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Selected Papers from The 33rd International Electric Vehicles Symposium and...
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Selected Papers from The 33rd International Electric Vehicles Symposium and Exhibition (Portland, Oregon, USA)

A special issue of World Electric Vehicle Journal (ISSN 2032-6653).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2021) | Viewed by 61892

Special Issue Editors

Mr. Aymeric Rousseau

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Argonne National Laboratory, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
Interests: vehicles; modeling; control
Prof. Dr. Joeri Van Mierlo

grade E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
MOBI—Electromobility Research Centre, Department of Electrical Engineering and Energy Technology, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
Interests: electric and hybrid vehicles (batteries, power converters, and energy management simulations); the environmental and economical comparison of vehicles with different drive trains and fuels (LCA and TCO)
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Genevieve Cullen

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
Electric Drive Transportation Association, Washington, DC 20005, USA
Interests: electric drive policy and regulation; electric drive markets and consumer adoption
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue gathers updated versions of a selection of best papers from EVS33— the 33rd World Electric Vehicle Symposium & Exposition. The Electric Drive Transportation Association (EDTA), host and organizer of the event, made the unfortunate but necessary decision to cancel the EVS33, originally scheduled for June 2020 in Portland, Oregon, due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

A pillar of the EVS series is a rigorous peer-reviewed papers process that has been helping to grow the world's library of scholarship covering research, market and government activities across all fields of electric drive since 1969. The juried paper process for EVS33 was completed before the event’s cancellation due to the global pandemic. While the symposium could not be convened in person, the scholarship represented by the EVS33 authors is important to disseminate. The EVS33 recognize that this work is critically important to the advancement of electric mobility worldwide and providing it through the WEVA Journal is even more important when our global scholars are unable to gather together at EVS to share their work. c.

To help us select the best papers of EVS33, EDTA enlisted the help of a distinguished Guest Editor, Aymeric Rousseau, Manager of the Vehicle and Mobility Systems Section at Argonne National Laboratory. We are grateful for his expertise and time in paper selection. We encourage you to read more about his extensive experience with electric drive technology at https://www.linkedin.com/in/aymeric-rousseau-071b406/.

Aymeric has shared an editorial that outlines the selection process for the best EVS33 papers.  Authors will be invited to further extend their EVS33 paper, including their most recent research findings. After a second thorough round of peer review, these papers will be published in this Special Issue of the World Electric Vehicle Journal (WEVJ). The Article Processing Charges (APC) for those selected papers will be fully waived.

Genevieve Cullen

President, Electric Drive Transportation Association

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. World Electric Vehicle Journal is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (18 papers)

