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Novel Permanent Magnet Machines and Drives for Electric Vehicles

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Published Papers

A special issue of World Electric Vehicle Journal (ISSN 2032-6653).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (26 February 2021) | Viewed by 51205

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Ziqiang Zhu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
Interests: design and control of permanent magnet machines and drive systems; transportation electrification; electric vehicles; domestic appliances; wind power generation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Ayman EL-Refaie

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
Interests: electrical machines and drives; transportation electrification; renewable energies
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Hui Yang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

School of Electrical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
Interests: new energy vehicles; wind power generation; robot servo and other applications; novel permanent magnet machines and drives; permanent magnet motors; dynamic modeling; design optimization theory; coordinated control of drive and magnetic modulation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The world is driving towards electrification. Electrical machines and drives are a key enabling technology for electric, hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles (EVs). Permanent magnet (PM) machines exhibit high torque density and high efficiency, and are eminently suitable for EVs.

There are numerous new and novel PM machines being developed for EVs, including various interior PM machine configurations, PM-assisted PM machines, hairpin winding PM machines, memory PM machines, hybrid excited PM machines, mixed PM machines, multi-phase and multi-3-phase PM machines, fault-tolerant PM machines, flux-modulated PM machines, magnetically geared PM machines, consequent pole PM machines, modular PM machines, and high-speed PM machines.

Consequently, there are many challenges and opportunities for the design, analysis, modelling, and control of PM machines, such as high peak torque capability, high power capability, high system efficiency, high power factor, high fault-tolerance, high modularity, low PM volume usage, low copper/iron/PM eddy current losses, low manufacturing cost, low torque ripple, low acoustic noise and vibration, as well as online magnetisation, demagnetisation protection, manufacturing tolerance, and thermal management.

This Special Issue is devoted to the latest developments in PM machines and drives for electric, hybrid, and fuel cell EVs. Prospective authors are invited to submit original contributions that include but are not limited to the following topics of interest:

Emerging PM machine topologies for traction propulsion

High-speed high power density PM traction machines
High-torque, low-speed, direct-drive in-wheel hub PM machines
Hairpin winding PM machines
Flux-modulated PM machines
Magnetically geared PM machines
Multi-phase and multi-3-phase PM machines
Fault-tolerant PM machines
Memory PM machines
PM machines for auxiliary units, including water pumps and air cooling
Multi-objective and multi-physics design optimization
Advanced modelling techniques
Novel PWM control techniques
Advanced maximum torque, flux weakening, and optimal efficiency control strategies
Mechanical analysis and novel structural design
Loss analyses, including ac copper, iron, and PM eddy current losses
Advanced thermal analysis and management
Torque ripple reduction
Acoustic noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) analysis and reduction
Advanced manufacturing techniques including modular technologies

Technical surveys and review papers are highly encouraged for submission and possible publication in this Special Issue “Novel Permanent Magnet Machines and Drives for Electric Vehicles” of the World Electric Vehicle Journal.

Prof. Dr. Zi-Qiang Zhu
Prof. Dr. Ayman EL-Refaie
Dr. Hui Yang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. World Electric Vehicle Journal is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

Electric machine
Electric drive
Design
Analysis
Modelling
Optimisation
Control
Cooling technology
Fault tolerance
Modularity
Loss
Efficiency
Torque ripple
e-NVH
Manufacturing

Published Papers (14 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

18 pages, 13713 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sensorless Control Strategy of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Based on an Improved Sliding Mode Observer

by Wengen Gao, Gang Zhang, Mengxun Hang, Sirui Cheng and Pengfei Li

World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12(2), 74; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/wevj12020074 - 10 May 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3073

Abstract

This paper analyzes the problems and the reasons of high frequency chattering, phase delay, unmanageable with low-speed rotation in the traditional SMO control strategy of the sensor-less control strategy of a permanent magnet synchronous motor based on the traditional sliding mode observer. Aiming at the shortcomings of the above-mentioned traditional SMO control strategy, an improved SMO control strategy is presented by replacing the signum function in the traditional synovial observer with the sigmoid function to reduce the high frequency chattering of the system. Meanwhile, the proposed improved SMO control strategy introduces an adaptive filter to eliminate harmonics and chattering, and adaptively compensates the estimated back-EMF value to reduce the estimation error caused by the phase delay. The improved SMO strategy was tested through Matlab/Simulink simulation and real experiments respectively. The results verified that the improved SMO strategy can significantly reduce chattering and phase delay and achieve good control performance at low speeds, as well as maintain good performance at full speed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Permanent Magnet Machines and Drives for Electric Vehicles)

