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Water
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Numerical Simulations and Modelling of Extreme Flood Events
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Numerical Simulations and Modelling of Extreme Flood Events

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Hydraulics and Hydrodynamics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2023) | Viewed by 12203

Special Issue Editors

Dr. José González-Cao

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
EPHYSLAB, Departament of Applied Physics, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
Interests: numerical simulation; Iber; HEC-HMS; flood forecast; artificial intelligence; historic documentation
Dr. Orlando Garcia Feal

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Departament of Applied Physics, University of Grenoble, Saint-Martin-d'Hères, France
Interests: numerical simulation; Iber; HEC-HMS; flood forecast; artificial intelligence
Dr. D. Fernández-Nóvoa

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Departament of Applied Physics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
Interests: numerical simulation; Iber; HEC-HMS; flood forecast; artificial intelligence; climate change
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The world is experiencing one of the most intense flood-rich periods in the last few decades as a consequence, as many studies have shown, of climate change. Consequently, the number of extreme flood events, both flash-floods and fluvial-floods, are currently increasing worldwide both in frequency and intensity. The unpreparedness of civilians to face unexpectedly frequent, severe and spatially extended floods will increase the number of people affected by these events. One of the latest examples of these kind of events was registrated in July, 2021 in Germany and Belgium, where more than 150 people died as a direct consequence of floods. Therefore, understanding these extreme events is crucial to increase preparedness, improve flood mitigation and, of course, to adapt to new scenarios derived from climate change. We would like to invite contributions on different areas of interest as numerical simulation, historic reanalysis, future projections… that can be related with aim of this Special Issue. We hope these contributions will improve the general knowledge and help to face the challenges derived from this new scenario.

Dr. José González-Cao
Dr. Orlando Garcia Feal
Dr. D. Fernández-Nóvoa
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • numerical simulations
  • floods
  • historic floods
  • flood forecast
  • artificial intelligence
  • future flood projections
  • uncertainty analysis

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

29 pages, 7762 KiB  
Article
Flood Vulnerability Study of a Roadway Bridge Subjected to Hydrodynamic Actions, Local Scour and Wood Debris Accumulation
by Mirko Kosič, Andrej Anžlin and Valentina Bau’
Water 2023, 15(1), 129; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w15010129 - 29 Dec 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2469
Abstract
The increased occurrence and intensity of flooding events have represented a real threat to bridge reliability and end-user safety. As flood vulnerability assessment is a valuable tool for enhancing the resilience of bridges to climate change, it is of interest to push the [...] Read more.
The increased occurrence and intensity of flooding events have represented a real threat to bridge reliability and end-user safety. As flood vulnerability assessment is a valuable tool for enhancing the resilience of bridges to climate change, it is of interest to push the development of such methods. To this end, a computationally efficient methodology to assess the flood vulnerability of a bridge was developed and implemented in a case study. A particular focus was devoted to modelling wood debris loads on the bridge pier, for which two different approaches were implemented. The first is a standards-based approach, whereas the second is based on up-to-date research data. The results indicate that the second approach is less conservative as it leads up to a 40% higher exceedance probability for the considered limit states. The interaction between wood debris loads and local scour was also examined and proved to have a relevant impact on the vulnerability of the bridge. These results highlight the shortcomings of the existing standards in providing accurate results. It is perceived that not only will the new quantitative tool be valuable in ensuring optimal bridge design, but it will also be beneficial for assessing bridge risk mitigation measures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Simulations and Modelling of Extreme Flood Events)
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19 pages, 5911 KiB  
Article
Uncertainty Assessment of Flood Hazard Due to Levee Breaching
by Cédric Goeury, Vito Bacchi, Fabrice Zaoui, Sophie Bacchi, Sara Pavan and Kamal El kadi Abderrezzak
Water 2022, 14(23), 3815; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w14233815 - 23 Nov 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2381
Abstract
Water resource management and flood forecasting are crucial societal and financial stakes requiring reliable predictions of flow parameters (depth, velocity), the accuracy of which is often limited by uncertainties in hydrodynamic numerical models. In this study, we assess the effect of two uncertainty [...] Read more.
Water resource management and flood forecasting are crucial societal and financial stakes requiring reliable predictions of flow parameters (depth, velocity), the accuracy of which is often limited by uncertainties in hydrodynamic numerical models. In this study, we assess the effect of two uncertainty sources, namely breach characteristics induced by overtopping and the roughness coefficient, on water elevations and inundation extent. A two-dimensional (2D) hydraulic solver was applied in a Monte Carlo integration framework to a reach of the Loire river (France) including about 300 physical parameters. Inundation hazard maps for different flood scenarios allowed for the highlighting of the impact of the breach development chronology. Special attention was paid to proposing a relevant sensitivity analysis to examine the factors influencing the depth and extent of flooding. The spatial analysis of the vulnerability area induced by a levee breach width exhibits that, with increasing the flood discharge, the rise of the parameter influence is accompanied by a more localized spatial effect. This argues for a local analysis to allow a clear understanding of the flood hazard. The physical interpretation, highlighted by a global sensitivity analysis, showed the dependence of the flood simulation on the main factors studied, i.e., the roughness coefficients and the characteristics of the breaches. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Simulations and Modelling of Extreme Flood Events)
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17 pages, 5857 KiB  
Article
Improving Jakarta’s Katulampa Barrage Extreme Water Level Prediction Using Satellite-Based Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) Neural Networks
by Hadi Kardhana, Jonathan Raditya Valerian, Faizal Immaddudin Wira Rohmat and Muhammad Syahril Badri Kusuma
Water 2022, 14(9), 1469; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w14091469 - 04 May 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2643
Abstract
Jakarta, the capital region of Indonesia, is experiencing recurring floods, with the most extensive recording loss as high as 350 million dollars. Katulampa Barrage’s observation of the Upper Ciliwung River plays a central role in reducing the risk of flooding in Jakarta, especially [...] Read more.
Jakarta, the capital region of Indonesia, is experiencing recurring floods, with the most extensive recording loss as high as 350 million dollars. Katulampa Barrage’s observation of the Upper Ciliwung River plays a central role in reducing the risk of flooding in Jakarta, especially flowing through the Ciliwung River. The peak flow measured in the barrage would travel 13–14 h to the heart of the city, providing adequate time for the government officials and the residents to prepare for the flood risk. However, Jakarta is continually pressed by the population growth, averaging 1.27% in the past 20 years. The constant growth of Jakarta’s population continually develops slums in increasingly inconvenient locations, including the riverbanks, increasing vulnerability to floods. This situation necessitates a more advanced early warning system that could provide a longer forecasting lead time. Satellite remote sensing data propose a promising utility to extend the prediction lead time of extreme events. In the case of this study, Sadewa data is used to predict the water level of Katulampa Barrage using long short-term memory (LSTM) recurrent neural networks (RNN). The results show that the model could predict Katulampa Water Level accurately. The model presents a potential for implementation and additional lead time to increase flood mitigation preparedness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Simulations and Modelling of Extreme Flood Events)
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14 pages, 4237 KiB  
Article
Non-Monotonic Relationships between Return Periods of Precipitation Surface Hazard Intensity
by Bastian van den Bout, Cees J. van Westen and Victor G. Jetten
Water 2022, 14(9), 1348; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w14091348 - 21 Apr 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1406
Abstract
Hazardous surface processes such as floods and mass movements are often induced by a common trigger such as extreme precipitation. The relationship between the intensity of the trigger and the surface hazard is generally assumed to be monotonically increasing (increasing precipitation never decreases [...] Read more.
Hazardous surface processes such as floods and mass movements are often induced by a common trigger such as extreme precipitation. The relationship between the intensity of the trigger and the surface hazard is generally assumed to be monotonically increasing (increasing precipitation never decreases hazard intensity). The validity of this assumption of complex multi-hazard events has not been thoroughly investigated. In this research, the relationship between cumulative precipitation and hazard intensity was investigated by a simulation of 50 return period precipitation events on the Carribean island Dominica. Here, several tropical hurricanes have induced events with (flash) floods, slope failure, debris flows and landslides within the past decades. Results show that complex multi-hazard interactions break the common assumption for the relationship between trigger and hazard intensity. In particular, landslide dam formation and mass movement dilution result in hazard intensities that are not a one-to-one increasing function of trigger intensity. Spatial variability in this behavior is quantified using a rank-order correlation coefficient between trigger return period and hazard return period. Since trigger and hazard return periods are, in the study case, not approximately equal, the hazard for a specific location can not be classified based on trigger return period. This has implications for risk calculation and decision making related to disaster risk reduction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Simulations and Modelling of Extreme Flood Events)
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23 pages, 9506 KiB  
Article
Dynamics of Nearshore Waves during Storms: Case of the English Channel and the Normandy Coasts
by Carlos López Solano, Emma Imen Turki, Yasser Hamdi, Antoine Soloy, Stéphane Costa, Benoit Laignel, Ángel David Gutiérrez Barceló, Nizar Abcha, Delphine Jacono and Robert Lafite
Water 2022, 14(3), 321; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w14030321 - 22 Jan 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2275
Abstract
This research was carried out in the framework of the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) program of the French National Centre of Space Studies (CNES). In the context of global climate change, increases in frequency and intensity of extreme events are considered [...] Read more.
This research was carried out in the framework of the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) program of the French National Centre of Space Studies (CNES). In the context of global climate change, increases in frequency and intensity of extreme events are considered potential threats. Hence, many efforts have been devoted to acquiring a better understanding of the natural processes driving the hydrodynamics’ multiscale variability in order to produce a more accurate estimation of their fluctuations. In this situation, and in the framework of Normandy’s coastal risk management, the dynamics of extreme events were investigated from regional scales (the English Channel basin) to local scales (the Normandy beaches in Etretat and Hautot-sur-Mer). Offshore wave data were obtained and hourly wave data were simulated for two years using the SWAN (Simulating WAves till Nearshore) model, including ten highly energetic stormy events selected by their different physical characteristics. Spectral analysis was conducted to compare the transformation in frequencies of the wave spectra from the Channel to shallow waters. A special focus was given to the hydrodynamics close to Normandy during these extreme events depending on their duration, their strength, and the persistence of the maximum wave height. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Simulations and Modelling of Extreme Flood Events)
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