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18 pages, 3703 KiB  
Article
Future Battery Material Demand Analysis Based on U.S. Department of Energy R&D Targets
by Ehsan Sabri Islam, Shabbir Ahmed and Aymeric Rousseau
World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12(3), 90; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/wevj12030090 - 25 Jun 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2805
Abstract
The U.S. Department of Energy’s Vehicle Technologies Office (VTO) supports research, development, and deployment of efficient, sustainable transportation technologies that will improve energy efficiency and fuel economy, and enable America to use less petroleum. To accelerate the development and adoption of new technologies, [...] Read more.
The U.S. Department of Energy’s Vehicle Technologies Office (VTO) supports research, development, and deployment of efficient, sustainable transportation technologies that will improve energy efficiency and fuel economy, and enable America to use less petroleum. To accelerate the development and adoption of new technologies, VTO has developed specific targets for a wide range of powertrain components, including the energy storage system. In this study, we use Autonomie, Argonne National Laboratory’s (Argonne’s) vehicle system simulation tool to evaluate future energy storage requirements (power, energy, etc.) for different vehicle classes, powertrains, component technologies and timeframes. BatPac, Argonne’s tool dedicated to energy storage pack design and costs, is then used to quantify the materials required for each pack. Market penetrations are then used to estimate the overall material demand worldwide and in the United States, with or without recycling. The results demonstrate that the positive impact of VTO research and development will lead to significant reduction in material compared to business-as-usual due to new anode and cathode designs, along with acceleration in battery cell chemistry penetrations. In terms of material demands, it is observed that lithium demand reaches about 80,000 tons (by a factor of 42–45), nickel demand reaches about 500,000 tons (by a factor of 47–56), manganese demand reaches about 30,000–50,000 tons (by a factor of 20–34), and cobalt demand reaches about 30,000 tons (by a factor of 13–28) in the future by 2050. The individual material demand per unit energy, however, decreases significantly in the future due to advances in VTO research and development activities. The increase in battery material demands is mostly driven by increased electrified vehicle fleet penetration in the markets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from The 33rd International Electric Vehicles Symposium and Exhibition (Portland, Oregon, USA))
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14 pages, 1639 KiB  
Article
Electrification Opportunities in the Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicle Segment in Canada
by Hajo Ribberink, Yinghai Wu, Kathleen Lombardi and Libing Yang
World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12(2), 86; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/wevj12020086 - 11 Jun 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3621
Abstract
The medium- and heavy-duty (MD/HD) vehicle sector is a large emitter of greenhouse gases. It will require drastic emissions reductions to realize a net-zero carbon future. This study conducts fourteen short feasibility investigations in the Canadian context to evaluate the merits of battery [...] Read more.
The medium- and heavy-duty (MD/HD) vehicle sector is a large emitter of greenhouse gases. It will require drastic emissions reductions to realize a net-zero carbon future. This study conducts fourteen short feasibility investigations in the Canadian context to evaluate the merits of battery electric or hydrogen fuel cell alternatives to conventional city buses, inter-city buses, school buses, courier vehicles (step vans), refuse trucks, long-haul trucks and construction vehicles. These “clean transportation alternatives” were evaluated for practicality, economics, and emission reductions in comparison to their conventional counterparts. Conclusions were drawn on which use cases would be best suited for accelerating the transformation of the MD/HD sector. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from The 33rd International Electric Vehicles Symposium and Exhibition (Portland, Oregon, USA))
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16 pages, 3064 KiB  
Article
Future Cost Benefits Analysis for Electrified Vehicles from Advances Due to U.S. Department of Energy Targets
by Ehsan Sabri Islam, Ayman Moawad, Namdoo Kim and Aymeric Rousseau
World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12(2), 84; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/wevj12020084 - 02 Jun 2021
Viewed by 2570
Abstract
The U.S. Department of Energy’s Vehicle Technologies Office (DOE-VTO) supports research and development (R&D), as well as deployment of efficient and sustainable transportation technologies, that will improve energy efficiency and fuel economy and enable America to use less petroleum. To accelerate the creation [...] Read more.
The U.S. Department of Energy’s Vehicle Technologies Office (DOE-VTO) supports research and development (R&D), as well as deployment of efficient and sustainable transportation technologies, that will improve energy efficiency and fuel economy and enable America to use less petroleum. To accelerate the creation and adoption of new technologies, DOE-VTO has developed specific targets for a wide range of powertrain technologies (e.g., engine, battery, electric machine, lightweighting, etc.). This paper quantifies the impact of VTO R&D on vehicle energy consumption and cost compared to expected historical improvements across vehicle classes, powertrains, component technologies and timeframes. We have implemented a large scale simulation process to develop and simulate tens of thousands of vehicles on U.S. standard driving cycles using Autonomie, a vehicle simulation tool developed by Argonne National Laboratory. Results demonstrate significant additional reductions in both cost and energy consumption due to the existence of VTO R&D targets compared to predicted historical trends. It is observed that, over time, the fuel consumption of different electrified vehicles is expected to decrease by 40–50% and a reduction of 45–55% for vehicle manufacturing costs owing to significant improvements through various VTO R&D targets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from The 33rd International Electric Vehicles Symposium and Exhibition (Portland, Oregon, USA))
