Cytokines as Potential Biomarkers of Clinical Characteristics of Schizophrenia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Laboratory Tests
2.3. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. The Main Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Participants
3.2. Serum Concentrations of Cytokines in Patients with Schizophrenia
3.3. Serum Concentrations of Cytokines and Clinical Characteristics of Schizophrenia
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Total (n = 236) | Females (n = 121) | Males (n = 115) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 36 (30; 46) | 36 (30; 44) | 34 (29.5; 41) | 0.380 | |
Age at disease manifestation, years | 23 (19; 30) | 24.5 (20; 31) | 23 (19; 27) | 0.115 | |
Duration of disease, years | 12 (5; 19) | 11 (5; 18) | 12 (5; 17) | 0.956 | |
Clinical course, n (%) | Episodic course | 87 (49.7%) | 52 (55.3%) | 35 (43.2%) | 0.179 |
Continuous course | 71 (40.6%) | 32 (34.0%) | 39 (48.1%) | ||
PANSS, positive score | 21 (17; 25) | 21 (17; 26) | 21 (17; 25) | 0.714 | |
PANSS, negative score | 25 (21; 28) | 24 (21; 28) | 26 (22; 28) | 0.045 | |
PANSS, general score | 53 (44.5; 57.5) | 53 (47; 58) | 53 (44; 57) | 0.379 | |
PANSS, total score | 100 (87.5; 109) | 100 (87; 109) | 100 (91; 109) | 0.742 | |
Duration of antipsychotic therapy, years | 7 (3; 16) | 7 (3; 15) | 7 (3; 15.5) | 0.744 | |
Total CPZeq | 350 (200; 623) | 342.4 (200; 675) | 387.54 (200; 600) | 0.940 |
Parameter | Patients with Schizophrenia | Healthy Individuals | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Proinflammatory cytokines | |||
IL-1α | 70.83 (52.61; 105.10) | 61.84 (53.98; 111.89) | 0.660 |
IL-1β | 3.25 (2.33; 4.48) | 2.85 (1.86; 4.84) | 0.110 |
IL-2 | 6.11 (4.68; 7.12) | 5.90 (4.83; 8.10) | 0.406 |
IL-3 | 2.55 (1.31; 3.32) | 3.05 (1.38; 3.70) | 0.116 |
IL-5 | 3.39 (1.98; 4.40) | 2.04 (1.34; 3.86) | 0.001 * |
IL-6 | 10.55 (5.28; 15.48) | 6.55 (4.60; 14.68) | 0.047 * |
IL-7 | 13.09 (9.72; 29.14) | 14.14 (9.72 (29.55) | 0.632 |
IL-8 | 12.87 (9.26; 20.03) | 10.58 (7.19; 18.53) | 0.005 * |
IL-9 | 4.87 (3.32; 13.16) | 4.36 (2.81; 14.45) | 0.637 |
IL-12p40 | 45.83 (38.90; 52.70) | 44.52 (32.37; 56.46) | 0.233 |
IL-12p70 | 9.62 (6.74; 24.17) | 8.32 (6.67; 22.12) | 0.371 |
IL-15 | 9.05 (6.26; 11.71) | 7.23 (4.57; 11.42) | 0.007 * |
IL-17A | 6.58 (4.33; 14.85) | 5.60 (3.74; 14.47) | 0.152 |
