Anthocyanin Recovery from Grape by-Products by Combining Ohmic Heating with Food-Grade Solvents: Phenolic Composition, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Properties
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Total Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity
2.2. Total and Individual Anthocyanins Content
2.3. Antimicrobial Properties
2.4. Cytotoxicity
3. Discussion
3.1. Total Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity
3.2. Total and Individual Anthocyanin Content
3.3. Antimicrobial Properties
3.4. Cytotoxicity
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Chemicals
4.2. Samples
4.3. Extraction Procedures
4.3.1. Pre-Treatments
OH Pre-Treatment
Control Negative
4.3.2. Solvent Extraction
4.4. Total Antioxidant Capacity and Phenolic Content
4.4.1. Total Antioxidant Activity
4.4.2. Total Phenolic Content
4.5. Total Anthocyanins
4.6. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Analysis
4.7. Antimicrobial Analysis
4.7.1. Microorganisms
4.7.2. Plate Test
4.8. Cytotoxicity
4.9. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Lucarini, M.; Durazzo, A.; Kiefer, J.; Santini, A.; Lombardi-Boccia, G.; Souto, E.B.; Romani, A.; Lampe, A.; Nicoli, S.F.; Gabrielli, P.; et al. Grape seeds: Chromatographic profile of fatty acids and phenolic compounds and qualitative analysis by FTIR-ATR spectroscopy. Foods 2020, 9, 10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Coelho, M.C.; Pereira, R.N.; Rodrigues, A.S.; Teixeira, J.A.; Pintado, M.E. The use of emergent technologies to extract added value compounds from grape by-products. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2020, 106, 182–197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Escribano-Bailón, M.T.; Rivas-Gonzalo, J.C.; García-Estévez, I. Wine Color Evolution and Stability. In Red Wine Technology; Morata, A., Ed.; Charlotte Cockle: Oxford, UK, 2019; pp. 195–205. [Google Scholar]
- Mendes, J.A.S.; Prozil, S.O.; Evtuguin, D.V.; Lopes, L.P.C. Towards comprehensive utilization of winemaking residues: Characterization of grape skins from red grape pomaces of variety Touriga Nacional. Ind. Crops Prod. 2013, 43, 25–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chowdhary, P.; Gupta, A.; Gnansounou, E.; Pandey, A.; Chaturvedi, P. Current trends and possibilities for exploitation of Grape pomace as a potential source for value addition. Environ. Pollut. 2021, 278, 116796. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- European Parliament and Council. Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives. Off. J. Eur. Union 2008, 34, 99–126. [Google Scholar]
- Hogervorst, J.C.; Miljić, U.; Puškaš, V. 5—Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Grape Processing By-Products A2—Galanakis, Charis M. In Handbook of Grape Processing By-Products: Sustainable Solutions; Galanakis, C.M.B.T., Ed.; Academic Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2017; pp. 105–135. ISBN 978-0-12-809870-7. [Google Scholar]
- Maroun, R.G.; Rajha, H.N.; Vorobiev, E.; Louka, N. Emerging Technologies for the Recovery of Valuable Compounds from Grape Processing By-Products. In Handbook of Grape Processing By-Products: Sustainable Solutions; Galanakis, C.M.B.T., Ed.; Academic Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2017; ISBN 9780128098714. [Google Scholar]