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11 pages, 2422 KiB  
Article
Flexible Charging of Electric Vehicles: Results of a Large-Scale Smart Charging Demonstration
by Pieter C. Bons, Aymeric Buatois, Friso Schuring, Frank Geerts and Robert van den Hoed
World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12(2), 82; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/wevj12020082 - 29 May 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2980
Abstract
Flexible charging can be applied to avoid peak loads on the electricity grid by curbing demand of electric vehicle chargers as well as matching charging power with availability of sustainable energy. This paper presents results of a large-scale demonstration project “Flexpower” where time-dependent [...] Read more.
Flexible charging can be applied to avoid peak loads on the electricity grid by curbing demand of electric vehicle chargers as well as matching charging power with availability of sustainable energy. This paper presents results of a large-scale demonstration project “Flexpower” where time-dependent charging profiles are applied to 432 public charging stations in the city of Amsterdam between November 2019 and March 2020. The charging current on Flexpower stations is reduced during household peak consumption hours (18:00–21:00), increased during the night-time, and dynamically linked to solar intensity levels during the day. The results show that the EV contribution to the grid peak load can be reduced by 1.2 kW per charging station with very limited user impact. The increased charging current during sunny conditions does not lead to a significantly higher energy transfer during the day because of lack of demand and technical limitations in the vehicles. A simulation model is presented based on empirical power measurements over a wide range of conditions combining the flexibility provided by simulations with the power of real-world data. The model was validated by comparing aggregated results to actual measurements and was used to evaluate the impact of different smart charging profiles in the Amsterdam context. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from The 33rd International Electric Vehicles Symposium and Exhibition (Portland, Oregon, USA))
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16 pages, 3830 KiB  
Article
A Utility Roadmap for Expanding Customer Adoption of Electric Vehicles
by Zac Hathaway, Hilary Polis, Jen Loomis, John Boroski, Aaron Milano and Jasmine Ouyang
World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12(2), 81; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/wevj12020081 - 29 May 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3472
Abstract
Portland General Electric (PGE) is one of only a few electric utilities in the United States actively conducting evaluations of their pilots in support of transportation electrification (TE). This article offers insights into PGE’s efforts to provide EV-related outreach and education to its [...] Read more.
Portland General Electric (PGE) is one of only a few electric utilities in the United States actively conducting evaluations of their pilots in support of transportation electrification (TE). This article offers insights into PGE’s efforts to provide EV-related outreach and education to its customers. The article also examines interest in and use of PGE’s public charging infrastructure, particularly among transportation network company (TNC) drivers. The authors conducted an analysis of utilization data from PGE’s public charging stations to examine usage and the effectiveness of a peak pricing surcharge during peak electricity demand periods. The research pulls from additional data sources including (1) online customer surveys, (2) ride-and-drive intercept surveys, (3) and an online focus group. Findings illuminate the utility’s experience after three years of implementation and provide concrete guidance for other utilities seeking to expand customer adoption of EVs, while also exploring how pricing mechanisms can be effective at managing increased system load associated with increased EV charging. Findings also highlight the barriers environmental justice communities face with EVs and provide insights into how utilities can address misconceptions and increase awareness of the benefits of EVs for these groups. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from The 33rd International Electric Vehicles Symposium and Exhibition (Portland, Oregon, USA))
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12 pages, 4552 KiB  
Article
Characteristics and Experiences of Ride-Hailing Drivers with Electric Vehicles
by Angela Sanguinetti and Kenneth Kurani
World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12(2), 79; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/wevj12020079 - 22 May 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2452
Abstract
Electrification of transportation network companies (TNCs), such as Uber and Lyft, can produce social and environmental benefits from reduced vehicle emissions and enhanced implementation of renewable electricity as well as private benefits to drivers via reduced vehicle fuel and maintenance costs compared to [...] Read more.
