Evaluation and Analysis of the Gross Ecosystem Product towards the Sustainable Development Goals: A Case Study of Fujian Province, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Sources and Pre-Processing
2.3. Accounting Methods
Function Category | Accounting Indicators | Accounting Formula | Formula Description | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ecosystem product supply | Agriculture, forestry, livestock, and fishery products | Value quantity according to the statistical research survey data | [15,22,23] | |
Fresh water supply | is the value of fresh water supplied (Yuan/year), is the water consumption of the ith type, is the market unit price of water consumption for the ith type. | [18] | ||
Ecosystem regulation service | Water conservation | is the water conservation value (Yuan/year), is the volume of water conservation (m3/year), is the construction cost per unit of reservoir capacity (Yuan/m3), is the volume of water used within the accounting area (m3/year), is the volume of net water transfer across the study area (m3/year), is the water volume flowing out of the region (m3/year), is the water volume inflowing into the region (m3/year), is the runoff coefficient of the study area. | [18,24,25] | |
Soil conservation | is the value of ecosystem soil conservation (Yuan/year), is the value of reducing sedimentation (Yuan/year) is the value of reducing surface source pollution (Yuan/year), is the coefficient of sedimentation, is the weight of soil conservation (ton/year), is the soil capacity (ton/m3), is the project cost of dredging the unit reservoir (Yuan/m3), is the pure content of a pollutant (nitrogen or phosphorus) in the soil (%), is the unit treatment cost of a pollutant (nitrogen or phosphorus) (Yuan/ton), is the rainfall erosion force factor, is the soil erodibility factor, is the slope length factor, is the slope factor, is the vegetation cover factor, is the soil conservation factor. | [20,26,27] | ||
Flood control | is the value of ecosystem flood control (Yuan/year), is the volume of flood water control (m3/year), is the construction cost per unit of reservoir capacity (Yuan/m3), is the flood control volume of reservoirs (m3/year), is the flood control volume of lakes (m3/year), is the total reservoir capacity (10,000 m3), is the area of the lakes (km2). | [20,28] | ||
Coastal zone protection | is the value of coastal zone protection (Yuan/year), is the area of offshore and coastal wetlands (ha/year); is the unit price of wave elimination and siltation promotion for offshore and coastal wetlands (Yuan/ha). | [11,29,30] | ||
Carbon sequestration | is the carbon sequestration value (Yuan/year), is the value of carbon sequestration on farmlands (Yuan/year), is the value of carbon sequestered by each ecosystem types in the study (Yuan/year), is the total area of the farmlands (ha), is the rate of carbon sequestration in agricultural soils (ton/(ha year)), is the market price of carbon sequestration (Yuan/ton), is the net primary productivity of the ith ecosystem type. | [19,31] | ||
Oxygen supply | is the value of oxygen supply (Yuan/year), is the market oxygen transaction price (Yuan/ton). | [19] | ||
Air purification | is the value of ecosystem air purification (Yuan/year), is the quantity of the ith air pollutant cleaned (ton/year), is the cost required to treat the ith air pollutant (Yuan/ton), is the quantity of the ith atmospheric pollutant absorbed by the jth type of ecosystem per unit area (ton/(km2·year)), is the area of the jth ecosystem type (km2). | [10,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40] | ||
Water purification | is the value of ecosystem water purification (Yuan/year), is the quantity of the ith water pollutant cleaned (ton/year), is the cost required to treat the ith water pollutant (Yuan/ton), is the amount of the ith water pollutant purified by the ecological land per unit area (ton/km2), is the water area of the ecosystems (km2). | [10,41,42] | ||
Climate regulation | is the value of ecosystem climate regulation (Yuan/year), is the total amount of energy consumed by the ecosystem during transpiration and evaporation (kWh/year), is the average electricity price in 2020 (Yuan/kWh), is the amount of energy consumed by the plant during transpiration (kWh/year), is the total amount of energy consumed in the evaporation process of water (kWh/year), is the amount of energy consumed by transpiration per unit area of each type of ecosystem (kJ/(ha day)), is the area of the ith ecosystem type (m2), is the number of days in a year that the air conditioner is turned on (day), is the ratio of the energy conversion efficiency of the air conditioner, is the volume of water consumed by evaporation (m3), is the water evaporation potential (J/g), is the amount of energy required for the humidifier to convert 1 m3 of water into steam. | [10,43,44] | ||
Pest and disease control | is the value of pest and disease control (Yuan/year), is the value of forest pest and disease control (Yuan/year), is the value of grassland pest and disease control (Yuan/year), is the forest area (km2), is the area of the grasslands (km2), is the cost of forest pest and disease control per unit area (Yuan/km2), is the cost of grassland pest and disease control per unit area (Yuan/km2). | [20] | ||
Ecosystem culture service | Leisure travel | is the value of leisure travel (Yuan/year), is consumer expenditure (Yuan/year), is consumer surplus (Yuan/year), is the cost of travel (Yuan/year), is the value of travel time (Yuan/year), is the length of the tourist tour (hour), is the wage rate (Yuan/hour). | [12,20] |
2.4. Standard Deviational Ellipse
2.5. The Panel Vector Auto Regression Model
3. Results
3.1. Changes in GEP
3.2. Spatial Pattern of GEP
3.3. The Interactive Response Relationship between GEP and GDP
4. Discussion
4.1. Determinant Factors Affecting GEP
4.2. Sustainable Development Recommendations for the Study Area
4.3. Contributions and Disadvantages of the Study
4.4. Future Directions for GEP Research
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Years | CenterX/(°) | CenterY/(°) | XStdDist/km | YStdDist/km | Rotation/(°) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2000 | 117.981 | 26.083 | 0.966 | 1.564 | 39.361 |
2005 | 117.985 | 26.055 | 0.971 | 1.568 | 38.7551 |
2010 | 118.004 | 26.041 | 0.979 | 1.562 | 38.478 |
2015 | 118.028 | 26.015 | 0.988 | 1.557 | 37.409 |
2020 | 118.047 | 26.002 | 0.994 | 1.555 | 37.321 |
Lagging Order | AIC | BIC | HQIC |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 26.0472 * | 26.4514 * | 26.2112 * |
2 | 26.5477 | 27.0433 | 26.7489 |
3 | 30.4625 | 31.0567 | 30.7039 |
4 | 26.3887 | 27.0899 | 26.6737 |
5 | 26.6773 | 27.4951 | 27.0096 |
Explanatory Variables | Explained Variables | |
---|---|---|
GEP | GDP | |
L GEP | 1.115841 *** | 0.6878061 *** |
L GDP | −0.0584083 | 0.7088464 *** |
Lagging Order | Impact Variables | ||
---|---|---|---|
Forecast Period | GEP | GDP | |
GEP | 5 | 0.978 | 0.022 |
GDP | 5 | 0.816 | 0.184 |
GEP | 10 | 0.948 | 0.052 |
GDP | 10 | 0.915 | 0.085 |
GEP | 15 | 0.929 | 0.071 |
GDP | 15 | 0.916 | 0.084 |
GEP | 20 | 0.916 | 0.084 |
GDP | 20 | 0.907 | 0.093 |
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Hu, Q.; Lu, C.; Chen, T.; Chen, W.; Yuan, H.; Zhou, M.; Qiu, Z.; Bao, L. Evaluation and Analysis of the Gross Ecosystem Product towards the Sustainable Development Goals: A Case Study of Fujian Province, China. Sustainability 2023, 15, 3925. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su15053925
Hu Q, Lu C, Chen T, Chen W, Yuan H, Zhou M, Qiu Z, Bao L. Evaluation and Analysis of the Gross Ecosystem Product towards the Sustainable Development Goals: A Case Study of Fujian Province, China. Sustainability. 2023; 15(5):3925. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su15053925
Chicago/Turabian StyleHu, Qingping, Chunyan Lu, Tingting Chen, Wanting Chen, Huimei Yuan, Mengxing Zhou, Zijing Qiu, and Lingxin Bao. 2023. "Evaluation and Analysis of the Gross Ecosystem Product towards the Sustainable Development Goals: A Case Study of Fujian Province, China" Sustainability 15, no. 5: 3925. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su15053925