Substrate Preferences of Ruderal Plants in Colonizing Stone Monuments of the Pasargadae World Heritage Site, Iran
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Methodology for the Assessment of Substrate Preferences of Plants
2.1.1. Dataset for Substrate Conditions
2.1.2. Floristic Dataset
2.2. Statistical Evaluations
2.2.1. Classification and Ordination
2.2.2. Distribution Models and Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA)
3. Results
3.1. Plant Colonization Similarity among the Monuments
3.2. Stone Preference for Plant Colonization
3.3. Vegetation Patterns in Microsites
4. Discussion
4.1. Plant Colonization Similarity among the Monuments
4.2. Stone Preference for Plant Colonization
4.3. Vegetation Patterns in Microsites
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ca | CyT | WaC | PaB, PaA, ST | PP, PS, PR | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Adonis aestivalis | Ficus johannis | Alhagi maurorum | Glycyrrhiza glabra * | Centaurea bruguierana |
2 | Sisymbrium septulatum | Cirsium sp. | Alhagi pseudalhagi | Galium tricornutum | Cyanus depressus |
3 | Cynodon dactylon * | Sanguisorba minor | Camelina hispida | Alopecurus arundinaceus | Senecio glaucus |
4 | Falcaria vulgaris | Allium atroviolaceum | Glycyrrhiza glabra * | Bromus tomentellus | Lactuca scarioloides |
5 | Melica persica * | Moltkia longiflora | Lappula sp. | Cynodon dactylon * | Poa bulbosa |
6 | Descurainia sophia | Solanum nigrum | Sonchus oleraceus | Alyssum heterotrichum | Euphorbia dracunculoides |
7 | Hordeum distichon | Malva neglecta | Marrubium cordatum | Euphorbia sororia | Lepidium draba |
8 | Galium ceratopodum | Koelpinia linearis | Marrubium cuneatum | Melica persica * | Tragopogon collinus |
9 | Lactuca orientalis * | Roemeria hybrida | Scorzonera tunicata | Silene sisianica | Boissiera squarrosa |
10 | Galium setaceum | Roemeria refracta | Lactuca orientalis * | Medicago monantha | Taeniatherum caputmedusae |
(a) | |||||||
Species | (Average Cover) | Silene sisianica | 1.0 | 2.8 | 1.8 | ||
BS | GGS | dev | Alhagi maurorum | 0.7 | 2.5 | 1.8 | |
Glycyrrhiza glabra | 0.2 | 4.3 | 4.2 | Sisymbrium septulatum | 1.3 | 3.0 | 1.7 |
Senecio glaucus | 1.8 | 5.0 | 3.2 | Boissiera squarrosa | 0.3 | 2.0 | 1.7 |
Falcaria vulgaris | 2.8 | 6.0 | 3.2 | Hordeum bulbosum | 3.7 | 5.3 | 1.7 |
Lactuca scarioloides | 1.3 | 4.3 | 3.0 | Lactuca orientalis | 1.0 | 2.7 | 1.7 |
Crepis sancta | 0.5 | 3.3 | 2.8 | Alopecurus arundinaceus | 0.5 | 2.2 | 1.7 |
Euphorbia dracunculoides | 0.7 | 3.3 | 2.7 | ||||
Cyanus depressus | 1.0 | 3.7 | 2.7 | (b) | |||
Podospermum grossheimii | 1.3 | 3.8 | 2.5 | Species | (Average Cover) | ||
Poa bulbosa | 2.2 | 4.5 | 2.3 | BS | GGS | dev | |
Medicago monantha | 1.5 | 3.8 | 2.3 | Adonis aestivalis | 0.8 | 0.0 | −0.8 |
Medicago persica | 1.5 | 3.8 | 2.3 | Peganum harmala | 0.5 | 0.0 | −0.5 |
Centaurea bruguierana | 1.0 | 3.3 | 2.3 | Zoegea leptaurea | 1.0 | 0.7 | −0.3 |
Lepidium draba | 1.7 | 4.0 | 2.3 | Papaver argemone | 0.8 | 0.5 | −0.3 |
Alhagi pseudalhagi | 0.7 | 2.8 | 2.2 | Scandix stellata | 0.3 | 0.2 | −0.2 |
Rostraria cristata | 0.0 | 2.2 | 2.2 | Euphorbia sororia | 0.2 | 0.0 | −0.2 |
Lactuca serriola | 2.0 | 4.0 | 2.0 | Geranium kotschyi | 0.2 | 0.0 | −0.2 |
Scorzonera cinerea | 2.0 | 4.0 | 2.0 | Ficus johannis | 0.2 | 0.0 | −0.2 |
Tragopogon graminifolius | 1.8 | 3.8 | 2.0 | Nonea longiflora | 1.0 | 0.8 | −0.2 |
