Prostate Cancer in 2021: Novelties in Prognostic and Therapeutic Biomarker Evaluation
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. PCa Grading
2.1. ISUP and GUPS
2.2. Gleason Grading, Computational Pathology and Artificial Intelligence
3. Aggressive Variant of PCa
4. Molecular Markers Predicting Significant Disease or Response to Therapy
4.1. Mutations to the DNA Damage Repair Pathway and PARPi
4.2. Mutations Other than Defective DNA Repair Mechanisms
4.3. Molecular Markers and Immunotherapy
4.4. Molecular Markers and Liquid Biopsy
4.5. Antibody-Drug Conjugates
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Biomarkers | Description | Clinical Impact |
---|---|---|
PTEN | PTEN loss is associated with adverse oncological outcomes | By itself or in combination with other biomarkers helps distinguish indolent tumors from those likely to progress |
APC, RASSF1, TBX15 methylation | DNA methylation biomarkers associated with cribriform architecture and IDC-P | Detection of DNA methylation-based biomarkers may act as indicators of cribriform and/or IDC patterns in biopsy tissue samples |
SChLAP 1 | Long non-coding RNA overexpressed in 25% of PCa | High expression significantly correlates with metastatic progression of PCa |
BRCA 2 | BRCA2-mutant PCa harbor increased genomic instability and a mutational profile similar to metastatic rather than localized disease | BRCA2-mutant PCa are uniquely aggressive, often occur in young men, have higher rates of lymph node and distant metastasis, and increased mortality, justifying aggressive initial treatment |
Tissue Target | Drug | Disease | Strategy | Phase | Estimated Completion Date | NCT Number |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PSMA | ARX517 | mCRPC | Single agent | 1 | August 2024 | NCT04662580 |
STEAP1 | AMG 509 | PCa refractory to a novel antiandrogen therapy and not more than 2 taxane regimens | Single agent | 1 | October 2025 | NCT04221542 |
TROP2 | Sacituzumab govitecan (IMMU-132) | mCRPC progressing on ARSI | Single agent | 2 | October 2021 | NCT03725761 |
CD46 | FOR46 | mCRPC | Single agent | 1 | December 2021 | NCT03575819 |
B7-H3 | MGC018 | Advanced solid tumors including prostate cancer | Single agent or with anti-PD-1 antibody MGA012 | 1/2 | May 2025 | NCT03729596 |
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Cimadamore, A.; Mazzucchelli, R.; Lopez-Beltran, A.; Massari, F.; Santoni, M.; Scarpelli, M.; Cheng, L.; Montironi, R. Prostate Cancer in 2021: Novelties in Prognostic and Therapeutic Biomarker Evaluation. Cancers 2021, 13, 3471. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cancers13143471
Cimadamore A, Mazzucchelli R, Lopez-Beltran A, Massari F, Santoni M, Scarpelli M, Cheng L, Montironi R. Prostate Cancer in 2021: Novelties in Prognostic and Therapeutic Biomarker Evaluation. Cancers. 2021; 13(14):3471. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cancers13143471
Chicago/Turabian StyleCimadamore, Alessia, Roberta Mazzucchelli, Antonio Lopez-Beltran, Francesco Massari, Matteo Santoni, Marina Scarpelli, Liang Cheng, and Rodolfo Montironi. 2021. "Prostate Cancer in 2021: Novelties in Prognostic and Therapeutic Biomarker Evaluation" Cancers 13, no. 14: 3471. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cancers13143471