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17 pages, 7460 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Advanced Control Method of 5-Phase Dual Concentrated Winding PMSM for Inverter Integrated In-Wheel Motor

by Kan Akatsu and Keita Fukuda

World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12(2), 61; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/wevj12020061 - 19 Apr 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2654

Abstract

This paper presents some techniques for driving novel 5 phase dual winding PMSM (Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor) for the in-wheel motor. The motor realizes winding change over characteristics that can expand driving area from high-torque mode to high-speed mode due to the dual winding construction. However, the dual winding structure makes a high-current ripple due to high coupling between windings. The paper proposes some control methods to reduce the current ripple, including inverter career ripple. The paper also presents harmonics current injection, such as the 3rd harmonics current injection method, to reduce the torque ripple and generate higher torque. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Permanent Magnet Machines and Drives for Electric Vehicles)

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20 pages, 7155 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Study on Hybrid Excitation Flux Switching Motors without and with Variably Magnetizable Permanent Magnets for Electrified Vehicle Propulsion

by Takeshi Okada, Takashi Kosaka, Hiroaki Matsumori and Nobuyuki Matsui

World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12(2), 58; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/wevj12020058 - 02 Apr 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2956

Abstract

A demand for high efficiency traction motors has been accelerated by the promotion of electrified vehicles, such as battery and fuel cell electric vehicles. As a part of development of the high efficiency traction motor, this paper reports a comparative study on two kinds of hybrid excitation flux switching motors (HEFSM) as a variable flux machine. One is the conventional HEFSM, which consists of a stator with constantly magnetized-permanent magnets, field excitation coils (FECs) and three-phase armature windings, and a rotor with salient poles like a switched reluctance motor. The other is a HEFSM employing variably magnetizable-permanent magnets (VM-PMs) that replace a part in the FEC slot area in the conventional one. Based on the variable magnetization nature of VM-PMs, the latter HEFSM promises that the replacement of magnetomotive force (mmf) of FECs with that of the VM-PMs makes the motor efficiency better at both low- and high-speed under the low-torque condition, that is, at both urban driving or highway cruising. To verify that, finite element analysis- (FEA)-based design simulations, as well as experimental performance evaluations for the two kinds of HEFSM, were conducted under reasonable dimensional and electrical constraints. As a result, it is shown that the latter HEFSM can achieve higher motor efficiency at the low-torque and high-speed region while keeping the motor efficiency at the low-torque and low-speed region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Permanent Magnet Machines and Drives for Electric Vehicles)

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23 pages, 35005 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Magnetic Gears and Magnetically Geared Machines with Reduced Rare-Earth Elements for Vehicle Applications

by Ali Al-Qarni and Ayman EL-Refaie

World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12(2), 52; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/wevj12020052 - 24 Mar 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4959

Abstract

This paper covers a new emerging class of electrical machines, namely, Magnetic Gears (MGs) and Magnetically Geared Machines (MGMs). This particular kind of gears/machines is capable of either scaling up or down the revolutions-per-minute to meet various load profiles as in the case of mechanical gearboxes, but with physical isolation between the rotating components. This physical isolation between the rotational components leads to several advantages in favor of MGs and MGMs over mechanical gearboxes. Although MGs and MGMs can potentially provide a solution for some of the practical issues of mechanical gears, MGs and MGMs have two major challenges that researchers have been trying to address. Those challenges are the high usage of rare-earth Permanent Magnet (PM) materials and the relatively complex mechanical structure of MGs and MGMs, both of which are a consequence of the multi-airgap design. This paper presents designs that reduce the PM rare-earth content for Electric Vehicles (EVs). Additionally, the paper will ensure having practical designs that do not run the risk of permanent demagnetization. The paper will also discuss some new designs to simplify the mechanical structure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Permanent Magnet Machines and Drives for Electric Vehicles)

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15 pages, 2810 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stability Control for Electric Vehicles with Four In-Wheel-Motors Based on Sideslip Angle

by Kun Yang, Danxiu Dong, Chao Ma, Zhaoxian Tian, Yile Chang and Ge Wang

World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12(1), 42; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/wevj12010042 - 12 Mar 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2912

