Next Article in Journal
Biosynthesized Bimetallic (ZnOSnO2) Nanoparticles for Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Dyes and Pharmaceutical Pollutants
Previous Article in Journal
A Theoretical Study of the Oxygen Release Mechanisms of a Cu-Based Oxygen Carrier during Chemical Looping with Oxygen Uncoupling
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Catalysts
Volume 12
Issue 3
10.3390/catal12030333
catalysts-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Electrocatalytic Isomerization of Allylic Alcohols: Straightforward Preparation of β-Aryl-Ketones

by
Anding Li
1,†,
Nan Zheng
1,†,
Kai Guo
1,
Zhongchao Zhang
1 and
Zhen Yang
1,2,3,*
1
State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics and Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
2
Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
3
Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors have contributed equally to this work.
Catalysts 2022, 12(3), 333; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal12030333
Submission received: 22 February 2022 / Revised: 7 March 2022 / Accepted: 10 March 2022 / Published: 16 March 2022
(This article belongs to the Section Electrocatalysis)
Browse Figures
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Electrochemical synthesis has been rapidly developing over the past few years. Here, we report a practical and eco-friendly electrocatalytic isomerization of allylic alcohols to their corresponding carbonyl compounds. This reaction can be carried out in undivided cells without the addition of external chemical oxidants and metal catalysts. Moreover, this reaction features a broad substrate scope including challenging allylic alcohols bearing tri- and tetra-substituted olefins and affords straightforward access to diverse β-aryl-ketones. Mechanistic investigations suggest that the reactions proceed through a radical process. This study represents a unique example in which electrochemistry enables hydrogen atom transfer in organic allylic alcohol substrates using a simple organocatalyst.

1. Introduction

The prevalence and biological importance of carbonyl compounds in the pharmaceutical, fine chemical, and materials science industries have driven a growing interest in developing more efficient methodologies for their synthesis [1]. In this context, isomerization has emerged in recent years as an attractive and straightforward strategy for synthesizing versatile, challenging, substituted carbonyl compounds from readily available or easily accessible allylic alcohols [2,3,4,5,6]. Compared with conventional conversions involving stepwise transformations that often require stoichiometric external oxidants and reductants, the isomerization of allylic alcohols to their corresponding carbonyl compounds has significant advantages in the atom and step economy [7,8,9,10]. In recent decades, numerous approaches have been developed for the catalytic isomerization of allylic alcohols based on metal catalysts involving iron [11], rhodium [12,13], ruthenium [14,15,16], iridium [17,18], palladium and others in one-pot, redox-neutral processes (Scheme 1A) [19,20,21]. These methods enabled the rapid assembly of versatile carbonyl compounds from readily accessible allylic alcohols via a single-step isomerization process. Although great success has been achieved, these transformations proved to be less efficient when using heavily substituted olefins, particularly those with tetra-substituted double bonds that are sterically hindered for binding and reacting with metal catalysts [22,23]. Recently, the photoredox-mediated hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) process has demonstrated exciting results for C-H bond functionalization, as well as other transformations [24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32]. We previously described a photoredox-catalyzed isomerization of γ-carbonyl-substituted allylic alcohols to their corresponding 1,4-dicarbonyl compounds by combining photoredox and HAT catalysts (Scheme 1B) [33]. Further theoretical studies indicated that electron-deficient γ-carbonyl substituents were crucial to the single-electron reduction process. Despite the great advances in generating functionalized 1,4-dicarbonyl compounds, this method failed to catalyze the isomerization of allylic alcohols bearing other substituent groups at the γ position in our initial attempts (such as γ-aryl-allylic alcohols), which largely restricted its application (Scheme S1).
In order to expand the application scope and develop a more efficient synthetic methodology, we became interested in electrochemistry [34,35,36,37,38]. Electrochemical transformations have emerged as a useful technology for achieving efficient and sustainable methodologies for organic synthesis, using electrons as direct and traceless redox reagents, thus decreasing the use of expensive metal catalysts and additives [39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50]. We envisioned that combining direct electrolysis with the HAT process would be an effective strategy to realize the isomerization of substituted γ-aryl-allylic alcohols [51,52,53,54,55,56]. In this work, we have developed an electrocatalytic isomerization approach to achieve the straightforward synthesis of diverse β-aryl-ketones, which are widely distributed as core scaffolds in bioactive compounds and natural products (Figure 1).