Electrification of transportation network companies (TNCs), such as Uber and Lyft, can produce social and environmental benefits from reduced vehicle emissions and enhanced implementation of renewable electricity as well as private benefits to drivers via reduced vehicle fuel and maintenance costs compared to conventional vehicles. We conducted a survey of plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) drivers on the Uber platform in the US. This paper describes these drivers and their experiences to further understanding of motivations for and barriers to PEV adoption among TNC drivers. The TNC-PEV drivers in this sample clearly recognized, and were largely motivated by, economic benefits of fuel and maintenance savings, thus, increased net earnings, associated with using a PEV to provide ride-hailing services rather than a conventional internal combustion engine vehicle. Most drivers reported charging their PEV every day, most often at home and overnight. This is true even of those with plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) that can run on gas if not charged. Increased electric driving range topped the list of drivers’ wishes to better support PEVs on TNCs, and range limitations topped the list of reasons why PHEV drivers did not opt for a battery electric vehicle (BEV; that runs exclusively on electricity). The second most common wish among all PEV drivers was for more charger locations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from The 33rd International Electric Vehicles Symposium and Exhibition (Portland, Oregon, USA))
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13 pages, 2902 KiB  
Article
Analysis and Prediction of Electromobility and Energy Supply by the Example of Stuttgart
by Ralf Wörner, Inna Morozova, Danting Cao, Daniela Schneider, Martin Neuburger, Daniel Mayer, Christian Körner, Martin Kagerbauer, Nadine Kostorz, Markus Blesl, Patrick Jochem and Alexandra Märtz
World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12(2), 78; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/wevj12020078 - 21 May 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2755
Abstract
This paper seeks to identify bottlenecks in the energy grid supply regarding different market penetration of battery electric vehicles in Stuttgart, Germany. First, medium-term forecasts of electric and hybrid vehicles and the corresponding charging infrastructure are issued from 2017 to 2030, resulting in [...] Read more.
This paper seeks to identify bottlenecks in the energy grid supply regarding different market penetration of battery electric vehicles in Stuttgart, Germany. First, medium-term forecasts of electric and hybrid vehicles and the corresponding charging infrastructure are issued from 2017 to 2030, resulting in a share of 27% electric vehicles by 2030 in the Stuttgart region. Next, interactions between electric vehicles and the local energy system in Stuttgart were examined, comparing different development scenarios in the mobility sector. Further, a travel demand model was used to generate charging profiles of electric vehicles under consideration of mobility patterns. The charging demand was combined with standard household load profiles and a load flow analysis of the peak hour was carried out for a quarter comprising 349 households. The simulation shows that a higher charging capacity can lead to a lower transformer utilization, as charging and household peak load may fall temporally apart. Finally, it was examined whether the existing infrastructure is suitable to meet future demand focusing on the transformer reserve capacity. Overall, the need for action is limited; only 10% of the approximately 560 sub-grids were identified as potential weak points. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from The 33rd International Electric Vehicles Symposium and Exhibition (Portland, Oregon, USA))
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10 pages, 3320 KiB  
Article
Electric Truck Economic Feasibility Analysis
by Ram Vijayagopal and Aymeric Rousseau
World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12(2), 75; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/wevj12020075 - 12 May 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4977
Abstract
The technical feasibility of electrified powertrains has already been demonstrated through several simulation and prototyping efforts. The economic feasibility of advanced powertrains for trucks has not yet been fully analyzed as it depends on a very large number of parameters. There are several [...] Read more.
The technical feasibility of electrified powertrains has already been demonstrated through several simulation and prototyping efforts. The economic feasibility of advanced powertrains for trucks has not yet been fully analyzed as it depends on a very large number of parameters. There are several examples of battery or fuel-cell-powered trucks used by fleets, but most of these vehicles are either part of technical demonstrations or incentivized by government agencies. Wider acceptance of trucks with advanced electrified powertrains will be possible when they achieve performance and economic parity with conventional vehicles. This paper examines the sensitivity of total ownership cost (TCO) for medium and heavy-duty electric trucks with respect to battery and fuel costs. The results will help identify cost targets for battery packs for various types of trucks and will also highlight use cases where we are likely to see early adoption of these technologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from The 33rd International Electric Vehicles Symposium and Exhibition (Portland, Oregon, USA))
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15 pages, 2170 KiB  
Article
Evaluating China’s Passenger Vehicle Market under the Vehicle Policies of 2021–2023
by Shiqi Ou, Rujie Yu, Zhenhong Lin, Xin He, Jessey Bouchard and Steve Przesmitzki
World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12(2), 72; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/wevj12020072 - 01 May 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2967
Abstract
China is well known for its determination on large-scale vehicle electrification, which currently is mainly driven by fuel economy and electric vehicle policies mixed with the extensive charging infrastructure support and monetary incentives from the government. This study adopted the New Energy and [...] Read more.