Abstract

Tire longitudinal forces of electrics vehicle with four in-wheel-motors can be adjusted independently. This provides advantages for its stability control. In this paper, an electric vehicle with four in-wheel-motors is taken as the research object. Considering key factors such as vehicle velocity and road adhesion coefficient, the criterion of vehicle stability is studied, based on phase plane of sideslip angle and sideslip-angle rate. To solve the problem that the sideslip angle of vehicles is difficult to measure, an algorithm for estimating the sideslip angle based on extended Kalman filter is designed. The control method for vehicle yaw moment based on sliding-mode control and the distribution method for wheel driving/braking torque are proposed. The distribution method takes the minimum sum of the square for wheel load rate as the optimization objective. Based on Matlab/Simulink and Carsim, a cosimulation model for the stability control of electric vehicles with four in-wheel-motors is built. The accuracy of the proposed stability criterion, the algorithm for estimating the sideslip angle and the wheel torque control method are verified. The relevant research can provide some reference for the development of the stability control for electric vehicles with four in-wheel-motors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Permanent Magnet Machines and Drives for Electric Vehicles)

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18 pages, 7073 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Stator-Slot Circumferentially Magnetized PM Machines with Full-Pitched Windings

by Huan Qu, Han Yang and Zi Qiang Zhu

World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12(1), 33; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/wevj12010033 - 23 Feb 2021

Viewed by 2624

Abstract

Stator-slot circumferentially magnetized PM machines (SSCMPMMs) have high fault-tolerant capability. In this paper, the SSCMPMMs with full-pitched windings and different stator slot/rotor pole numbers are investigated, together with the influence of key geometric parameters. It shows that the 12 stator-slots 7 rotor-poles (12S7R) machine delivers the highest torque. It is then compared with the SSCMPMM with tooth-coil windings. The results show that when they have the same active length, the 12S7R machine delivers significantly higher torque and higher efficiency. Furthermore, when the machine length is over around 140 mm, the 12S7R machine is more advantageous in producing high torque and high efficiency. A prototype is manufactured and tested to validate the theoretical analyses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Permanent Magnet Machines and Drives for Electric Vehicles)

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19 pages, 1713 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Phase Fractional-Slot PM Synchronous Machines with Enhanced Open-Circuit Fault-Tolerance: Viable Candidates for Automotive Applications

by Elyes Haouas, Imen Abdennadher and Ahmed Masmoudi

World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12(1), 32; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/wevj12010032 - 20 Feb 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1719

Abstract

This paper deals with the winding arrangement of multi-phase fractional-slot permanent magnet (PM) synchronous machines (FSPMSMs), with emphasis on the enhancement of their open-circuit fault-tolerance capability. FSPMSMs are reputed by their attractive intrinsic fault-tolerance capability, which increases with the number of phases. Of particular interest is the open-circuit fault-tolerance capability, which could be significantly enhanced through the parallel connection of the coils or suitable combinations of the coils of each phase. Nevertheless, such an arrangement of the armature winding is applicable to a limited set of slot-pole combinations. The present work proposes a design approach that extends the slot-pole combinations to candidates that are characterized by a star of slots including three phasors per phase and per winding period. It has the merit of improving the tolerance against open-circuit faults along with an increase in the winding factor of multi-phase machines. Special attention is paid to characterization of the coil asymmetry required for the phase parallel arrangement. A case study, aimed at a finite element analysis (FEA)-based investigation of the open-circuit fault-tolerance of a five-phase FSPMSM, is treated in order to validate the analytical prediction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Permanent Magnet Machines and Drives for Electric Vehicles)

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15 pages, 5700 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Stator Slot and Rotor Pole Combination and Pole Arc Coefficient in a Surface-Mounted Permanent Magnet Machine by the Finite Element Method

by Liyan Guo and Huimin Wang

World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12(1), 26; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/wevj12010026 - 13 Feb 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3364