2. Results and Discussion

At the outset, we chose γ-phenyl allylic alcohol 1a, which was easily prepared from cyclohexanone via a two-step transformation, as a model substrate to optimize the electrocatalytic isomerization conditions (Table 1). A 72% yield of the desired β-phenyl hexanone 2a was obtained by using a two-electrode system in an undivided cell (glassy carbon rod anode and platinum plate cathode, 8 mA constant) at room temperature, with quinuclidine (20 mol%) as the catalyst, nBu4NH2PO4 (1.0 equiv.) as the electrolyte (Table 1, entry 1). Both electricity (Table 1, entry 2) and the organic catalyst (Table 1, entry 3) were critical for the formation of 2a. Conducting the reaction at a current of 5 mA (Table 1, entry 4) led to a reduced yield of 58%, while a higher constant current of 12 mA (Table 1, entry 5) resulted in substrate decomposition. Although applied extensively as an HAT mediator, DABCO was found to be ineffective in promoting the formation of 2a in the current system (Table 1, entry 6) [54,57]. The yield of 2a was also slightly diminished to 62% by changing the solvent to pure MeCN (Table 1, entry 7). However, other solvents, including DMF (Table 1, entry 8) and HIFP (Table 1, entry 9), led to only a trace amount of product. When the reaction was carried out in the presence of water, no desired product could be detected (Table 1, entry 10). Changing the supporting electrolyte to nBu4NBF4 (Table 1, entry 11) and nBu4NBF6 (Table 1, entry 12) resulted in reduced reaction efficiency. Importantly, no product could be obtained under an air atmosphere (Table 1, entry 13), likely due to the oxidative decomposition of quinuclidine. Finally, lower yields were observed with an alternative zinc plate cathode (Table 1, entry 14) and glassy carbon rod cathode, indicating the importance of platinum cathode (Table 1, entry 15). Alight drop in yield was observed with an extended reaction time (Table 1, entry 16).
With the optimized conditions in hand, we then moved on to evaluating the substrate scope. To this end, various substituted γ-aryl-allylic alcohols were rapidly synthesized from readily available starting materials in 3–4 step transformations and then tested to extend the application scope (Figure 2). To our delight, a number of tri-substituted secondary allylic alcohols bearing different carbon skeletons as well as electron-rich and electron-deficient substituents on the phenyl unit were well-tolerated in this process, and could afford the corresponding β-aryl-ketones in moderate to good yields (2a–2j), except for 2h which may be due to the oxidative sensitivity within the pyridine moiety. The significant drop in the yield of 2k was probably due to steric hindrance, which reduced the accessibility of the quinuclidinium radical cation to the olefins. Remarkably, using the standard reaction conditions, the isomerization of allylic alcohols with tetra-substituted olefins successfully provided the corresponding α,β-bis-substituted ketones in moderate to good yields (2l–2s). The obtained trans/cis ratios in these compounds may contribute to the protonation and tautomerization of intermediates in the reaction process. As a result, our currently developed methodology might provide a practical means of synthesizing these synthetically challenging motifs.
To verify the practical feasibility of our electrocatalytic isomerization process, a 10-fold scaling-up synthesis of 2b (5.0 mmol) was conducted using a modified electrolysis device and reaction condition (Scheme 2, Supporting Information for reaction device setup). The desired isomerization proceeded smoothly, allowing for the large-scale synthesis of 2b in 78% yield (92% brsm). This result further demonstrated the potential application of this isomerization protocol in pharmaceutical and synthetic research.
Furthermore, substrate scope investigation using γ-carbonyl allylic alcohols as substrates also demonstrated its broad reaction compatibility, even with tetra-substituted olefins, affording the corresponding β-carbonyl ketones that are important intermediates in organic synthesis (Figure 3). Notably, compared with our previously developed photoredox-catalyzed isomerization method that required a longer reaction time (up to 5 days at 40 °C) [33], the electrocatalytic isomerization strategy exhibited significantly enhanced reaction efficiency and higher energy utilization (within 12 h at room temperature).
To gain insights into the reaction mechanism, control experiments were performed (Figure 4A). Treatment with additive TEMPO (2.0 equiv.) dramatically diminished the reaction efficiency, which supported a radical process as the main pathway. This hypothesis was further supported by the successful detection of the TEMPO-adducted product TEMPO-2a via HRMS. Subsequently, the isomerization of the deuterium labeled substrate d-1a under the optimized conditions resulted in unlabeled product 2a, suggesting an intermolecular protonation process that is consistent with our previous discovery [33]. The decreased yield was likely due to the isotopic effect, which caused a reduced efficiency of the HAT process [58,59]. The catalytic role of quinuclidine in oxidizing the allylic alcohol substrate 1a was further confirmed by a cyclic voltammetry (CV) study (Figure 4B). The oxidation of quinuclidine would be preferred at a lower potential (E = 1.59 V vs. SCE), which is below that of substrate 1a (E = 1.68 V vs. SCE).
Finally, based on the above results and our previous study, a plausible mechanism was proposed (Figure 5). The electrolysis begins with the anodic oxidation of quinuclidine [q] to generate its radical cation [q]+, which then initiates the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) process with the allylic alcohol hydrogen-bonded species ii (phosphonate product of starting material i) to form the corresponding allylic alcoholic radical iii, along with the quinuclidinium cation [q]H+. The alcoholic radical iii is further reduced to the phosphonate allylic alcohol anion iv at the cathode and quenched to enol v via protonation, which eventually affords ketone vi via tautomerization.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. General Information

