Valorization of Sweet Lime Peel for the Extraction of Essential Oil by Solvent Free Microwave Extraction Enhanced with Ultrasound Pretreatment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Extraction of Essential Oil from Sweet Lime Peels
2.2. Model Fitting
2.3. Effect of Process Variables on Responses
2.4. Optimization of Extraction Process
2.5. Effect of Ultrasound Pre-Treatment on Essential Oil Yield
2.6. Physical Properties and Composition of Essential Oil
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Raw Materials
3.2. Microwave Extraction Setup
3.3. Extraction of Essential Oil
3.4. Experiment Design
- Microwave Power (X1): 500–1000 W
- Extraction Time (X2): 20–30 min
3.5. Optimization of Extraction Process
3.6. Estimation of Yield and Antimicrobial Property of Essential Oil
3.7. Measurement of Physical Properties and Compounds Identification in Essential Oil
3.8. Ultrasound Assisted Microwave Extraction
3.9. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are not available from the authors. |
Run No. | Uncoded (Coded) Process Variables | Responses | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Power (X1) W | Time (X2) min | Yield (%) | Antimicrobial Property (mm) | |
1 | 500 (−1) | 20 (−1) | 0.60 ± 0.03 | 33.25 ± 2.94 |
2 | 500 (−1) | 30 (+1) | 0.69 ± 0.07 | 38.00 ± 3.11 |
3 | 750 (0) | 25 (0) | 0.70 ± 0.06 | 19.45 ± 1.68 |
4 | 750 (0) | 20 (−1) | 0.63 ± 0.02 | 23.20 ± 1.91 |
5 | 750 (0) | 25 (0) | 0.70 ± 0.09 | 25.10 ± 2.06 |
6 | 1000 (+1) | 30 (+1) | 0.79 ± 0.04 | 4.44 ± 0.81 |
7 | 750 (0) | 25 (0) | 0.70 ± 0.03 | 24.00 ± 1.99 |
8 | 750 (0) | 25 (0) | 0.71 ± 0.06 | 23.15 ± 1.97 |
9 | 750 (0) | 30 (+1) | 0.75 ± 0.09 | 14.60 ± 1.08 |
10 | 1000 (+1) | 25 (0) | 0.77 ± 0.02 | 7.50 ± 0.96 |
11 | 750 (0) | 25 (0) | 0.69 ± 0.05 | 19.25 ± 1.74 |
12 | 500 (−1) | 25 (0) | 0.64 ± 0.03 | 29.05 ± 2.31 |
13 | 1000 (+1) | 20 (−1) | 0.73 ± 0.01 | 9.64 ± 0.98 |
Parameters | Essential Oil Yield | Antimicrobial Property | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
df | SS | F Value | p Value | SS | F Value | p Value | |
Model | 2 | 0.037 | 94.64 | <0.0001 | 1080.17 | 40.59 | <0.0001 |
A-Power | 1 | 0.024 | 125.33 | <0.0001 | 1066.67 | 80.16 | <0.0001 |
B-Time | 1 | 0.012 | 63.95 | <0.0001 | 13.50 | 1.01 | 0.3376 |
Residual | 10 | 0.002 | 133.06 | ||||
Lack of Fit | 6 | 0.002 | 4.17 | 0.0942 | 101.06 | 2.11 | 0.2458 |
Pure Error | 4 | 0.0002 | 32.00 | ||||
Cor Total | 12 | 0.039 | 1213.23 | ||||
R-squared | 0.95 | 0.89 | |||||
Adj R-squred | 0.94 | 0.87 | |||||
CV% | 1.99 | 17.76 |
VASFME | Ultrasound + VASFME | Increase in Yield (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Soaking Time (min) | Essential Oil Yield (%) | Ultrasound Treatment Time (min) | EssentialOil Yield (%) | |
0 | 0.77 ± 0.04 a | 0 | 0.77 ± 0.02 a | 0 |
30 | 0.78 ± 0.02 a | 30 | 0.84 ± 0.03 b | 7.69 |
60 | 0.78 ± 0.03 a | 60 | 0.91 ± 0.04 c | 16.67 |
90 | 0.77 ± 0.06 a | 90 | 1.06 ± 0.07 d | 37.66 |
120 | 0.77 ± 0.05 a | 120 | 0.95 ± 0.06 e | 23.38 |
Sl. No. | Compounds | Retention Time (min) | % |
---|---|---|---|
1 | d-limonene | 11.21 | 43.47 |
2 | bergamol | 14.39 | 7.26 |
3 | β-pinene | 9.18 | 6.84 |
4 | linalool | 14.42 | 5.60 |
5 | α-pinene | 7.36 | 4.49 |
6 | 1,8-cineole | 11.57 | 4.05 |
7 | α-terpineol | 14.45 | 3.16 |
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Arafat, Y.; Altemimi, A.; Ibrahim, S.A.; Badwaik, L.S. Valorization of Sweet Lime Peel for the Extraction of Essential Oil by Solvent Free Microwave Extraction Enhanced with Ultrasound Pretreatment. Molecules 2020, 25, 4072. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules25184072
Arafat Y, Altemimi A, Ibrahim SA, Badwaik LS. Valorization of Sweet Lime Peel for the Extraction of Essential Oil by Solvent Free Microwave Extraction Enhanced with Ultrasound Pretreatment. Molecules. 2020; 25(18):4072. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules25184072
Chicago/Turabian StyleArafat, Yasir, Ammar Altemimi, Salam Adnan Ibrahim, and Laxmikant Shivnath Badwaik. 2020. "Valorization of Sweet Lime Peel for the Extraction of Essential Oil by Solvent Free Microwave Extraction Enhanced with Ultrasound Pretreatment" Molecules 25, no. 18: 4072. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules25184072