- Silva, S.; Costa, E.M.; Coelho, M.C.; Morais, R.M.; Pintado, M.E. Variation of anthocyanins and other major phenolic compounds throughout the ripening of four Portuguese blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) cultivars. Nat. Prod. Res. 2017, 31, 93–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khoo, H.E.; Azlan, A.; Tang, S.T.; Lim, S.M. Anthocyanidins and anthocyanins: Colored pigments as food, pharmaceutical ingredients, and the potential health benefits. Food Nutr. Res. 2017, 61, 1361779. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- El Gengaihi, S.; Ella, F.; Emad, M.; Shalaby, E.; Doha, H. Food Processing & Technology Antioxidant Activity of Phenolic Compounds from Different Grape Wastes. J. Food Process. Technol. 2014, 5, 1–5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hanušovský, O.; Gálik, B.; Bíro, D.; Šimko, M.; Juráček, M.; Rolinec, M.; Zábranský, L.; Philipp, C.; Puntigam, R.; Slama, J.A.; et al. The nutritional potential of grape by-products from the area of Slovakia and Austria. Emirates J. Food Agric. 2020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pereira, R.N.; Coelho, M.I.; Genisheva, Z.; Fernandes, J.M.; Vicente, A.A.; Pintado, M.E.; Teixeira, eJ.A. Using Ohmic Heating effect on grape skins as a pretreatment for anthocyanins extraction. Food Bioprod. Process. 2020, 124, 320–328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barba, F.J.; Zhu, Z.; Koubaa, M.; Sant’Ana, A.S.; Orlien, V. Green alternative methods for the extraction of antioxidant bioactive compounds from winery wastes and by-products: A review. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2016, 49, 96–109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Coelho, M.; Pereira, R.; Rodrigues, A.S.; Teixeira, J.A.; Pintado, M.E. Extraction of tomato by-products’ bioactive compounds using ohmic technology. Food Bioprod. Process. 2019, 117, 329–339. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kumar, T. A Review on Ohmic Heating Technology: Principle, Applications and Scope. Int. J. Agric. Environ. Biotechnol. 2018, 11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Loypimai, P.; Moongngarm, A.; Chottanom, P.; Moontree, T. Ohmic heating-assisted extraction of anthocyanins from black rice bran to prepare a natural food colourant. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol. 2015, 27, 102–110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pereira, R.N.; Rodrigues, R.M.; Genisheva, Z.; Oliveira, H.; de Freitas, V.; Teixeira, J.A.; Vicente, A.A. Effects of ohmic heating on extraction of food-grade phytochemicals from colored potato. LWT Food Sci. Technol. 2016, 74, 493–503. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rocha, C.M.R.; Genisheva, Z.; Ferreira-Santos, P.; Rodrigues, R.; Vicente, A.A.; Teixeira, J.A.; Pereira, R.N. Electric field-based technologies for valorization of bioresources. Bioresour. Technol. 2018, 254, 325–339. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- García-Lomillo, J.; González-SanJosé, M.L.; Del Pino-García, R.; Rivero-Pérez, M.D.; Muñiz-Rodríguez, P. Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of wine byproducts and their potential uses in the food industry. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2014, 62, 12595–12602. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Luchian, C.E.; Cotea, V.V.; Vlase, L.; Toiu, A.M.; Colibaba, L.C.; Răschip, I.E.; Nadăş, G.; Gheldiu, A.M.; Tuchiluş, C.; Rotaru, L. Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Effects of Grape Pomace Extracts. Available online: https://www.bio-conferences.org/articles/bioconf/full_html/2019/04/bioconf-oiv2019_04006/bioconf-oiv2019_04006.html (accessed on 16 September 2020).