Unless otherwise stated, all chemicals were purchased at the highest commercial quality (>95%) and used directly without purification. Anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (THF) and toluene were distilled from sodium-benzophenone, and MeCN was distilled from calcium hydride. All reactions were carried out in flame-dried flasks with magnetic stirring under an argon gas atmosphere with dry solvents (exceptions were made for condition optimization entries where air and water were added intentionally). External oil-baths were used to record all reaction temperatures. Low-temperature reactions were conducted in a Dewar vessel filled with acetone/dry ice (−78 °C) or distilled water/ice (0 °C). Reactions were monitored by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) carried out on 0.25 mm Tsingdao silica gel glass-backed plates (60F-254) and visualized under UV light at 254 nm. Staining was performed with an ethanolic solution of phosphomolybdic acid (PMA) and heat as developing agents. Tsingdao silica gel (60, particle size 0.040–0.063 mm) was used for flash column chromatography for product purification. Yields refer to chromatographical isolation unless otherwise specified. NMR spectra were recorded on Brüker Advance 500, 400 and 300 MHz and reported as follows: chemical shift δ in ppm (multiplicity, coupling constant J in Hz, number of protons) for 1H NMR spectra and chemical shift δ in ppm for 13C NMR spectra. The following abbreviations were used to explain the multiplicities: s = singlet, d = doublet, t = triplet, q = quartet, m = multiplet, or combinations thereof. Residual solvent peaks in CDCl3 (δ H = 7.26 ppm, δ C = 77.16 ppm), CD2Cl2 (δ H = 5.32 ppm, δ C = 53.84 ppm), CD3OD (δ H = 3.31 ppm, δ C = 49.00 ppm) was used as an internal standard reference. High-resolution mass spectrometric (HRMS) data were recorded on Q-TOF-MS instruments (Brüker Apex IV RTMS and VG Auto Spec-3000). Melting points (m.p.) were recorded on a SGWX-4B apparatus. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis was recorded at CHI 660D Instrument.

3.2. General Experimental Procedure for Electrocatalytic Isomerization of Allylic Alcohols

Quinuclidine (20 mol%, 12 mg), and nBu4NH2PO4 (0.5 mmol, 170 mg). MeCN (5 mL), toluene (1 mL) were added to the flame-dried and argon charged ElectraSyn 2.0 reaction vial (IKA, 10 mL) with a stir bar. Next, MeCN (5 mL), toluene (1 mL) was added, followed by the corresponding allylic alcohol substrate (0.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv.). The EletraSyn 2.0 vial cap equipped with the anode (glassy carbon, 2 × 8 × 52 mm3) and cathode (platinum, 2 × 8 × 52 mm3) were inserted into the mixture. The reaction system was strictly deoxygenated several times with argon. The reaction mixture was then electrolyzed under a constant current of 8 mA for 8–12 h under argon. When the reaction was completed as indicated from the TLC check, the mixture was collected and electrodes were rinsed several times with ethyl acetate. The mixture was filtered through a plug of celite and washed with ethyl acetate. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel to provide the product.