Abstract

A surface-mounted permanent magnet (SPM) machine is widely used in many auxiliary parts of an electric vehicle, so its design level directly influences the performance of the electric vehicle. In the design process of the SPM machine, selecting the appropriate stator slot and rotor pole combination and pole arc coefficient is a necessary and important step. Therefore, in this paper, a 750 W machine is set as an example to research stator slot and rotor pole combinations and pole arc coefficients for the SPM machine. First, the design schemes of machines adopting different stator slot and rotor pole combinations are determined according to the winding coefficient, stator size, and electromagnetic performance requirements. Further, finite element models of SPM machines with different stator slot and rotor pole combinations are established by Ansys Maxwell. On this basis, the back electromotive force (back EMF), cogging torque, electromagnetic torque, and loss and efficiency of SPM machines are calculated and compared to select the better stator slot and rotor pole combinations. Further, effects of pole arc coefficient on cogging torque and electromagnetic torque are also researched to guide the selection of the pole arc coefficient in the design process of the SPM machine. Conclusions achieved in this paper will provide guidance for design of the SPM machine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Permanent Magnet Machines and Drives for Electric Vehicles)

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16 pages, 8582 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Study of Consequent-Pole Switched-Flux Machines with Different U-Shaped PM Structures

by Ya Li, Hui Yang and Heyun Lin

World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12(1), 22; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/wevj12010022 - 07 Feb 2021

Viewed by 2358

Abstract

This paper presents a comparative study of two consequent-pole switched-flux permanent magnet (CP-SFPM) machines with different U-shaped PM arrangements. In order to address the flux barrier effect in a sandwiched SFPM machine, two different alternate U-shaped PM designs are introduced to improve the torque capability, forming two CP-SFPM machine topologies. In order to reveal the influence of different magnet designs on the torque production, a simplified PM magneto-motive force (MMF)-permeance model is employed to identify the effective working harmonics in the two CP-SFPM machines. The torque contributions of the main working harmonics are subsequently quantified by a hybrid finite-element (FE)/analytical method. Multi-objective genetic algorithm (GA) optimization is then employed to optimize the design parameters of the proposed CP-SFPM machines. In addition, the electromagnetic characteristics of the CP-SFPM machines with two U-shaped PM arrangements are investigated and compared by the FE method. Finally, a 6/13-pole CP-SFPM machine with an optimally selected U-shaped PM structure is manufactured and tested to validate the FE analyses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Permanent Magnet Machines and Drives for Electric Vehicles)

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21 pages, 31306 KiB

Open AccessArticle

VSI Nonlinearity Compensation of a PMSM Drive System Using Deadbeat Prediction Based Current Zero-Crossing Detection

by Jing Zhou, Kan Liu, Juan Li, Longfei Li, Wei Hu and Rongjun Ding

World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12(1), 17; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/wevj12010017 - 29 Jan 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2178

Abstract

Due to the nonlinearities of the voltage-source inverter (VSI) in a permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) drive system, there is always an error between the reference voltage and the actual output voltage. To compensate the voltage error, many schemes have been proposed based on the phase current polarity. However, due to factors such as current clamping, measurement noises, and control system delay, the accuracy of the detected current polarity is relatively low, especially when the current is around zero, which would therefore affect the compensation performance. To solve this issue, a deadbeat prediction-based current zero-crossing detection method (DP-CZD) is proposed in this paper. With the proposed method, the measured three-phase currents are replaced by the predicted three-phase currents in terms of the polarity determination, when the absolute value of the phase current is within the threshold range. Compared with the conventional phase current polarity detecting methods, the proposed method can greatly improve the accuracy of detected current polarity due to its smooth transient waveform, and consequently, contributes to the much higher accuracy and lower total harmonic distortion (THD) in the compensation of VSI nonlinearity, which is verified through a prototype surface-mounted PMSM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Permanent Magnet Machines and Drives for Electric Vehicles)

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16 pages, 7820 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Study of Dual PM Vernier Machines

by Huan Qu, Zi Qiang Zhu, Toru Matsuura, Dusan Ivanovic, Takashi Kato, Kensuke Sasaki, Jim Greenough, Bob Bateman, David A. Stone, Martin P. Foster and Javier Riedemann

World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12(1), 12; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/wevj12010012 - 12 Jan 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2238