- Oliveira, D.A.; Salvador, A.A.; Smânia, A.; Smânia, E.F.A.; Maraschin, M.; Ferreira, S.R.S. Antimicrobial activity and composition profile of grape (Vitis vinifera) pomace extracts obtained by supercritical fluids. J. Biotechnol. 2013, 164, 423–432. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Achir, N.; Dhuique-Mayer, C.; Hadjal, T.; Madani, K.; Pain, J.P.; Dornier, M. Pasteurization of citrus juices with ohmic heating to preserve the carotenoid profile. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol. 2016, 33, 397–404. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Marra, F.; Zell, M.; Lyng, J.G.; Morgan, D.J.; Cronin, D.A. Analysis of heat transfer during ohmic processing of a solid food. J. Food Eng. 2009, 91, 56–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oliveira, C.M.; Barros, A.S.; Silva Ferreira, A.C.; Silva, A.M.S. Influence of the temperature and oxygen exposure in red Port wine: A kinetic approach. Food Res. Int. 2015, 75, 337–347. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rocha, C.; Coelho, M.; Lima, R.C.; Campos, F.M.; Pintado, M.; Cunha, L.M. Increasing phenolic and aromatic compounds extraction and maximizing liking of lemon verbena (Aloysia triphylla) infusions through the optimization of steeping temperature and time. Food Sci. Technol. Int. 2019, 25, 701–710. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abreu, J.; Quintino, I.; Pascoal, G.; Postingher, B.; Cadena, R.; Teodoro, A. Antioxidant capacity, phenolic compound content and sensory properties of cookies produced from organic grape peel (Vitis labrusca) flour. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2019, 54, 1215–1224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Coscueta, E.R.; Campos, D.A.; Osório, H.; Nerli, B.B.; Pintado, M. Enzymatic soy protein hydrolysis: A tool for biofunctional food ingredient production. Food Chem. X 2019, 1, 100006. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Coelho, M.C.; Ribeiro, T.B.; Oliveira, C.; Batista, P.; Castro, P.; Monforte, A.R.; Rodrigues, A.S.; Teixeira, J.; Pintado, M. In Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion Impact on the Bioaccessibility and Antioxidant Capacity of Bioactive Compounds from Tomato Flours Obtained after Conventional and Ohmic Heating Extraction. Foods 2021, 10, 554. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fallis, A. Phytochemical Mehods—A guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis. J. Chem. Inf. Model. 2013, 53, 1689–1699. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oliveira, A.; Coelho, M.; Alexandre, E.M.C.; Almeida, D.P.F.; Pintado, M. Long-Term Frozen Storage and Pasteurization Effects on Strawberry Polyphenols Content. Food Bioprocess Technol. 2015, 8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tzima, K.; Kallithraka, S.; Kotseridis, Y.; Makris, D.P. A Comparative Evaluation of Aqueous Natural Organic Acid Media for the Efficient Recovery of Flavonoids from Red Grape (Vitis vinifera) Pomace. Waste Biomass Valorization 2015, 6, 391–400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, K.G.; Shibamoto, T. Determination of antioxidant potential of volatile extracts isolated from various herbs and spices. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002, 50, 4947–4952. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Moongngarm, A.; Loypimai, P.; Fitriati, A.; Moontree, T. Ohmic heating assisted extraction improves the concentrations of phytochemicals in rice bran oil and unsaponifiable matter. Int. Food Res. J. 2019, 26, 1389–1396. [Google Scholar]
