Behavior of TiO2 and CeO2 Nanoparticles and Polystyrene Nanoplastics in Bottled Mineral, Drinking and Lake Geneva Waters. Impact of Water Hardness and Natural Organic Matter on Nanoparticle Surface Properties and Aggregation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Methods
2.1.1. Zeta Potential and Size Distribution Measurements
2.1.2. Scanning Electron Microscopy Imagining (SEM)
2.2. Materials
2.2.1. Nanoparticles
2.2.2. Water Samples
2.2.3. Experimental Procedures
3. Results
3.1. Characterization of NPs and Nanoplastic Particles in Ultrapure Water
3.2. Behavior of NPs and Nanoplastic Particles in Mineral, Lake Geneva and Drinking Waters
3.2.1. TiO2 Nanoparticles
3.2.2. CeO2 Nanoparticles
3.2.3. Polystyrene Nanoplastic Particles
3.2.4. Impact of Water Hardness and Organic Matter
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Samples | pH | Conductivity (20 °C) ± 5 µS/cm | Ionic Strength meq/L | Water Hardness ± 2 mg CaCO3/L | DOC ± 0.05 mg C/L |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ultrapure water | adjusted | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0.004 |
Mineral water 1 | 7.0 ± 0.1 | 201 | 2.66 | 63 | 0.28 |
Mineral water 2 | 7.2 ± 0.1 | 557 | 9.70 | 307 | 0.03 |
Mineral water 3 | 7.4 ± 0.2 | 2229 | 56.3 | 1474 | 0.25 |
Lake Geneva Water | 8.1 ± 0.1 | 298 | 4.97 | 138 | 1.12 |
Drinking water | 8.2 ± 0.1 | 310 | 5.04 | 138 | 0.40 |
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Ramirez, L.; Ramseier Gentile, S.; Zimmermann, S.; Stoll, S. Behavior of TiO2 and CeO2 Nanoparticles and Polystyrene Nanoplastics in Bottled Mineral, Drinking and Lake Geneva Waters. Impact of Water Hardness and Natural Organic Matter on Nanoparticle Surface Properties and Aggregation. Water 2019, 11, 721. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w11040721
Ramirez L, Ramseier Gentile S, Zimmermann S, Stoll S. Behavior of TiO2 and CeO2 Nanoparticles and Polystyrene Nanoplastics in Bottled Mineral, Drinking and Lake Geneva Waters. Impact of Water Hardness and Natural Organic Matter on Nanoparticle Surface Properties and Aggregation. Water. 2019; 11(4):721. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w11040721
Chicago/Turabian StyleRamirez, Lina, Stephan Ramseier Gentile, Stéphane Zimmermann, and Serge Stoll. 2019. "Behavior of TiO2 and CeO2 Nanoparticles and Polystyrene Nanoplastics in Bottled Mineral, Drinking and Lake Geneva Waters. Impact of Water Hardness and Natural Organic Matter on Nanoparticle Surface Properties and Aggregation" Water 11, no. 4: 721. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w11040721