Abstract

In this paper, two types of dual permanent magnet (PM) machines, i.e., stator slot dual-PM (SSDPM) machine and split-tooth dual-PM (STDPM) machine, are investigated and compared. Both machines have consequent pole structure with Halbach array PMs. Their difference lies in the position of stator PM. The SSDPM machine has Halbach array PMs in the stator slots, while the STDPM machine has PMs between the split teeth. Torque characteristics, i.e., average torques and torque ripples, of different slot/pole number combinations of the two machines are compared. The 24 stator slots/20 rotor slots/4 armature pole pair (24S20R4Pa) SSDPM machine with distributed windings and the 24 stator slots/10 rotor slots/4 armature pole pair (12S20R4Pa) STDPM machine with concentrated windings are compared under both open-circuit and on-load conditions. The results show that the SSDPM machine is more competitive by delivering higher torque density and higher power density. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Permanent Magnet Machines and Drives for Electric Vehicles)

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17 pages, 5716 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Initial Rotor Position Detection for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Based on High-Frequency Voltage Injection without Filter

by Zhiqiang Wang, Bo Yao, Liyan Guo, Xuefeng Jin, Xinmin Li and Huimin Wang

World Electr. Veh. J. 2020, 11(4), 71; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/wevj11040071 - 09 Nov 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 6711

Abstract

The accurate initial rotor position of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) is necessary for starting the motor, and for the position sensorless control method adopted by a PMSM control system under some working conditions. This paper presents a new method to detect the initial rotor position of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). The method does not need a low-pass filter, and has strong robustness and a simple calculation method. According to the relationship between high-frequency current response and rotor position angle θ, the rotor position angle can be obtained by arctangent and linear formulae. Finally, the magnetic polarity of the rotor is distinguished according to the change of inductance. In this method, the arctangent function is used to eliminate the filtering process and reduce the influence of the parameter deviation of the motor system on the detection accuracy of the initial position. The experimental results verify the correctness of the theoretical analysis and the effectiveness of the method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Permanent Magnet Machines and Drives for Electric Vehicles)

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Review

Jump to: Research

17 pages, 14005 KiB

Open AccessReview

Flux-Modulated Permanent Magnet Machines: Challenges and Opportunities

by Qingsong Wang, Xing Zhao and Shuangxia Niu

World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12(1), 13; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/wevj12010013 - 12 Jan 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4624

Abstract

High torque density is a desirable feature of electrical machines used in traction applications, such as electric vehicle (EV)/hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) propulsion, wind turbines, more electric aircrafts, etc. The flux-modulated permanent magnet (FMPM) machine is considered as one of the most promising candidates to achieve high torque density. The incorporated gearing effect is ideal in reducing the rotating speed and amplifying the output torque of the FMPM machines. This paper aims at a comprehensive review of the topology evolution of the FMPM machines. Based on different structures, the FMPM machines are grouped into four categories: surface-type FMPM machines, spoke-type FMPM machines, partitioned stator FMPM machines, and bidirectional FMPM machines. The operating principles, advantages, drawbacks, and major applications of the FMPM machines are discussed in detail. In the end, the current state of the art, opportunities, challenges, and future trends of the FMPM machines are discussed. Therefore, this paper offers a systematic guidance on the selection and design of the FMPM machines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Permanent Magnet Machines and Drives for Electric Vehicles)

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26 pages, 4332 KiB

Open AccessReview

Rotor Position Estimation Approaches for Sensorless Control of Permanent Magnet Traction Motor in Electric Vehicles: A Review

by Yong Li, Hao Wu, Xing Xu, Xiaodong Sun and Jindong Zhao

World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12(1), 9; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/wevj12010009 - 10 Jan 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 6899

Abstract

Permanent magnet traction motor has the advantages of high efficiency, high power density, high torque density and quick dynamic response, which has been widely used in the traction field of electric vehicle. The high-performance control of permanent magnet traction motor depends on accurate rotor position information, which is usually obtained by using mechanical position sensors such as hall sensor, encoder and rotary transformer. However, the traditional mechanical sensor has the disadvantages of high cost, large volume and poor anti-interference ability, which limits the application of permanent magnet motor. The sensorless control technology is an effective way to solve the above-mentioned problem. Firstly, the sensorless control techniques of permanent magnet motor are classified. The sensorless control techniques of permanent magnet motor for rotor initial position, zero-low speed range, medium-high speed range and full speed range are deeply described and compared. Finally, the development trend of sensorless control technology of permanent magnet traction motor is prospected. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Permanent Magnet Machines and Drives for Electric Vehicles)

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