- Queiroz, F.; Oliveira, C.; Pinho, O.; Ferreira, I.M.P.L.V. Degradation of anthocyanins and anthocyanidins in blueberry jams/stuffed fish. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2009, 57, 10712–10717. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Minatel, I.O.; Borges, C.V.; Ferreira, M.I.; Gomez, H.A.G.; Chen, C.-Y.O.; Lima, G.P.P. Phenolic Compounds: Functional Properties, Impact of Processing and Bioavailability. In Phenolic Compounds—Biological Activity; Soto-Hernández, M., Ed.; IntechOpen: London, UK, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Turfan, Ö.; Türkyilmaz, M.; Yemi, O.; Özkan, M. Anthocyanin and colour changes during processing of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.; Cv. Hicaznar) juice from sacs and whole fruit. Food Chem. 2011, 129, 1644–1651. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brochier, B.; Mercali, G.D.; Marczak, L.D.F. Effect of ohmic heating parameters on peroxidase inactivation, phenolic compounds degradation and color changes of sugarcane juice. Food Bioprod. Process. 2018, 111, 62–71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Funcia, E.S.; Gut, J.A.W.; Sastry, S.K. Effect of Electric Field on Pectinesterase Inactivation during Orange Juice Pasteurization by Ohmic Heating. Food Bioprocess Technol. 2020, 13, 1206–1214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leite, T.S.; Samaranayake, C.P.; Sastry, S.K.; Cristianini, M. Polyphenol oxidase inactivation in viscous fluids by ohmic heating and conventional thermal processing. J. Food Process Eng. 2019. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kubo, M.T.; Siguemoto, É.S.; Funcia, E.S.; Augusto, P.E.; Curet, S.; Boillereaux, L.; Sastry, S.K.; Gut, J.A. Non-thermal effects of microwave and ohmic processing on microbial and enzyme inactivation: A critical review. Curr. Opin. Food Sci. 2020, 35, 36–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pereira, R.N.; Teixeira, J.A.; Vicente, A.A.; Cappato, L.P.; da Silva Ferreira, M.V.; da Silva Rocha, R.; da Cruz, A.G. Ohmic heating for the dairy industry: A potential technology to develop probiotic dairy foods in association with modifications of whey protein structure. Curr. Opin. Food Sci. 2018, 22, 95–101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ferreira-Santos, P.; Nunes, R.; De Biasio, F.; Spigno, G.; Gorgoglione, D.; Teixeira, J.A.; Rocha, C.M.R. Influence of thermal and electrical effects of ohmic heating on C-phycocyanin properties and biocompounds recovery from Spirulina platensis. LWT 2020, 128, 109491. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pereira, R.N.; Rodrigues, R.M.; Machado, L.; Ferreira, S.; Costa, J.; Villa, C.; Barreiros, M.P.; Mafra, I.; Teixeira, J.A.; Vicente, A.A. Influence of ohmic heating on the structural and immunoreactive properties of soybean proteins. LWT 2021, 148, 111710. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yoon, S.W.; Lee, C.Y.J.; Kim, K.M.; Lee, C.H. Leakage of cellular materials from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by ohmic heating. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2002, 12, 183–188. [Google Scholar]
- Rakic, V.; Skrt, M.; Miljkovic, M.; Kostic, D.; Sokolovic, D.; Poklar-Ulrih, N. Effects of pH on the stability of cyanidin and cyanidin 3-O-β-glucopyranoside in aqueous solution. Hem. Ind. 2015, 69, 511–522. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Silva, V.; Igrejas, G.; Falco, V.; Santos, T.P.; Torres, C.; Oliveira, A.M.P.; Pereira, J.E.; Amaral, J.S.; Poeta, P. Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of phenolic compounds extracted from wine industry by-products. Food Control 2018, 92, 516–522. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pourhashemi, A.; Deka, S.C.; Haghi, A.K. Research Methods and Applications in Chemical and Biological Engineering, 1st ed.; Pourhashemi, A., Deka, S.C., Haghi, A.K., Eds.; Apple Academic Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Valle, D.L.; Cabrera, E.C.; Puzon, J.J.M.; Rivera, W.L. Antimicrobial activities of methanol, ethanol and supercritical CO2 extracts of philippine Piper betle L. on clinical isolates of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria with transferable multiple drug resistance. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0146349. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Silva, S.; Costa, E.M.; Mendes, M.; Morais, R.M.; Calhau, C.; Pintado, M.M. Antimicrobial, antiadhesive and antibiofilm activity of an ethanolic, anthocyanin-rich blueberry extract purified by solid phase extraction. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2016, 121, 693–703. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ghada, B.; Pereira, E.; Pinela, J.; Prieto, M.A.; Pereira, C.; Calhelha, R.C.; Stojkovic, D.; Sokóvic, M.; Zaghdoudi, K.; Barros, L.; et al. Recovery of anthocyanins from passion fruit epicarp for food colorants: Extraction process optimization and evaluation of bioactive properties. Molecules 2020, 25, 3203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Xia, E.-Q.; Deng, G.-F.; Guo, Y.-J.; Li, H.-B. Biological Activities of Polyphenols from Grapes. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2010, 11, 622–646. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Côté, J.; Caillet, S.; Doyon, G.; Dussault, D.; Sylvain, J.F.; Lacroix, M. Antimicrobial effect of cranberry juice and extracts. Food Control 2011, 22, 1413–1418. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bozkurt, E.; Atmaca, H.; Kisim, A.; Uzunoglu, S.; Uslu, R.; Karaca, B. Effects of Thymus serpyllum extract on cell proliferation, apoptosis and epigenetic events in human breast cancer Cells. Nutr. Cancer 2012, 64, 1245–1250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Costa, J.R.; Amorim, M.; Vilas-Boas, A.; Tonon, R.V.; Cabral, L.M.C.; Pastrana, L.; Pintado, M. Impact of: In vitro gastrointestinal digestion on the chemical composition, bioactive properties, and cytotoxicity of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Syrah grape pomace extract. Food Funct. 2019, 10, 1856–1869. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grumezescu, A.M.; Holban, A.M. Preface for Volume 4: Ingredients Extraction by Physicochemical Methods in Food. In Ingredients Extraction by Physicochemical Methods in Food; Grumezescu, A., Holban, A.M., Eds.; Academic Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2017; pp. xxi–xxiv. ISBN 9780128112021. [Google Scholar]
- Rodriguez-Saona, L.E.; Wrolstad, R.E. Extraction, Isolation, and Purification of Anthocyanins. In Handbook of Food Analytical Chemistry; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2005; Volume 2, pp. 7–17. ISBN 9780471709084. [Google Scholar]
- Hong, H.T.; Netzel, M.E.; O’Hare, T.J. A dataset for anthocyanin analysis in purple-pericarp sweetcorn kernels by LC-DAD-MS. Data Brief 2020, 30, 105495. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ferreira-Santos, P.; Genisheva, Z.; Pereira, R.N.; Teixeira, J.A.; Rocha, C.M.R. Moderate Electric Fields as a Potential Tool for Sustainable Recovery of Phenolic Compounds from Pinus pinaster Bark. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2019, 7, 8816–8826. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Alves, M.J.; Ferreira, I.C.F.R.; Martins, A.; Pintado, M. Antimicrobial activity of wild mushroom extracts against clinical isolates resistant to different antibiotics. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2012, 113, 466–475. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ramos, O.L.; Silva, S.I.; Soares, J.C.; Fernandes, J.C.; Poças, M.F.; Pintado, M.E.; Malcata, F.X. Features and performance of edible films, obtained from whey protein isolate formulated with antimicrobial compounds. Food Res. Int. 2012, 45, 351–361. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Jiang, W.; Akagi, T.; Suzuki, H.; Takimoto, A.; Nagai, H. A new diatom growth inhibition assay using the XTT colorimetric method. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2016, 185–186, 13–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Extraction Solvent | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MeOH | Water | Water with Citric Acid | Water with Lactic Acid | |||||||||
Compounds | OH | CP | CN | OH | CP | CN | OH | CP | CN | OH | CP | CN |
delphinidin-3-O-glucoside | 48.30 ± 0.36A,a | 48.82 ± 0.20A,a | 20.45 ± 0.09D,b | 8.14 ± 0.03F,a | 4.90 ± 0.01GH,b | 5.08 ± 0.07G,b | 36.77 ± 0.81B,a | 20.06 ± 0.25D,b | 4.71 ± 0.08H,c | 29.47 ± 0.49C,a | 29.43 ± 0.29C,a | 11.87 ± 0.08E,b |