4. Conclusions

In summary, we developed an electrocatalytic isomerization of allylic alcohols, which provides straightforward and eco-friendly access to functionalized β-aryl and β-carbonyl ketones, with good yields. From a synthetic point of view, this protocol displays a broad substrate scope and obviates the requirement of chemical oxidant reagents and expensive metal catalysts. Additionally, a plausible hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) mechanism was proposed based on control experiments and the cyclic voltammetry (CV) study. Finally, the successful use of this protocol in the scale-up experiment further highlights its potential application in organic synthesis. Further synthetic applications, as well as investigations into the enantioselective version of this reaction, are currently in progress in our laboratory.

Supplementary Materials

The following Supporting Information can be downloaded at: https://0-www-mdpi-com.brum.beds.ac.uk/article/10.3390/catal12030333/s1, Scheme S1: Initial attempts of photoredox-catalyzed isomerization of 1a; Reaction setup for electrolysis; Preparation of the substrates; Mechanistic studies; Characterization data of compounds; NMR spectra of compounds.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, A.L., N.Z., K.G., Z.Z., and Z.Y.; methodology, A.L., N.Z., K.G. and Z.Z.; investigation, A.L., N.Z. and K.G.; resources, Z.Y.; data curation, A.L. and N.Z.; writing—original draft preparation, N.Z., A.L., Z.Y.; writing—review and editing, N.Z., A.L., Z.Y.; visualization, N.Z., Z.Y.; supervision, Z.Y.; funding acquisition, Z.Y., A.L. and N.Z. have contributed equally to this work. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was financially funded by National Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 21632002, 21772008, 21871012, 22171013), Guangdong Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 2020B0303070002), Shenzhen Basic Research Program (Grant No. JCYJ20170818090044432).