China is well known for its determination on large-scale vehicle electrification, which currently is mainly driven by fuel economy and electric vehicle policies mixed with the extensive charging infrastructure support and monetary incentives from the government. This study adopted the New Energy and Oil Consumption Credits (NEOCC) model 2020 version, a vehicle policy analysis tool developed by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, in order to systematically quantify the potential impacts of the “Passenger Cars Corporate Average Fuel Consumption and New Energy Vehicle Credit Regulation”, which is a revised version released in June 2020 for the timeframe 2021–2023, the so-called dual credit policy (2021–2023). It was found that, under the dual credit policy (2021–2023), the sales of hybrid electric vehicles could reach 0.91 million by the end of 2023, which would increase much faster than they did in 2018–2020. The annual sales share of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) could reach 11.7%, and the PEV stocks could achieve 11.70 million by the end of 2023 if it keeps the expansion to the level of how it was in 2017. In addition, the BEVs with long electric range (such as 400 km) and the plug-in hybrid electric SUVs could be the most popular PEV types. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from The 33rd International Electric Vehicles Symposium and Exhibition (Portland, Oregon, USA))
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13 pages, 1064 KiB  
Article
Comparing Options to Electrify Heavy-Duty Vehicles: Findings of German Pilot Projects
by Daniel Speth and Simon Árpád Funke
World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12(2), 67; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/wevj12020067 - 27 Apr 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3585
Abstract
While the electrification of passenger vehicles is in full swing, for the decarbonization of heavy-duty trucks still various challenges exist. Especially the high energy consumption in combination with high daily driving ranges makes battery electric operation much more difficult than for passenger cars. [...] Read more.
While the electrification of passenger vehicles is in full swing, for the decarbonization of heavy-duty trucks still various challenges exist. Especially the high energy consumption in combination with high daily driving ranges makes battery electric operation much more difficult than for passenger cars. Accordingly, a broad set of different drivetrains is discussed, inter alia hydrogen trucks, catenary hybrid trucks and synthetic fuels. One main advantage of the direct use of electricity in trucks is the high energy efficiency. Still, for heavy duty trucks different concepts for electrification do exist. Here, we compare battery electric trucks with a fast charging option, full electric catenary trucks and battery swap trucks. For a broad perspective, we use seven different comparative dimensions ranging from total cost of ownership to more qualitative but not less important aspects such as necessity of standardization, which would reduce manufacturer’s decision-making freedom. We base our comparison on findings from German pilot projects. While battery electric trucks or battery swap are advantageous since they can be operated in niche operations and thus allow a demand driven rollout of charging infrastructure, catenary infrastructure needs high investments upfront which entails financial risks, but allows for lowest cost if utilized to capacity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from The 33rd International Electric Vehicles Symposium and Exhibition (Portland, Oregon, USA))
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16 pages, 3507 KiB  
Article
Leveraging User Preferences to Develop Profitable Business Models for Electric Vehicle Charging
by Felix Röckle and Thimo Schulz
World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12(2), 60; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/wevj12020060 - 12 Apr 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 6248
Abstract
To design profitable business models for electric vehicle (EV) charging it is necessary to understand user preferences. For this purpose, prior literature is analyzed to develop a conceptual framework linking a company’s assets, the surrounding value network, and user preferences. Then, survey insights [...] Read more.
To design profitable business models for electric vehicle (EV) charging it is necessary to understand user preferences. For this purpose, prior literature is analyzed to develop a conceptual framework linking a company’s assets, the surrounding value network, and user preferences. Then, survey insights from two EV charging projects (ultra-E, SLAM) are summarized to illustrate user preferences in this area. Based on this data, the framework is eventually visualized by applying it to four case studies from the EV charging market. Based on the case studies, the following six key findings are derived: 1. Companies that have a very strong position in one of the three resource classes that define the quality-of-service provision (physical assets, digital assets, brand image) demand a higher price for fast charging. 2. Utility companies leverage their existing customer base. 3. New to the industry firms leverage their brand image to enter the market. 4. Selling below cost is not sustainable. 5. Sharp price distinctions reflect the power balance within the value network. 6. Power plays may result in a fragmented market. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from The 33rd International Electric Vehicles Symposium and Exhibition (Portland, Oregon, USA))
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15 pages, 1304 KiB  
Article
Potential Analysis of E-Scooters for Commuting Paths
by Fabian Edel, Simon Wassmer and Mira Kern
World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12(2), 56; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/wevj12020056 - 01 Apr 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3042
Abstract
The mobility needs of society are constantly increasing, resulting in congested urban areas. New mobility concepts such as e-scooters can help to reduce traffic. In particular, commuting paths, which generally remain within a specific distance, are short and manageable via an intermodal travel [...] Read more.