cyanidin-3-O-glucoside | 2.18 ± 0.02C,a | 2.94 ± 0.02B,a | 0.37 ± 0.07G,b | 0.15± 0.01H,c | 0.30 ± 0.01G,b | 0.49 ± 0.01F,a | 1.10 ± 0.08D,a | 0.58 ± 0.03E,c | 0.70 ± 0.02E,b | 0.03 ± 0.003I,b | 0.04 ± 0.001I,b | 9.79 ± 0.01A,a |
petunidine-3-O-glucoside | 34.24 ± 0.26B,a | 38.34 ± 0.16A,b | 14.31 ± 0.06D,c | 6.66 ± 0.05F,a | 4.49 ± 0.06G,b | 6.24 ± 0.05F,a | 27.46 ± 0.92B,a | 0.17 ± 0.01I,b | 3.45 ± 0.07H,c | 22.10 ± 0.45C,a | 22.07 ± 0.45C,a | 12.04 ± 0.05E,b |
peonidine-3-O-glucoside | 12.65 ± 0.10B,a | 16.86 ± 0.07A,b | 5.07 ± 0.02E,c | 3.37 ± 0.03F,a | 2.32 ± 0.02G,b | 1.36 ± 0.02H,c | 12.56 ± 0.07B,a | 6.43 ± 0.12D,b | 0.92 ± 0.06I,c | 9.26 ± 0.41C,a | 8.92 ± 0.31C,a | 2.19 ± 0.20G,b |
malvidin-3-O-glucoside | 128.88 ± 0.94B,b | 151.96 ± 0.62A,a | 53.41 ± 0.22F,c | 37.08 ± 0.06G,a | 24.87 ± 0.09H,b | 17.34 ± 0.05I,c | 125.94 ± 1.25B,a | 66.93 ± 1.23E,b | 15.57 ± 0.29I,c | 101.59 ± 0.39C,a | 97.32 ± 0.42C,a | 73.02 ± 0.70D,b |
Total anthocyanins | 224.06 ± 1.25B,b | 258.93 ± 2.34A,a | 93.62 ± 1.87G,c | 55.40 ± 0.99H,a | 36.89 ± 1.38I,b | 30.51 ± 1.11J,c | 203.83 ± 4.21C,a | 94.17 ± 1.47G,b | 25.35 ± 1.26K,c | 162.45 ± 2.14D,a | 157.81 ± 1.37E,b | 108.90 ± 1.96F,c |
Extraction | Microorganism | OH | CP | CN |
---|---|---|---|---|
MeOH | Y. enterocolitica | 0 | 0 | 0 |
P. aeruginosa | 0 | + | 0 | |
E. coli | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
S. enteritidis | + | 0 | 0 | |
MRSA | + | 0 | 0 | |
MSSA | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Listeria monocytogenes | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
B. cereus | + | 0 | 0 | |
H2O | Y. enterocolitica | 0 | 0 | 0 |
P. aeruginosa | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
E. coli | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
S. enteritidis | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
MRSA | + | 0 | 0 | |
MSSA | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Listeria monocytogenes | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
B. cereus | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Lactic acid | Y. enterocolitica | 0 | 0 | + |
P. aeruginosa | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
E. coli | 0 | 0 | + | |
S. enteritidis | 0 | 0 | + | |
MRSA | 0 | 0 | + | |
MSSA | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Listeria monocytogenes | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
B. cereus | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Citric acid | Y. enterocolitica | + | 0 | + |
P. aeruginosa | + | 0 | + | |
E. coli | + | 0 | 0 | |
S. enteritidis | + | 0 | + | |
MRSA | + | 0 | + | |
MSSA | + | 0 | + | |
Listeria monocytogenes | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
B. cereus | ++ | 0 | + |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Coelho, M.; Silva, S.; Costa, E.; Pereira, R.N.; Rodrigues, A.S.; Teixeira, J.A.; Pintado, M. Anthocyanin Recovery from Grape by-Products by Combining Ohmic Heating with Food-Grade Solvents: Phenolic Composition, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Properties. Molecules 2021, 26, 3838. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules26133838
Coelho M, Silva S, Costa E, Pereira RN, Rodrigues AS, Teixeira JA, Pintado M. Anthocyanin Recovery from Grape by-Products by Combining Ohmic Heating with Food-Grade Solvents: Phenolic Composition, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Properties. Molecules. 2021; 26(13):3838. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules26133838
Chicago/Turabian StyleCoelho, Marta, Sara Silva, Eduardo Costa, Ricardo N. Pereira, António Sebastião Rodrigues, José António Teixeira, and Manuela Pintado. 2021. "Anthocyanin Recovery from Grape by-Products by Combining Ohmic Heating with Food-Grade Solvents: Phenolic Composition, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Properties" Molecules 26, no. 13: 3838. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules26133838