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Dian Li and Xin-peng Mu for helpful discussion.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Shi, F.; Wang, H.; Dai, X. Carbonyl Compounds: Reactants, Catalysts and Products; Wiley-VCH: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Van der Drift, R.C.; Bouwman, E.; Drent, E. Homogeneously catalysed isomerisation of allylic alcohols to carbonyl compounds. J. Organomet. Chem. 2002, 650, 1–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Luca, M.; Clément, M. Platinum metals in the catalytic asymmetric isomerization of allylic alcohols. Chem. Lett. 2011, 40, 341–344. [Google Scholar]
  4. Ahlsten, N.; Bartoszewicz, A.; Martín-Matute, B. Allylic alcohols as synthetic enolate equivalents: Isomerisation and tandem reactions catalysed by transition metal complexes. Dalton Trans. 2012, 41, 1660–1670. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  5. Lorenzo-Luis, P.; Romerosa, A.; Serrano-Ruiz, M. Catalytic isomerization of allylic alcohols in water. ACS Catal. 2012, 2, 1079–1086. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Li, H.; Mazet, C. Iridium-catalyzed selective isomerization of primary allylic alcohols. Acc. Chem. Res. 2016, 49, 1232–1241. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Trost, B.M. The atom economy—A search for synthetic efficiency. Science 1991, 254, 1471–1477. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Sheldon, R.A. The E factor: Fifteen years on. Green Chem. 2007, 9, 1273–1283. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Newhouse, T.; Baran, P.S.; Hoffmann, R.W. The economies of synthesis. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2009, 38, 3010–3021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Anastas, P.; Eghbali, N. Green chemistry: Principles and practice. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2010, 39, 301–312. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Branchadell, V.; Crévisy, C.; Grée, R. Theoretical study on the mechanism of iron carbonyls mediated isomerization of allylic alcohols to saturated carbonyls. Chem. Eur. J. 2003, 9, 2062–2067. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Ahlsten, N.; Lundberg, H.; Martín-Matute, B. Rhodium-catalysed isomerisation of allylic alcohols in water at ambient temperature. Green Chem. 2010, 12, 1628–1633. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Liu, T.-L.; Ng, T.W.; Zhao, Y. Rhodium-catalyzed enantioselective isomerization of secondary allylic alcohols. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139, 3643–3646. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  14. Cadierno, V.; García-Garrido, S.E.; Gimeno, J.; Varela-Álvarez, A.; Sordo, J.A. Bis(allyl)-ruthenium(IV) complexes as highly efficient catalysts for the redox isomerization of allylic alcohols into carbonyl compounds in organic and aqueous media:  Scope, limitations, and theoretical analysis of the mechanism. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 1360–1370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  15. Wu, R.; Beauchamps, M.G.; Laquidara, J.M.; Sowa, J.R., Jr. Ruthenium-catalyzed asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of allylic alcohols by an enantioselective isomerization/transfer hydrogenation mechanism. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 2106–2110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  16. Manzini, S.; Poater, A.; Nelson, D.J.; Cavallo, L.; Nolan, S.P. How phenyl makes a difference: Mechanistic insights into the ruthenium(ii)-catalysed isomerisation of allylic alcohols. Chem. Sci. 2014, 5, 180–188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  17. Li, H.; Mazet, C. Catalyst-directed diastereoselective isomerization of allylic alcohols for the stereoselective construction of C(20) in steroid side chains: Scope and topological diversification. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 10720–10727. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Mantilli, L.; Gérard, D.; Torche, S.; Besnard, C.; Mazet, C. Iridium-catalyzed asymmetric isomerization of primary allylic alcohols. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 5143–5147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Martinez-Erro, S.; Sanz-Marco, A.; Gómez, A.B.; Vάzquez-Romero, A.; Ahlquist, M.S.G.; Martín-Matute, B. Base-catalyzed stereospecific isomerization of electron-eeficient allylic alcohols and ethers through ion-pairing. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 13408–13414. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Sutar, R.L.; Sen, S.; Eivgi, O.; Segalovich, G.; Schapiro, I.; Reany, O.; Lemcoff, N.G. Guiding a divergent reaction by photochemical control: Bichromatic selective access to levulinates and butenolides. Chem. Sci. 2018, 9, 1368–1374. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  21. Lai, L.; Li, A.N.; Zhou, J.; Guo, Y.; Lin, L.; Chen, W.; Wang, R. Mg(OMe)2 promoted allylic isomerization of γ-hydroxy-α,β-alkenoic esters to synthesize γ-ketone esters. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2017, 15, 2185–2190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Mantilli, L.; Mazet, C. Iridium-catalyzed isomerization of primary allylic alcohols under mild reaction conditions. Tetrahedron Lett. 2009, 50, 4141–4144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Larionov, E.; Lin, L.; Guénée, L.; Mazet, C. Scope and mechanism in palladium-catalyzed isomerizations of highly substituted allylic, homoallylic, and alkenyl Alcohols. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 16882–16894. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Romero, N.A.; Nicewicz, D.A. Organic photoredox catalysis. Chem. Rev. 2016, 116, 10075–10166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  25. Skubi, K.L.; Blum, T.R.; Yoon, T.P. Dual catalysis strategies in photochemical synthesis. Chem. Rev. 2016, 116, 10035–10074. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  26. Chan, A.Y.; Perry, I.B.; Bissonnette, N.B.; Buksh, B.F.; Edwards, G.A.; Frye, L.I.; Garry, O.L.; Lavagnino, M.N.; Li, B.X.; Liang, Y.; et al. Metallaphotoredox: The merger of photoredox and transition metal catalysis. Chem. Rev. 2022, 122, 1485–1542. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Jeffrey, J.L.; Terrett, J.A.; MacMillan, D.W.C. O–H hydrogen bonding promotes H-atom transfer from α C-H bonds for C-alkylation of alcohols. Science 2015, 349, 1532–1536. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  28. Le, C.; Liang, Y.; Evans, R.W.; Li, X.; MacMillan, D.W.C. Selective sp3 C-H alkylation via polarity-match-based cross-coupling. Nature 2017, 547, 7983. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  29. Ye, J.; Kalvet, I.; Schoenebeck, F.; Rovis, T. Direct α-alkylation of primary aliphatic amines enabled by CO2 and electrostatics. Nat. Chem. 2018, 10, 1037–1041. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Yang, H.-B.; Feceu, A.; Martin, D.B.C. Catalyst-controlled C-H functionalization of adamantanes using selective H-atom transfer. ACS Catal. 2019, 9, 5708–5715. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  31. Ashley, M.A.; Yamauchi, C.; Chu, J.C.K.; Otsuka, S.; Yorimitsu, H.; Rovis, T. Photoredox-catalyzed site-selective α-C(sp3)-H alkylation of primary amine derivatives. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 4002–4006. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Dimakos, V.; Su, H.Y.; Garrett, G.E.; Taylor, M.S. Site-selective and stereoselective C-H alkylations of aarbohydrates via combined siarylborinic acid and photoredox catalysis. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141, 5149–5153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  33. Guo, K.; Zhang, Z.; Li, A.; Li, Y.; Huang, J.; Yang, Z. Photoredox-catalyzed isomerization of highly substituted allylic alcohols by C-H bond activation. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 11660–11668. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  34. Yan, M.; Kawamata, Y.; Baran, P.S. Synthetic organic electrochemical methods since 2000: On the verge of a renaissance. Chem. Rev. 2017, 117, 13230–13319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  35. Jiang, Y.; Xu, K.; Zeng, C. Use of electrochemistry in the synthesis of heterocyclic structures. Chem. Rev. 2018, 118, 4485–4540. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Heard, D.M.; Lennox, A.J.J. Electrode materials in modern organic electrochemistry. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 18866–18884. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Murray, P.R.D.; Cox, J.H.; Chiappini, N.D.; Roos, C.B.; McLoughlin, E.A.; Hejna, B.G.; Nguyen, S.T.; Ripberger, H.H.; Ganley, J.M.; Tsui, E.; et al. Photochemical and electrochemical applications of proton-coupled electron transfer in organic synthesis. Chem. Rev. 2022, 122, 2017–2291. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Munda, M.; Niyogi, S.; Shaw, K.; Kundu, S.; Nandia, R.; Bisai, A. Electrocatalysis as a key strategy for the total synthesis of natural products. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2022, 20, 727–748. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Kawamata, Y.; Yan, M.; Liu, Z.; Bao, D.-H.; Chen, J.; Starr, J.T.; Baran, P.S. Scalable, electrochemical oxidation of unactivated C-H bonds. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139, 7448–7451. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  40. Peters, B.K.; Rodriguez, K.X.; Reisberg, S.H.; Beil, S.B.; Hickey, D.P.; Kawamata, Y.; Collins, M.; Starr, J.; Chen, L.; Udyavara, S.; et al. Scalable and safe synthetic organic electroreduction inspired by Li-ion battery chemistry. Science 2019, 363, 838–845. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Gnaim, S.; Takahira, Y.; Wilke, H.R.; Yao, Z.; Li, J.; Delbrayelle, D.; Echeverria, P.-G.; Vantourout, J.C.; Baran, P.S. Electrochemically driven desaturation of carbonyl compounds. Nat. Chem. 2021, 13, 367–372. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Huang, C.; Qian, X.-Y.; Xu, H.-C. Continuous-flow electrosynthesis of benzofused S-heterocycles by dehydrogenative C−S cross-coupling. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 6650–6653. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  43. Fu, N.; Song, L.; Liu, J.; Shen, Y.; Siu, J.C.; Lin, S. New bisoxazoline ligands enable enantioselective electrocatalytic cyanofunctionalization of vinylarenes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141, 14480–14485. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  44. Liang, Y.; Shi, S.-H.; Jin, R.; Qiu, X.; Wei, J.; Tan, H.; Jiang, X.; Shi, X.; Song, S.; Jiao, N. Electrochemically induced nickel catalysis for oxygenation reactions with water. Nat. Catal. 2021, 4, 116–123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Hou, Z.-W.; Liu, D.-J.; Xiong, P.; Lai, X.-L.; Song, J.; Xu, H.-C. Site-selective electrochemical benzylic C-H amination. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2021, 60, 2943–2947. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Qin, J.-H.; Luo, M.-J.; An, D.-L.; Li, J.-H. Electrochemical 1,2-diarylation of alkenes enabled by direct dual C-H functionalizations of electron-rich aromatic hydrocarbons. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2021, 60, 1861–1868. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Zhu, J.; Chen, Z.; He, M.; Wang, D.; Li, L.; Qi, J.; Shi, R.; Lei, A. Metal-free electrochemical C3-sulfonylation of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines. Org. Chem. Front. 2021, 8, 3815–3819. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Saito, M.; Kawamata, Y.; Meanwell, M.; Navratil, R.; Chiodi, D.; Carlson, E.; Hu, P.; Chen, L.; Udyavara, S.; Kingston, C.; et al. N-ammonium ylide mediators for electrochemical C-H oxidation. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2021, 143, 7859–7867. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Wu, Z.-J.; Li, S.-R.; Xu, H.-C. Synthesis of N-heterocycles by dehydrogenative annulation of N-allyl amides with 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2018, 57, 14070–14074. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Jie, L.-H.; Guo, B.; Song, J.; Xu, H.-C. Organoelectrocatalysis enables direct cyclopropanation of methylene compounds. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2022, 144, 2343–2350. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Liu, Y.; Shi, B.; Liu, Z.; Gao, R.; Huang, C.; Alhumade, H.; Wang, S.; Qi, X.; Lei, A. Time-resolved EPR revealed the formation, structure, and reactivity of N-centered radicals in an electrochemical C(sp3)-H arylation reaction. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2021, 143, 20863–20872. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  52. Liang, H.; Wang, L.-J.; Ji, Y.-X.; Wang, H.; Zhang, B. Selective electrochemical hydrolysis of hydrosilanes to silanols via anodically generated silyl cations. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2021, 60, 1839–1844. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  53. Chen, X.-R.; Zhang, S.-Q.; Meyer, T.H.; Yang, C.-H.; Zhang, Q.-H.; Liu, J.-R.; Xu, H.-J.; Cao, F.-H.; Ackermann, L.; Hong, X. Carboxylate breaks the arene C-H bond via a hydrogen-atom-transfer mechanism in electrochemical cobalt catalysis. Chem. Sci. 2020, 11, 5790–5796. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  54. Kurimoto, Y.; Yamashita, J.; Mitsudo, K.; Sato, E.; Suga, S. Electrosynthesis of phosphacycles via dehydrogenative C-P bond formation using DABCO as a mediator. Org. Lett. 2021, 23, 3120–3124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  55. Yang, C.; Farmer, L.A.; Pratt, D.A.; Maldonado, S.; Stephenson, C.R.J. Mechanism of electrochemical generation and decomposition of phthalimide-N-oxyl. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2021, 143, 10324–10332. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  56. Huang, H.; Strater, Z.M.; Lambert, T.H. Electrophotocatalytic C-H functionalization of ethers with high regioselectivity. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 1698–1703. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  57. Ghorbani, F.; Harry, S.A.; Capilato, J.N.; Pitts, C.R.; Joram, J.; Peters, G.N.; Tovar, J.D.; Smajlagic, I.; Siegler, M.A.; Dudding, T.; et al. Carbonyl-directed aliphatic fluorination: A special type of hydrogen atom transfer beats out Norrish II. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 14710–14724. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  58. Wu, J.; Zhou, Y.; Zhou, Y.; Chiang, C.-W.; Lei, A. Electro-oxidative C(sp3)-H amination of azoles via intermolecular oxidative C(sp3)-H/N−H cross-coupling. ACS Catal. 2017, 7, 8320–8323. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  59. Hu, X.; Zhang, G.; Bu, F.; Nie, L.; Lei, A. Electrochemical-oxidation-induced site-selective intramolecular C(sp3)-H amination. ACS Catal. 2018, 8, 9370–9375. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Catalysts 12 00333 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Metal-catalyzed (A), photoredox-catalyzed (B), and electrocatalytic isomerization (C) of allylic alcohols to their corresponding carbonyl compounds.
Scheme 1. Metal-catalyzed (A), photoredox-catalyzed (B), and electrocatalytic isomerization (C) of allylic alcohols to their corresponding carbonyl compounds.