IFN-α2 | 34.00 (17.32; 90.62) | 30.57 (17.50; 87.69) | 0.871 |
IFN-γ | 14.80 (10.12; 23.01) | 11.76 (8.44; 21.56) | 0.036 * |
TNF-α | 22.87 (16.94; 28.93) | 18.01 (9.76; 23.40) | <0.001 * |
TNF-β | 20.87 (6.01; 30.15) | 7.80 (5.01; 33.81) | 0.114 |
Anti-inflammatory cytokines | |||
IL-1RA | 47.08 (38.55; 63.58) | 44.79 (33.22; 52.85) | 0.007 * |
IL-4 | 111.61 (75.13; 159.29) | 92.78 (71.53; 160.49) | 0.351 |
IL-10 | 12.90 (8.00; 25.67) | 7.93 (5.84; 20.56) | <0.001 * |
IL-13 | 18.52 (13.18; 24.02) | 17.47 (12.18; 27.70) | 0.717 |
TGF-α | 5.06 (4.00; 7.06) | 4.61 (2.86; 7.20) | 0.014 * |
Parameter | Females | Males | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Patients with Schizophrenia | Healthy Individuals | p-Value | Patients with Schizophrenia | Healthy Individuals | p-Value | |
Proinflammatory cytokines | ||||||
IL-1α | 81.16 (54.66; 106.80) | 59.21 (50.20; 94.87) | 0.102 | 63.68 (52.36; 105.10) | 64.84 (57.60; 111.89) | 0.193 |
IL-1β | 3.68 (2.39; 4.57) | 2.71 (1.58; 4.22) | 0.038 * | 3.10 (2.33; 4.48) | 2.85 (2.41; 4.85) | 0.913 |
IL-2 | 6.21 (4.91; 7.12) | 5.90 (4.82; 7.95) | 0.907 | 5.63 (4.53; 7.35) | 6.03 (4.85; 8.36) | 0.230 |
IL-3 | 2.17 (1.23; 3.32) | 3.20 (1.74; 3.69) | 0.046 * | 2.81 (1.32; 3.34) | 2.91 (1.32; 3.70) | 0.886 |
IL-5 | 3.79 (2.07; 4.53) | 2.05 (1.27; 4.18) | 0.006 * | 3.08 (1.89; 4.27) | 2.03 (1.38; 3.72) | 0.048 * |
IL-6 | 10.87 (6.23; 15.78) | 6.55 (4.45; 14.93) | 0.025 * | 8.26 (4.99; 15.18) | 6.31 (4.74; 13.58) | 0.590 |
IL-7 | 15.84 (10.66; 29.91) | 12.00 (9.69 (27.55) | 0.245 | 11.35 (9.39; 28.35) | 16.34 (10.64 (31.42) | 0.070 |
IL-8 | 12.92 (9.44; 21.21) | 8.88 (6.34; 18.53) | 0.004 * | 12.31 (8.99; 19.31) | 11.48 (8.24; 18.48) | 0.313 |
IL-9 | 7.77 (3.52; 13.16) | 4.23 (2.54; 14.45) | 0.328 | 4.61 (3.04; 12.30) | 4.43 (2.81; 14.45) | 0.717 |
IL-12p40 | 45.73 (38.90; 52.70) | 42.10 (28.55; 49.27) | 0.047 * | 45.83 (38.90; 53.29) | 46.29 (37.23; 57.83) | 0.786 |
IL-12p70 | 15.68 (6.88; 24.63) | 7.99 (6.15; 20.93) | 0.099 | 8.42 (6.71; 23.71) | 8.70 (7.12; 22.79) | 0.645 |
IL-15 | 9.34 (6.26; 12.01) | 6.44 (3.72; 10.24) | 0.001 * | 8.75 (6.26; 11.27) | 8.07 (6.12; 12.30) | 0.820 |
IL-17A | 10.72 (4.29; 14.85) | 4.61 (3.25; 15.96) | 0.037 * | 5.86 (4.39; 14.66) | 7.73 (4.61; 12.98) | 0.712 |
