Hepcidin and Erythroferrone Correlate with Hepatic Iron Transporters in Rats Supplemented with Multispecies Probiotics
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Probiotic
2.4. Blood and Liver Collection
2.5. Biochemical and Mineral Measurements
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Strong Points of the Study
4.2. Limitations of the Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Research Involving Animals
Abbreviations
ALT | alanine transaminase |
CRP | C-reactive protein |
CV | cardiovascular |
DCYTB | membrane-bound ferrireductases |
DMT1 | divalent metal transporter |
EFSA | European Food Safety Authority |
ELISA | enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay |
ErFe | erythroferrone |
FAO | Food and Agriculture Organization |
Ft | ferritin |
Fe | iron |
free Fe | non-protein-bound Fe |
HCY | homocysteine |
HEPC | hepcidin |
HFE | TfR1-associated protein |
Hgb | hemoglobin |
LTF | lactoferrin |
NTBI | non-transferrin-bound iron |
TfR1 | transferrin receptor 1 |
TfR2 | transferrin receptor 2 |
WHO | World Health Organization |
ZIP14 | ZRT/IRT-like protein 14 |
References
- Silva, B.; Faustino, P. An overview of molecular basis of iron metabolism regulation and the associated pathologies. Biochim. et Biophys. Acta (BBA) - Mol. Basis Dis. 2015, 1852, 1347–1359. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Carocci, A.; Catalano, A.; Sinicropi, M.S.; Genchi, G. Oxidative stress and neurodegeneration: The involvement of iron. BioMetals 2018, 31, 715–735. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Maras, J.S.; Das, S.; Sharma, S.; Sukriti, S.; Kumar, J.; Vyas, A.K.; Kumar, D.; Bhat, A.; Yadav, G.; Choudhary, M.C.; et al. Iron-Overload triggers ADAM-17 mediated inflammation in Severe Alcoholic Hepatitis. Sci. Rep. 2018, 8, 10264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Yamauchi, A.; Kamiyoshi, A.; Sakurai, T.; Miyazaki, H.; Hirano, E.; Lim, H.-S.; Kaku, T.; Shindo, T. Development of a mouse iron overload-induced liver injury model and evaluation of the beneficial effects of placenta extract on iron metabolism. Heliyon 2019, 5, e01637. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ngim, C.F.; Lee, M.Y.; Othman, N.; Lim, S.M.; Ng, C.S.; Ramadas, A. Prevalence and Risk Factors for Cardiac and Liver Iron Overload in Adults with Thalassemia in Malaysia. Hemoglobin 2019, 43, 95–100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cavdar, Z.; Oktan, M.A.; Ural, C.; Calisir, M.; Kocak, A.; Heybeli, C.; Yildiz, S.; Arici, A.; Ellidokuz, H.; Celik, A.; et al. Renoprotective Effects of Alpha Lipoic Acid on Iron Overload-Induced Kidney Injury in Rats by Suppressing NADPH Oxidase 4 and p38 MAPK Signaling. Boil. Trace Element Res. 2019, 193, 483–493. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moreno-Navarrete, J.M.; Ortega, F.J.; Rodríguez, A.; Latorre, J.; Becerril, S.; Sabater-Masdeu, M.; Ricart, W.; Frühbeck, G.; Fernández-Real, J.-M. HMOX1 as a marker of iron excess-induced adipose tissue dysfunction, affecting glucose uptake and respiratory capacity in human adipocytes. Diabetologia 2017, 60, 915–926. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, J.; Jones, D.; Luo, B.; Sanderson, M.; Soto, J.; Abel, E.D.; Cooksey, R.C.; McClain, D. Iron Overload and Diabetes Risk: A Shift From Glucose to Fatty Acid Oxidation and Increased Hepatic Glucose Production in a Mouse Model of Hereditary Hemochromatosis. Diabetes 2010, 60, 80–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Peltier, L.; Bendavid, C.; Cavey, T.; Island, M.-L.; Doyard, M.; Leroyer, P.; Allain, C.; De Tayrac, M.; Ropert, M.; Loreal, O.; et al. Iron excess upregulates SPNS2 mRNA levels but reduces sphingosine-1-phosphate export in human osteoblastic MG-63 cells. Osteoporos. Int. 2018, 29, 1905–1915. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yook, J.-S.; Zhou, M.; Jaekwon, L.; Chung, S. Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) Promotes Visceral Obesity Due to Defective Adipose Tissue Browning (OR09-07-19). Curr. Dev. Nutr. 2019, 3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wang, J.; Pantopoulos, K. Regulation of cellular iron metabolism. Biochem. J. 2011, 434, 365–381. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Gunshin, H.; MacKenzie, B.; Berger, U.V.; Gunshin, Y.; Romero, M.F.; Boron, W.; Nussberger, S.; Gollan, J.L.; Hediger, M.A. Cloning and characterization of a mammalian proton-coupled metal-ion transporter. Nature 1997, 388, 482–488. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Choi, J.; Masaratana, P.; Latunde-Dada, G.; Arno, M.; Simpson, R.; McKie, A. Duodenal Reductase Activity and Spleen Iron Stores Are Reduced and Erythropoiesis Is Abnormal in Dcytb Knockout Mice Exposed to Hypoxic Conditions. J. Nutr. 2012, 142, 1929–1934. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Wallander, M.L.; Leibold, E.A.; Eisenstein, R.S. Molecular control of vertebrate iron homeostasis by iron regulatory proteins. Biochim. et Biophys. Acta (BBA) - Bioenerg. 2006, 1763, 668–689. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yilmaz, B.; Li, H. Gut Microbiota and Iron: The Crucial Actors in Health and Disease. Pharmaceuticals 2018, 11, 98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cherayil, B.J. Iron and Immunity: Immunological Consequences of Iron Deficiency and Overload. Arch. Immunol. et Ther. Exp. 2010, 58, 407–415. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wallace, D.; Summerville, L.; Crampton, E.M.; Frazer, D.M.; Anderson, G.J.; Subramaniam, V.N. Combined deletion of Hfe and transferrin receptor 2 in mice leads to marked dysregulation of hepcidin and iron overload†. Hepatology 2009, 50, 1992–2000. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kroot, J.J.; Tjalsma, H.; Fleming, R.E.; Swinkels, D.W. Hepcidin in Human Iron Disorders: Diagnostic Implications. Clin. Chem. 2011, 57, 1650–1669. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fraenkel, P. Anemia of Inflammation: A Review. Med. Clin. North. Am. 2016, 101, 285–296. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nam, H.; Wang, C.-Y.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, W.; Hojyo, S.; Fukada, T.; Knutson, M. ZIP14 and DMT1 in the liver, pancreas, and heart are differentially regulated by iron deficiency and overload: Implications for tissue iron uptake in iron-related disorders. Haematologica 2013, 98, 1049–1057. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Anghel, L.; Radulescu, A.; Erhan, R.V. Structural aspects of human lactoferrin in the iron-binding process studied by molecular dynamics and small-angle neutron scattering. Eur. Phys. J. E 2018, 41, 109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Legrand, D. Overview of Lactoferrin as a Natural Immune Modulator. J. Pediatr. 2016, 173, S10–S15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- E Baggott, J.; Tamura, T. Homocysteine, Iron and Cardiovascular Disease: A Hypothesis. Nutrients 2015, 7, 1108–1118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Gulec, S.; Anderson, G.J.; Collins, J.F. Mechanistic and regulatory aspects of intestinal iron absorption. Am. J. Physiol. Liver Physiol. 2014, 307, G397–G409. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sangkhae, V.; Nemeth, E. Regulation of the Iron Homeostatic Hormone Hepcidin. Adv. Nutr. 2017, 8, 126–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- González, A.; Galvez, N.; Martín, J.; Reyes, F.; Llamas, I.; Dominguez-Vera, J.M. Identification of the key excreted molecule by Lactobacillus fermentum related to host iron absorption. Food Chem. 2017, 228, 374–380. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Deschemin, J.-C.; Noordine, M.-L.; Remot, A.; Willemetz, A.; Afif, C.; Canonne-Hergaux, F.; Langella, P.; Karim, Z.; Vaulont, S.; Thomas, M.; et al. The microbiota shifts the iron sensing of intestinal cells. FASEB J. 2015, 30, 252–261. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Morais, M.; Menchaca-Diaz, J.; Liberatore, A.; Amâncio, O.; Silva, R.; Fagundes-Neto, U.; Koh, I. Iron-deficiency anemia increases intestinal bacterial translocation in rats. Crit. Care 2005, 9, P62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saha, P.; Yeoh, B.S.; Singh, R.; Chandrasekar, B.; Vemula, P.K.; Haribabu, B.; Vijay-Kumar, M.; Jala, V.R. Gut Microbiota Conversion of Dietary Ellagic Acid into Bioactive Phytoceutical Urolithin A Inhibits Heme Peroxidases. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0156811. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Reddy, B.S.; Pleasants, J.R.; Wostmann, B.S. Effect of Intestinal Microflora on Iron and Zinc Metabolism, and on Activities of Metalloenzymes in Rats. J. Nutr. 1972, 102, 101–107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pereira, D.; Aslam, M.F.; Frazer, D.M.; Schmidt, A.; Walton, G.E.; McCartney, A.L.; Gibson, G.R.; Anderson, G.J.; Powell, J.J. Dietary iron depletion at weaning imprints low microbiome diversity and this is not recovered with oral nano Fe(III). Microbiologyopen 2014, 4, 12–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Muleviciene, A.; D’Amico, F.; Turroni, S.; Candela, M.; Jankauskiene, A. Iron deficiency anemia-related gut microbiota dysbiosis in infants and young children: A pilot study. Acta Microbiol. et Immunol. Hung. 2018, 65, 551–564. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Johnston, K.L.; Johnson, D.M.; Marks, J.; Srai, S.K.; Debnam, E.S.; Sharp, P.A. Non-haem iron transport in the rat proximal colon. Eur. J. Clin. Investig. 2006, 36, 35–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Willer, E.D.M.; Lima, R.D.L.; Giugliano, L. In vitro adhesion and invasion inhibition of Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei clinical strains by human milk proteins. BMC Microbiol. 2004, 4, 18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Young, V.B. The role of the microbiome in human health and disease: An introduction for clinicians. BMJ 2017, 356, j831. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Valitutti, F.; Cucchiara, S.; Fasano, A. Celiac Disease and the Microbiome. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2403. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Segal, J.P.; Oke, S.; Hold, G.L.; Clark, S.; Faiz, O.; Hart, A.L. Systematic review: Ileoanal pouch microbiota in health and disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2017, 47, 466–477. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Skrypnik, K.; Suliburska, J. Association between the gut microbiota and mineral metabolism. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2017, 98, 2449–2460. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hill, C.; Guarner, F.; Reid, G.; Gibson, G.R.; Merenstein, D.J.; Pot, B.; Morelli, L.; Canani, R.B.; Flint, H.J.; Salminen, S.; et al. The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2014, 11, 506–514. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Laparra, J.M.; Olivares, M.; Sanz, Y. Oral administration of Bifidobacterium longum CECT 7347 ameliorates gliadin-induced alterations in liver iron mobilisation. Br. J. Nutr. 2013, 110, 1828–1836. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bering, S.; Suchdev, S.; Sjøltov, L.; Berggren, A.; Tetens, I.; Bukhave, K. A lactic acid-fermented oat gruel increases non-haem iron absorption from a phytate-rich meal in healthy women of childbearing age. Br. J. Nutr. 2006, 96, 80–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Hoppe, M.; Önning, G.; Hulthen, L. Freeze-dried Lactobacillus plantarum 299v increases iron absorption in young females—Double isotope sequential single-blind studies in menstruating women. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0189141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hoppe, M.; Önning, G.; Berggren, A.; Hulthén, L. Probiotic strainLactobacillus plantarum299v increases iron absorption from an iron-supplemented fruit drink: A double-isotope cross-over single-blind study in women of reproductive age. Br. J. Nutr. 2015, 114, 1195–1202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA). Lactobacillus plantarum 299v and an increase of non-haem iron absorption: Evaluation of a health claim pursuant to Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA J. 2016, 14. [Google Scholar]