Catalysts 12 00333 sch001
Catalysts 12 00333 g001 550
Figure 1. Representative bioactive molecules containing β-aryl-ketones.
Figure 1. Representative bioactive molecules containing β-aryl-ketones.
Catalysts 12 00333 g001
Catalysts 12 00333 g002 550
Figure 2. Substrate scope of γ-aryl-allylic alcohols. Reactions were conducted at a 0.5 mmol scale using standard reaction conditions. All tri-substituted allylic alcohol substrates were E-isomers. The trans/cis ratios of products were determined by 1H-NMR spectra.
Figure 2. Substrate scope of γ-aryl-allylic alcohols. Reactions were conducted at a 0.5 mmol scale using standard reaction conditions. All tri-substituted allylic alcohol substrates were E-isomers. The trans/cis ratios of products were determined by 1H-NMR spectra.
Catalysts 12 00333 g002
Catalysts 12 00333 sch002 550
Scheme 2. Large-scale experiment. Reaction conditions: Undivided cell, Graphite rod anode (30 × 30 × 3 mm3), Platinum plate cathode (30 × 30 × 0.1 mm3), constant current = 20 mA, 2a = 5.0 mmol, nBu4NH2PO4 = 5.0 mmol, quinuclidine = 30 mol%, MeCN/toluene (5:1) = 50 mL, under argon, room temperature, 24 h. brsm = based on recovered starting material.
Scheme 2. Large-scale experiment. Reaction conditions: Undivided cell, Graphite rod anode (30 × 30 × 3 mm3), Platinum plate cathode (30 × 30 × 0.1 mm3), constant current = 20 mA, 2a = 5.0 mmol, nBu4NH2PO4 = 5.0 mmol, quinuclidine = 30 mol%, MeCN/toluene (5:1) = 50 mL, under argon, room temperature, 24 h. brsm = based on recovered starting material.
Catalysts 12 00333 sch002
Catalysts 12 00333 g003 550
Figure 3. Substrate scope of γ-carbonyl-allylic alcohols. Reactions were conducted at a 0.5 mmol scale using standard reaction conditions. All tri-substituted allylic alcohol substrates were E-isomers. The trans/cis ratios of the products were determined by 1H-NMR spectra.
Figure 3. Substrate scope of γ-carbonyl-allylic alcohols. Reactions were conducted at a 0.5 mmol scale using standard reaction conditions. All tri-substituted allylic alcohol substrates were E-isomers. The trans/cis ratios of the products were determined by 1H-NMR spectra.
Catalysts 12 00333 g003
Catalysts 12 00333 g004 550
Figure 4. Mechanism studies. (A) Deuterium label experiment and radical trapping experiment. (B) Cyclic voltammetry study. 1 Cyclic voltammograms of substrate 1a and quinuclidine in dry and deoxygenated MeCN/toluene (5:1) containing nBu4NH2PO4 (1.0 equiv.) and a potential sweep rate of 100 mV/s (vs. SCE). brsm = based on recovered starting material.
Figure 4. Mechanism studies. (A) Deuterium label experiment and radical trapping experiment. (B) Cyclic voltammetry study. 1 Cyclic voltammograms of substrate 1a and quinuclidine in dry and deoxygenated MeCN/toluene (5:1) containing nBu4NH2PO4 (1.0 equiv.) and a potential sweep rate of 100 mV/s (vs. SCE). brsm = based on recovered starting material.
Catalysts 12 00333 g004
Catalysts 12 00333 g005 550
Figure 5. Proposed mechanism for the electrocatalytic isomerization of allylic alcohols.
Figure 5. Proposed mechanism for the electrocatalytic isomerization of allylic alcohols.
Catalysts 12 00333 g005
Table
Table 1. Optimization of the reaction conditions 1.
Table 1. Optimization of the reaction conditions 1.
Catalysts 12 00333 i001
EntryVariation from the Standard ConditionsYield (%) 2
1none72
2no electricityn.d. (100)
3no quinuclidinen.d. (90)
45 mA15 (59)
512 mAn.d.
6DABCO instead of quinuclidinen.d. (95)
7MeCN as solvent62
8DMF as solventtrace (80)
9HIFP as solventtrace (42)
10solvent containing 0.5 mL H2On.d. (98)
11nBu4NBF4 instead of nBu4NH2PO431 (50)
12nBu4NPF6 instead of nBu4NH2PO4n.d. (95)
13under Airtrace (55)
14Zn(-) instead of Pt(-)29
15Glassy carbon(-) instead of Pt(-)trace
16reaction time to 24 h 70
1 Standard reaction conditions: undivided cell, glassy carbon rod anode (2 × 8 × 52 mm3), platinum plate cathode (2 × 8 × 52 mm3), constant current = 8 mA, 1a = 0.5 mmol, nBu4NH2PO4 = 0.5 mmol, quinuclidine = 20 mol%, MeCN/toluene (5:1) = 6 mL, under argon, room temperature, 12 h. 2 Isolated yield. Recovery of unreacted 1a shown in parentheses. n.d. = not detected. DABCO = 1,4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2]octane. MeCN = acetonitrile. DMF = dimethylformamide. HIFP = hexafluoroisopropanol.
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Li, A.; Zheng, N.; Guo, K.; Zhang, Z.; Yang, Z. Electrocatalytic Isomerization of Allylic Alcohols: Straightforward Preparation of β-Aryl-Ketones. Catalysts 2022, 12, 333. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal12030333

AMA Style

Li A, Zheng N, Guo K, Zhang Z, Yang Z. Electrocatalytic Isomerization of Allylic Alcohols: Straightforward Preparation of β-Aryl-Ketones. Catalysts. 2022; 12(3):333. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal12030333

Chicago/Turabian Style

Li, Anding, Nan Zheng, Kai Guo, Zhongchao Zhang, and Zhen Yang. 2022. "Electrocatalytic Isomerization of Allylic Alcohols: Straightforward Preparation of β-Aryl-Ketones" Catalysts 12, no. 3: 333. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal12030333

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop