the following three angles of orientation, 90°, 60°, and 45°. Our results show that the strongest velocity fluctuation occurs immediately above the scour hole surface and very close to the dike tip. The increase in the dike angle toward upstream, the velocity component values increase, leads to a larger scour hole. Results show that an increase in dike angle of each 10° (from 45° to 90°) increases the scour depth between 5% and 10%, depending on flow conditions. Furthermore, the increase in the cover roughness coefficient and the blockage ratio of a spur dike leads to a further increase in turbulence kinetic energy and 3D velocity components values. The findings of this study imply that the appearance of an ice cover can increase turbulence intensities up to nearly 30%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluvial Hydraulics Affected by River Ice and Hydraulic Structures)

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17 pages, 3170 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analytical Models of Velocity, Reynolds Stress and Turbulence Intensity in Ice-Covered Channels

by Jiao Zhang, Wen Wang, Zhanbin Li, Qian Li, Ya Zhong, Zhaohui Xia and Hunan Qiu

Water 2021, 13(8), 1107; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w13081107 - 17 Apr 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2137

Abstract

Ice cover in an open channel can influence the flow structure, such as the flow velocity, Reynolds stress and turbulence intensity. This study analyzes the vertical distributions of velocity, Reynolds stress and turbulence intensity in fully and partially ice-covered channels by theoretical methods and laboratory experiments. According to the experimental data, the vertical profile of longitudinal velocities follows an approximately symmetry form. Different from the open channel flow, the maximum value of longitudinal velocity occurs near the middle of the water depth, which is close to the channel bed with a smoother boundary roughness compared to the ice cover. The measured Reynolds stress has a linear distribution along the vertical axis, and the vertical distribution of measured turbulence intensity follows an exponential law. Theoretically, a two-power-law function is presented to obtain the analytical formula of the longitudinal velocity. In addition, the vertical profile of Reynolds stress is obtained by the simplified momentum equation and the vertical profile of turbulence intensity is investigated by an improved exponential model. The predicted data from the analytical models agree well with the experimental ones, thereby confirming that the analytical models are feasible to predict the vertical distribution of velocity, Reynolds stress and turbulence intensity in ice-covered channels. The proposed models can offer an important theoretical reference for future study about the sediment transport and contaminant dispersion in ice-covered channels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluvial Hydraulics Affected by River Ice and Hydraulic Structures)

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17 pages, 4496 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Assessment of Critical Shear Stress and Threshold Velocity in Shallow Flow with Sand Particles

by Reza Shahmohammadi, Hossein Afzalimehr and Jueyi Sui

Water 2021, 13(7), 994; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w13070994 - 04 Apr 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5462

Abstract

In this study, the incipient motion of four groups of sand, ranging from medium to very coarse particles, was experimentally examined using an acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) in different water depths under the hydraulically transitional flow condition. The transport criterion of the Kramer visual observation method was used to determine threshold conditions. Some equations for calculating threshold average and near-bed velocities were derived. Results showed that the threshold velocity was directly proportional to both sediment particle size and water depth. The vertical distributions of the Reynolds shear stress showed an increase from the bed to about 0.1 of the water’s depth, after performing a damping area, then a decrease toward the water surface. By extending the linear portion of the Reynolds shear stress in the upper zone of the damping area to the bed, the critical shear stress, particle shear Reynolds number, and critical Shields parameter were calculated. Results showed that the critical Shields parameter was located under the Shields curve, showing no sediment motion. This indicates that the incipient motion of sediment particles occurred with smaller bed shear stress than that estimated using the Shields diagram in the hydraulically transitional flow region. The reason could be related to differences between the features of the present experiment and those of the experiments used in the development of the Shields diagram, including the approaches to determine and define threshold conditions, the accuracy of experimental tools to estimate critical shear stress, and sediment particle characteristics. Therefore, the change in the specifications of experiments from those on which the Shields diagram has been based led to the deviation between the estimation using the Shields diagram and that of real threshold conditions, at least in the hydraulically transitional flow region with sand particles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluvial Hydraulics Affected by River Ice and Hydraulic Structures)

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17 pages, 13031 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bridge Pier Scour under Ice Cover

by Christopher Valela, Dario A. B. Sirianni, Ioan Nistor, Colin D. Rennie and Husham Almansour

Water 2021, 13(4), 536; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w13040536 - 19 Feb 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2627

Abstract

Bridge pier scour is a complex process, which is influenced by many parameters, including the presence of ice cover around piers. To better understand the influence of ice on bridge pier scour, an artificial ice cover, equipped with either a smooth or a rough surface, was constructed and tested experimentally. The ice cover was positioned on the surface of the water and submerged to specified depths in order to replicate floating and fixed (pressurized) ice cover conditions, respectively. During each test, a velocity profile was collected beneath the ice cover, and after each test, a three-dimensional scan of the bed was collected to compare the resulting scour. It was discovered that the presence of an ice cover around a bridge pier increased pier scour under all conditions. Furthermore, as the ice cover was submerged deeper into the flow, the flow velocity increased, and greater scour resulted. For each level of submergence, the rough ice cover yielded increased scour depths compared to the smooth ice cover. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluvial Hydraulics Affected by River Ice and Hydraulic Structures)

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