The mobility needs of society are constantly increasing, resulting in congested urban areas. New mobility concepts such as e-scooters can help to reduce traffic. In particular, commuting paths, which generally remain within a specific distance, are short and manageable via an intermodal travel chain. In combination with public transport, commuting paths could be beneficial. To evaluate the potential of e-scooters used with commuting paths, a literature research focusing on mobility behavior and characteristics was conducted. In addition, an end-user survey was used to identify the ecological and economical potential for typical work routes. The research results indicate that both the mobility preferences of the users, e.g., acceptance of intermodal travel, and the technical specification of e-scooters, e.g., speed and range, meet the needs of commuting. The assessment of typical work routes shows that the use of e-scooters for the first and last mile, in combination with public transport, is highly beneficial. Furthermore, e-scooters have the potential to provide individual advantages in the areas of travel time and costs. From an ecological perspective, CO2-equivalent emissions may also be reduced for some users depending on the substituted modes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from The 33rd International Electric Vehicles Symposium and Exhibition (Portland, Oregon, USA))
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17 pages, 4219 KiB  
Article
Real-World Mobility and Environmental Data for the Assessment of In-Vehicle Battery Capacity Fade
by Elena Paffumi and Giorgio Martini
World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12(1), 48; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/wevj12010048 - 20 Mar 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2846
Abstract
This work develops scenario-based analyses for predicting in-vehicle performance degradation of automotive traction batteries. It combines recent capacity performance-based models of NCM-LMO Li-ion (Nickel Cobalt Manganese Oxide—Lithium Manganese Oxide) variant batteries with real-world vehicle driving data from different geographical areas of Europe. The [...] Read more.
This work develops scenario-based analyses for predicting in-vehicle performance degradation of automotive traction batteries. It combines recent capacity performance-based models of NCM-LMO Li-ion (Nickel Cobalt Manganese Oxide—Lithium Manganese Oxide) variant batteries with real-world vehicle driving data from different geographical areas of Europe. The analysis addresses different battery and vehicle architectures (PHEVs (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles) and BEVs (Battery Electric Vehicles)) combined with different recharging strategies and mobility patterns and environmental temperatures. The mobility pattern datasets used in this analysis refer to six European cities and include up to 508,609 private vehicles, corresponding to 1.78 billion GPS records, 9.1 million trips and parking events and a total driven distance of 106.1 million kilometers. The results show the effect that the environmental temperature, the recharging power, and the driven kilometers have on the calendar and cycling aging. The majority of the combinations of the considered vehicle architectures and recharge strategies do not lead to battery capacity drop below 80% of its nominal value in less than five calendar years for a usage profile of up to 1000 km/month. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from The 33rd International Electric Vehicles Symposium and Exhibition (Portland, Oregon, USA))
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12 pages, 4655 KiB  
Article
On Modeling the Cost of Ownership of Plug-In Vehicles
by Karim Hamza, Kenneth P. Laberteaux and Kang-Ching Chu
World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12(1), 39; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/wevj12010039 - 09 Mar 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2966
Abstract
Plug-in vehicles (PEVs), which include battery-only electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), have steadily grown in sales amidst various incentive programs, but much speculation exists on when PEVs would become cost-competitive without incentives. This research adopts a bottom-up approach for [...] Read more.
Plug-in vehicles (PEVs), which include battery-only electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), have steadily grown in sales amidst various incentive programs, but much speculation exists on when PEVs would become cost-competitive without incentives. This research adopts a bottom-up approach for estimation of purchase cost, and total cost of ownership (TCO). Baseline predictions, as well as sensitivity analysis (with more favorable conditions for PEVs) are generated for 2030. Results show that the five-year TCO of some PEVs could be less than an equivalent-sized conventional internal combustion-engine (CICE) vehicle, but only in the more optimistic scenarios where the cost of batteries and motors decrease more rapidly than the baseline prediction, and when combined with either higher gasoline prices or longer annual distance travelled. However, without subsidies or incentives, purchase cost parity between PEVs and CICEs was not realized in any of the considered 2030 scenarios. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from The 33rd International Electric Vehicles Symposium and Exhibition (Portland, Oregon, USA))
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12 pages, 5648 KiB  
Article
Performance Analysis of a Novel High Frequency Self-Reconfigurable Battery
by Rémy Thomas, Fanny Lehmann, Jérôme Blatter, Ghislain Despesse and Vincent Heiries
World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12(1), 10; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/wevj12010010 - 11 Jan 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1854
Abstract
Self-reconfigurable battery architectures have gained a lot of interest recently in the literature, with more and more advanced functionalities. This paper describes the performance analysis of our proposed High Frequency Self-Reconfigurable Battery (HF SRB). To evaluate specific features with long-term dependencies of our [...] Read more.