M1a | M1b | M2a | M2b | ||||
Species | Dev | Species | Dev | Species | Dev | Species | Dev |
Hordeum bulbosum | 3.35 | Cynodon dactylon | 0.67 | Fumaria parviflora | 0.38 | Senecio glaucus | 1.13 |
Hordeum murinum | 3.14 | Hordeum distichon | 0.64 | Minuartia hirsuta | 0.09 | Poa bulbosa | 1.05 |
Cynodon dactylon | 3.07 | Taeniatherum caput-medusae | 0.60 | Androsace maxima | −0.01 | Tragopogon graminifolius | 0.90 |
Taeniatherum caput-medusae | 2.94 | Hordeum murinum | 0.51 | Erodium cicutarium | −0.03 | Plantago lanceolata | 0.68 |
Medicago persica | 2.88 | Hordeum bulbosum | 0.43 | Bongardia chrysogonum | −0.04 | Hordeum distichon | 0.68 |
Astragalus stalinskyi | −0.03 | Medicago sativa | −0.88 | Triticum aestivum | −1.09 | Aegilops tauschii | −0.59 |
Euphorbia sororia | −0.08 | Senecio glaucus | −0.89 | Tragopogon collinus | −1.12 | Cynodon dactylon | −0.63 |
Sanguisorba minor | −0.12 | Medicago persica | −0.90 | Hordeum bulbosum | −1.15 | Gundelia tournefortii | −0.66 |
Solanum nigrum | −0.14 | Medicago monantha | −0.91 | Podospermum grossheimii | −1.28 | Triticum aestivum | −0.70 |
Androsace maxima | −0.16 | Lactuca serriola | −0.98 | Cynodon dactylon | −1.46 | Glycyrrhiza glabra | −0.73 |
M3 | M4a | M4b | M5 | ||||
Species | Dev | Species | Dev | Species | Dev | Species | Dev |
Scorzonera cinerea | 2.26 | Aegilops umbellulata | 0.30 | Lolium perenne | 0.82 | Scrophularia striata | 0.003 |
Tragopogon graminifolius | 2.06 | Linaria sp. | 0.23 | Alopecurus arundinaceus | 0.78 | Convolvulus arvensis | −0.09 |
Centaurea bruguierana | 2.03 | Androsace maxima | 0.22 | Bromus tomentellus | 0.78 | Avena fatua | −0.14 |
Tragopogon collinus | 2.01 | Agrostis gigantea | 0.22 | Bromus tectorum | 0.73 | Camelina hispida | −0.17 |
Glycyrrhiza glabra | 2.00 | Ficus johannis | 0.17 | Lactuca scarioloides | 0.69 | Triticum aestivum | −0.17 |
Sanguisorba minor | −0.12 | Plantago lanceolata | −0.97 | Tragopogon collinus | −0.81 | Senecio glaucus | −1.57 |
Heteranthelium piliferum | −0.12 | Scorzonera tunicata | −1.02 | Cynodon dactylon | −0.93 | Hordeum distichon | −1.69 |
Avena fatua | −0.21 | Tragopogon collinus | −1.04 | Plantago lanceolata | −0.97 | Taeniatherum caputmedusae | −1.72 |
Triticum aestivum | −0.24 | Tragopogon graminifolius | −1.24 | Tragopogon graminifolius | −1.01 | Hordeum murinum | −1.81 |
Cynodon dactylon | −0.29 | Scorzonera cinerea | −1.29 | Scorzonera cinerea | −1.07 | Hordeum bulbosum | −1.89 |
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Hosseini, Z.; Zangari, G.; Carboni, M.; Caneva, G. Substrate Preferences of Ruderal Plants in Colonizing Stone Monuments of the Pasargadae World Heritage Site, Iran. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9381. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su13169381
Hosseini Z, Zangari G, Carboni M, Caneva G. Substrate Preferences of Ruderal Plants in Colonizing Stone Monuments of the Pasargadae World Heritage Site, Iran. Sustainability. 2021; 13(16):9381. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su13169381
Chicago/Turabian StyleHosseini, Zohreh, Giulio Zangari, Marta Carboni, and Giulia Caneva. 2021. "Substrate Preferences of Ruderal Plants in Colonizing Stone Monuments of the Pasargadae World Heritage Site, Iran" Sustainability 13, no. 16: 9381. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su13169381