Use of Waste Tires as Transverse Reinforcement and External Confinement in Concrete Columns Subjected to Axial Loads
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Literature Review
- fyh is the yield stress of the confining spirals, MPa
- Ssp is the pitch of the confining spirals, mm
- ds is the diameter of spirals between bar centers, mm.
1.2. Problem Statement
2. Experimental Works
2.1. Material and Specimens Specification
2.2. Construction
2.3. Instrumentation and Test Setup
2.4. Experimental Results
- (a)
- Two unconfined columns with normal concrete (UCNCs),
- (b)
- Two unconfined columns with rubberized concrete (UCRCs),
- (c)
- Two confined columns with normal concrete (CCNCs),
- (d)
- Two confined columns with rubberized concrete (CCRCs),
- (e)
- Two confined columns with normal concrete with tires cut along the height (CCNCHs),
- (f)
- Two confined columns with rubberized concrete with tires cut along the height (CCRCHs).
2.4.1. Unconfined Concrete Column: Normal Concrete vs. Rubberized Concrete
2.4.2. Confined Concrete Column: Normal Concrete vs. Rubberized Concrete
2.4.3. Confined Concrete Columns with Tires Cut along the Height: Normal Concrete vs. Rubberized Concrete
2.4.4. Normal Concrete Columns Comparison
2.4.5. Rubberized Concrete Columns Comparison
2.5. Tire Confinement Effect
- At is the cross-sectional area of the tire at the threaded wall, mm2
- D is the inside diameter of the column, mm
- Ssp is the pitch between the tires, mm.
3. Discussion
- Cyclical loading of tire columns using displacement-controlled testing methods to understand the confinement properties provided by tires fully.
- Rubber-concrete contact relationship with the tire aging.
- Testing the physical properties of waste tires to understand their wear and tear.
- Testing single tires filled with concrete to quantify the confinement of the tire.
- Testing tire columns and benchmark unconfined columns with the same dimensions.
- Testing tire columns with and without reinforcing rebar under flexure loading.
4. Conclusions
- (a)
- Shear and columnar failure were common failure modes in unconfined normal concrete and rubber concrete specimens.
- (b)
- In the case of rubber concrete, only the unconfined specimens exhibited a higher total energy dissipation under monotonic compression loading compared to normal concrete specimens. This variation in energy dissipation could be attributed to tire variations and their respective wear and tear.
- (c)
- The confined columns, whether made of normal or rubber concrete, achieved a higher concrete axial force before failure than the unconfined columns.
- (d)
- After concrete failure, confined normal concrete and rubber concrete columns displayed strain-softening behavior. However, the columns continued to pick up force after the drop but never reached the previous peak force.
- (e)
- Confined concrete columns with tires cut along their height exhibited a significantly greater reduction in force after concrete failure compared to confined concrete columns without such cuts.
- (f)
- Among columns with normal concrete, the highest energy dissipation under monotonic compression loading was observed in CCNCs, followed by CCNCHs and UCNCs.
- (g)
- Among columns with rubber concrete, the greatest energy dissipation under monotonic compression loading was observed in CCRCs, followed by CCRCHs and UCRCs.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Normal Concrete | Rubberized Concrete | ||
---|---|---|---|
Material | Weight (kg/cu.m) | Material | Weight (kg/cu.m) |
Cement | 352.4 | Cement | 520.6 |
Fly Ash | 296.9 | Fly Ash | 130.4 |
Fine Aggregate | 1210.9 | Fine Aggregate | 1210.9 |
Coarse Aggregate | 576.7 | Coarse Aggregate | 490.2 |
Water | 267.5 | Rubber Aggregate | 29.0 |
Water | 267.5 |
Specimen | Average Compressive Strength (MPa) |
---|---|
Unconfined Normal Concrete | 35.2 |
Confined Normal Concrete | 34.8 |
Confined Rubberized Concrete | 35.1 |
Unconfined Rubberized Concrete | 34.9 |
Type: Unconfined | Maximum Axial Force (kN) | Corresponding Displacement (mm) | Maximum Stress (MPa) | Strain (mm/mm) | Energy Dissipation (kJ) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
UCNC1 | 3426.9 | 5.99 | 26.4 | 0.00654 | 7.99 |
UCNC2 | 2783.9 | 10.13 | 21.4 | 0.00811 | 9.15 |
UCRC1 | 3258.5 | 9.96 | 25.1 | 0.01089 | 11.75 |
UCRC2 | 2998.7 | 8.89 | 23.1 | 0.00965 | 10.53 |
CCNC1 | 6031.7 | 10.1 | 46.5 | 0.01109 | 94.18 |
CCNC2 | 5093.2 | 11.4 | 39.2 | 0.01259 | 46.77 |
CCRC1 | 3567.0 | 9.1 | 27.5 | 0.00990 | 12.68 |
CCRC2 | 4317.8 | 30.2 | 33.3 | 0.03323 | 62.10 |
CCNCH1 | 4948.2 | 10.7 | 38.1 | 0.01177 | 47.03 |
CCNCH2 | 5412.2 | 9.9 | 41.7 | 0.01095 | 55.29 |
CCRCH1 | 4752.4 | 2.4 | 36.6 | 0.00259 | 9.59 |
CCRCH2 | 3714.7 | 7.9 | 28.6 | 0.00870 | 23.75 |
Type | Average Maximum Compressive Stress (f′cc) MPa | Average Confinement Effectiveness, kl (f′cc/f′co) |
---|---|---|
CCNC | 42.8 | 1.78 |
CCRC | 30.4 | 1.26 |
CCNCH | 39.9 | 1.67 |
CCRCH | 36.6 | 1.35 |
Tire | Inner Diameter (mm) | Threaded Section Width (mm) | Confining Pressure, fl (MPa) |
---|---|---|---|
225/75R16 | 712.5 | 200.7 | 2.24 |
235/80R16 | 750.6 | 210.8 | 2.24 |
215/85R16 | 740.4 | 190.5 | 2.05 |
Type | Specimen | Actual Confinement (fl/f′co) |
---|---|---|
CCNC | CCNC1 | 0.094092 |
CCNC2 | 0.094092 | |
CCRC | CCRC1 | 0.093553 |
CCRC2 | 0.093553 | |
CCNCH | CCNCH1 | 0.094092 |
CCNCH2 | 0.094092 | |
CCRCH | CCRCH1 | 0.093553 |
CCRCH2 | 0.093553 |
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Mahat, M.; Acharya, M.; Acharya, M.; Mashal, M. Use of Waste Tires as Transverse Reinforcement and External Confinement in Concrete Columns Subjected to Axial Loads. Sustainability 2023, 15, 11620. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su151511620
Mahat M, Acharya M, Acharya M, Mashal M. Use of Waste Tires as Transverse Reinforcement and External Confinement in Concrete Columns Subjected to Axial Loads. Sustainability. 2023; 15(15):11620. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su151511620
Chicago/Turabian StyleMahat, Mahesh, Mahesh Acharya, Manish Acharya, and Mustafa Mashal. 2023. "Use of Waste Tires as Transverse Reinforcement and External Confinement in Concrete Columns Subjected to Axial Loads" Sustainability 15, no. 15: 11620. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su151511620