Self-reconfigurable battery architectures have gained a lot of interest recently in the literature, with more and more advanced functionalities. This paper describes the performance analysis of our proposed High Frequency Self-Reconfigurable Battery (HF SRB). To evaluate specific features with long-term dependencies of our system, a full functional behavioral simulator was developed. A comparison with a real 128-level HF SRB validated the simulator operation. The balancing performances obtained on vehicle test cycles showed the cell capacity discrepancy that the HF SRB is capable of handling in a single complete charge or discharge cycle. The magnitude of this gap demonstrated the extent to which the HF SRB is capable of operating with second life cells or even different chemistry mixes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from The 33rd International Electric Vehicles Symposium and Exhibition (Portland, Oregon, USA))
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12 pages, 3349 KiB  
Article
A High Frequency Self-Reconfigurable Battery for Arbitrary Waveform Generation
by Rémy Thomas, Ghislain Despesse, Sylvain Bacquet, Eric Fernandez, Yan Lopez, Prince Ramahefa-Andry and Léandro Cassarino
World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12(1), 8; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/wevj12010008 - 08 Jan 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2153
Abstract
This article presents an innovative self-reconfigurable battery (SRB) architecture, which is able to generate directly at its output any waveform signals. Thanks to that specific characteristic of the proposed system, it is even possible to dispense with any AC charger. Although the individual [...] Read more.
This article presents an innovative self-reconfigurable battery (SRB) architecture, which is able to generate directly at its output any waveform signals. Thanks to that specific characteristic of the proposed system, it is even possible to dispense with any AC charger. Although the individual ability of each cell in the battery pack to perform an efficient active cell balancing has been already studied in the literature, the system presented in this article is the first of its kind. This article describes a real prototype of a high frequency SRB of 128 cells and demonstrates that it can be charged without any dedicated charger directly on the electrical grid, by generating a sinusoidal waveform voltage, while perfectly balancing the cells in real time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from The 33rd International Electric Vehicles Symposium and Exhibition (Portland, Oregon, USA))
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16 pages, 6750 KiB  
Article
Reduced-Order Electro-Thermal Battery Model Ready for Software-in-the-Loop and Hardware-in-the-Loop BMS Evaluation for an Electric Vehicle
by An Li, Matthieu Ponchant, Johannes Sturm and Andreas Jossen
World Electr. Veh. J. 2020, 11(4), 75; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/wevj11040075 - 01 Dec 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5322
Abstract
The software-in-the-loop and hardware-in-the-loop tests of a battery management system require a real-time compatible electro-thermal battery pack model. In our study, a numerically complex electrochemical-thermal model has been characterized from experimental data of a nickel-rich, silicon-graphite 18650-type lithium-ion cell. While it accurately represents [...] Read more.
The software-in-the-loop and hardware-in-the-loop tests of a battery management system require a real-time compatible electro-thermal battery pack model. In our study, a numerically complex electrochemical-thermal model has been characterized from experimental data of a nickel-rich, silicon-graphite 18650-type lithium-ion cell. While it accurately represents the electro-thermal battery behavior, it is hardly suitable for real-time application due to its intensively numerical solving effort and related calculation time if no huge numerical efforts are applied to reduce the model. The objective of this paper is to present a simple method to derive a reduced-order electro-thermal cell model from the complex electrochemical-thermal cell model and build a real-time compatible battery pack model with the reduced-order cell model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from The 33rd International Electric Vehicles Symposium and Exhibition (Portland, Oregon, USA))
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15 pages, 7433 KiB  
Perspective
Redefining Goods Movement: Building an Ecosystem for the Introduction of Heavy-Duty Battery-Electric Vehicles
by Dawn Fenton and Aravind Kailas
World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12(3), 147; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/wevj12030147 - 07 Sep 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2874
Abstract
This article reviews the Volvo Low-Impact Heavy Green Transport Solution (LIGHTS) project, a multifaceted public–private partnership in Southern California, and provides some early insights and a model for successful fleet adoption of Class 8 battery-electric trucks. This paradigm shift in commercial trucking is [...] Read more.
This article reviews the Volvo Low-Impact Heavy Green Transport Solution (LIGHTS) project, a multifaceted public–private partnership in Southern California, and provides some early insights and a model for successful fleet adoption of Class 8 battery-electric trucks. This paradigm shift in commercial trucking is emerging, forcing greater interdependence among many stakeholders—fleets, truck manufacturers, and policymakers—not currently engaged in the traditional heavy-duty commercial truck market. The many perspectives from this article such as lead times and costs associated with the deployment of charging infrastructure, developing the workforce to support largescale deployments, and the need for market development incentives from the government can be used to inform the programs and policies of California and other states seeking to follow their lead. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from The 33rd International Electric Vehicles Symposium and Exhibition (Portland, Oregon, USA))
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