- Sandberg, A.-S.; Önning, G.; Engström, N.; Scheers, N. Iron Supplements Containing Lactobacillus plantarum 299v Increase Ferric Iron and Up-regulate the Ferric Reductase DCYTB in Human Caco-2/HT29 MTX Co-Cultures. Nutrients 2018, 10, 1949. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Adiki, S.K.; Perla, C.K.; Saha, G.; Katakam, P.; Theendra, V. Enhancement in Iron Absorption on Intake of Chemometrically Optimized Ratio of Probiotic Strain Lactobacillus plantarum 299v with Iron Supplement Pearl Millet. Boil. Trace Element Res. 2018, 190, 150–156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Skrypnik, K.; Bogdański, P.; Łoniewski, I.; Regula, J.; Suliburska, J. Effect of probiotic supplementation on liver function and lipid status in rats. Acta Sci. Pol. Technol. Aliment. 2018, 17, 185–192. [Google Scholar]
- McGill, M. The past and present of serum aminotransferases and the future of liver injury biomarkers. EXCLI J. 2016, 15, 817–828. [Google Scholar]
- Skrypnik, K.; Bogdański, P.; Schmidt, M.; Suliburska, J. The Effect of Multispecies Probiotic Supplementation on Iron Status in Rats. Boil. Trace Element Res. 2019, 192, 234–243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kowdley, K.V. Iron, hemochromatosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2004, 127, S79–S86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, M.; Liu, R.; Liang, Y.; Yang, G.; Huang, Y.; Yu, C.; Sun, K.; Lai, Y.; Xia, Y. Iron overload correlates with serum liver fibrotic markers and liver dysfunction: Potential new methods to predict iron overload-related liver fibrosis in thalassemia patients. United Eur. Gastroenterol. J. 2016, 5, 94–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Sabico, S.; Al-Mashharawi, A.; Al-Daghri, N.M.; Yakout, S.M.; Alnaami, A.; Alokail, M.S.; McTernan, P.G. Effects of a multi-strain probiotic supplement for 12 weeks in circulating endotoxin levels and cardiometabolic profiles of medication naïve T2DM patients: A randomized clinical trial. J. Transl. Med. 2017, 15, 249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Nunomura, W.; Takakuwa, Y.; Higashi, T. Changes in serum concentration and mRNA level of rat C-reactive protein. Biochim. et Biophys. Acta (BBA) - Mol. Basis Dis. 1994, 1227, 74–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mack, D.R.; Ahrne, S.; Hyde, L.; Wei, S.; A Hollingsworth, M. Extracellular MUC3 mucin secretion follows adherence of Lactobacillus strains to intestinal epithelial cells in vitro. Gut 2003, 52, 827–833. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bergqvist, S.W.; Andlid, T.; Sandberg, A.-S. Lactic acid fermentation stimulated iron absorption by Caco-2 cells is associated with increased soluble iron content in carrot juice. Br. J. Nutr. 2006, 96. [Google Scholar]
- Bering, S.B.; Sjøltov, L.; Wrisberg, S.S.; Berggren, A.; Alenfall, J.; Jensen, M.; Højgaard, L.; Tetens, I.; Bukhave, K. Viable, lyophilized lactobacilli do not increase iron absorption from a lactic acid-fermented meal in healthy young women, and no iron absorption occurs in the distal intestine. Br. J. Nutr. 2007, 98, 991–997. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Petry, N.; Egli, I.; Chassard, C.; Lacroix, C.; Hurrell, R. Inulin modifies the bifidobacteria population, fecal lactate concentration, and fecal pH but does not influence iron absorption in women with low iron status. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2012, 96, 325–331. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Suzuki, Y.; Kosaka, M.; Shindo, K.; Kawasumi, T.; Kimoto-Nira, H.; Suzuki, C. Identification of Antioxidants Produced byLactobacillus plantarum. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2013, 77, 1299–1302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Coffey, R.; Ganz, T. Erythroferrone. HemaSphere 2018, 2, e35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ganz, T. Erythropoietic regulators of iron metabolism. Free. Radic. Boil. Med. 2019, 133, 69–74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rodrigues, L.R.; Teixeira, J.A.; Schmitt, F.C.; Paulsson, M.; Månsson, H.L. Lactoferrin and Cancer Disease Prevention. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2008, 49, 203–217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Farnaud, S.; Evans, R.W. Lactoferrin—a multifunctional protein with antimicrobial properties. Mol. Immunol. 2003, 40, 395–405. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- García-Montoya, I.A.; Cendón, T.S.; Arévalo-Gallegos, S.; Rascón-Cruz, Q. Lactoferrin a multiple bioactive protein: An overview. Biochim. et Biophys. Acta (BBA) - Gen. Subj. 2012, 1820, 226–236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mirciov, C.; Wilkins, S.J.; Anderson, G.J.; Frazer, D.M. Food deprivation increases hepatic hepcidin expression and can overcome the effect of Hfe deletion in male mice. FASEB J. 2018, 32, 6079–6088. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Troutt, J.S.; Rudling, M.; Persson, L.; Ståhle, L.; Angelin, B.; Butterfield, A.M.; E Schade, A.; Cao, G.; Konrad, R.J. Circulating Human Hepcidin-25 Concentrations Display a Diurnal Rhythm, Increase with Prolonged Fasting, and Are Reduced by Growth Hormone Administration. Clin. Chem. 2012, 58, 1225–1232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are not available. |
Group | n | Hepcidin (ng/mL) | p-Value | Lactoferrin (pg/mL) | p-Value | Homocystein (pmol/mL) | p-Value | Ferritin (pg/mL) | p-Value | Erythroferrone (ng/mL) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
KK | 10 | 692.25 ± 144.99 | KK vs. PA 0.8518 | 107.47 ± 25.27 | KK vs. PA 0.5660 | 39.46 ± 11.57 | KK vs. PA 0.7570 | 64.17 ± 3.70 | KK vs. PA 0.9172 | 0.98 ± 0.19 | KK vs. PA 0.3596 |
PA | 10 | 659.60 ± 124.36 | KK vs. PB 0.4693 | 97.42 ± 23.41 | KK vs. PB 0.1670 | 35.99 ± 8.10 | KK vs. PB 0.2384 | 64.96 ± 4.95 | KK vs. PB 0.8428 | 1.08 ± 0.12 | KK vs. PB 0.1005 |
PB | 10 | 620.40 ± 114.41 | PA vs. PB 0.7719 | 89.16 ± 11.52 | PA vs. PB 0.6472 | 31.38 ± 11.03 | PA vs. PB 0.5793 | 63.06 ± 3.69 | PA vs. PB 0.5751 | 1.14 ± 0.13 | PA vs. PB 0.7061 |
Group | n | DMT1 (ng/g) | p-Value | TfR1 (µg/g) | p-Value | TfR2 (ng/g) | p-Value | ZIP14 (ng/g) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
KK | 10 | 17.87 ± 5.60 | KK vs. PA 0.7391 | 56.95 ± 22.91 | KK vs. PA 0.9920 | 10.98 ± 2.86 | KK vs. PA 0.9628 | 14.83 ± 4.93 | KK vs. PA 0.9997 |
PA | 10 | 20.11 ± 5.78 | KK vs. PB 0.9972 | 58.28 ± 24.27 | KK vs. PB 0.9881 | 11.32 ± 2.83 | KK vs. PB 0.9530 | 14.90 ± 4.88 | KK vs. PB 0.9869 |
PB | 10 | 18.08 ± 6.69 | PA vs. PB 0.7410 | 55.25 ± 18.66 | PA vs. PB 0.9558 | 10.60 ± 2.76 | PA vs. PB 0.8254 | 14.40 ± 5.62 | PA vs. PB 0.9789 |
Correlated Parameters | r | p-Value |
---|---|---|
HEPC–LTF | 0.50 | 0.01 |
HEPC–Ft | 0.47 | 0.023 |
DMT1–TfR 1 | 0.69 | <0.001 |
DMT1–ZIP14 | −0.50 | 0.044 |
TfR1–TfR 2 | 0.69 | <0.001 |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Skrypnik, K.; Bogdański, P.; Sobieska, M.; Suliburska, J. Hepcidin and Erythroferrone Correlate with Hepatic Iron Transporters in Rats Supplemented with Multispecies Probiotics. Molecules 2020, 25, 1674. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules25071674
Skrypnik K, Bogdański P, Sobieska M, Suliburska J. Hepcidin and Erythroferrone Correlate with Hepatic Iron Transporters in Rats Supplemented with Multispecies Probiotics. Molecules. 2020; 25(7):1674. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules25071674
Chicago/Turabian StyleSkrypnik, Katarzyna, Paweł Bogdański, Magdalena Sobieska, and Joanna Suliburska. 2020. "Hepcidin and Erythroferrone Correlate with Hepatic Iron Transporters in Rats Supplemented with Multispecies Probiotics" Molecules 25, no. 7: 1674. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules25071674