IFN-α2 | 43.38 (18.59; 90.62) | 26.67 (15.99; 82.42) | 0.140 | 28.89 (16.01; 86.21) | 36.33 (23.90; 93.53) | 0.084 |
IFN-γ | 17.14 (10.00; 23.01) | 9.65 (7.65; 25.88) | 0.005 * | 13.08 (10.12; 23.37) | 13.00 (10.31; 21.04) | 0.925 |
TNF-α | 22.42 (16.57; 28.66) | 15.27 (8.41; 21.29) | <0.001 * | 23.02 (17.87; 28.93) | 20.26 (12.51; 25.09) | 0.025 * |
TNF-β | 23.20 (6.44; 30.15) | 7.22 (3.98; 33.82) | 0.090 | 11.92 (6.00; 29.23) | 7.94 (6.39; 30.60) | 0.879 |
Anti-inflammatory cytokines | ||||||
IL-1RA | 50.23 (41.23; 67.74) | 43.68 (32.26; 59.45) | 0.023 * | 44.96 (38.13; 57.94) | 43.90 (36.21; 51.25) | 0.176 |
IL-4 | 130.1 (81.48; 165.30) | 90.57 (65.82; 145.09) | 0.095 | 92.78 (72.14; 152.06) | 95.09 (73.42; 171.82) | 0.671 |
IL-10 | 18.94 (8.00; 26.41) | 7.43 (5.58; 16.50) | <0.001 * | 11.95 (7.77; 24.56) | 9.04 (6.27; 19.30) | 0.017 * |
IL-13 | 19.47 (13.75; 24.02) | 16.01 (10.14; 28.06) | 0.122 | 16.35 (12.89; 24.02) | 19.64 (12.97; 26.97) | 0.270 |
TGF-α | 5.15 (4.09; 7.16) | 4.03 (2.51; 6.14) | 0.006 * | 4.96 (3.77; 7.06) | 4.70 (3.01; 7.93) | 0.456 |
Parameter | Episodic Course (n = 87) | Continuous Course (n = 71) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Proinflammatory cytokines | |||
IL-1α | 74.27 (52.48; 105.1) | 94.87 (56.95; 118.65) | 0.046 * |
IL-1β | 3.69 (2.31; 4.48) | 4.13 (2.94; 5.00) | 0.035 * |
IL-2 | 6.21 (5.01; 7.12) | 6.67 (5.07; 7.57) | 0.262 |
IL-3 | 2.1 (1.2; 3.34) | 1.56 (1.26; 3.32) | 0.780 |
IL-5 | 3.59 (2.02; 4.27) | 4.13 (2.24; 4.67) | 0.084 |
IL-6 | 11.18 (5.75; 17.27) | 12.12 (6.87; 15.78) | 0.788 |
IL-7 | 14.43 (9.97; 29.91) | 26.73 (10.33; 32.18) | 0.184 |
IL-8 | 12.84 (9.41; 21.21) | 12.04 (8.26; 20.21) | 0.544 |
IL-9 | 8 (3.5; 13.6) | 11.86 (3.84; 13.6) | 0.165 |
IL-12p40 | 45.83 (37.21;52.7) | 47.55 (42.36; 54.42) | 0.156 |
IL-12p70 | 16.24 (6.15; 23.71) | 21.86 (7.49; 26.47) | 0.019 * |
IL-15 | 9.34 (6.26; 11.71) | 10.83 (7.49; 12.3) | 0.092 |
IL-17A | 8.74 (4.29; 13.73) | 12.23 (4.61; 15.59) | 0.083 |
IFN-α2 | 52.11 (17.59; 90.62) | 83.26 (23.65; 96.42) | 0.175 |
IFN-γ | 17.21 (9.97; 23.01) | 19.39 (11.84; 23.73) | 0.106 |
TNF-α | 23.85 (17.98; 31.16) | 25.20 (20.67; 29.63) | 0.656 |
TNF-β | 23.67 (6.00; 30.15) | 25.53 (6.90; 35.62) | 0.291 |
Anti-inflammatory cytokines | |||
IL-1RA | 49.19 (38.55; 69.55) | 46.02 (38.13; 60.68) | 0.286 |
IL-4 | 122.08 (77.86; 160.49) | 136.34 (81.48; 170.1) | 0.189 |
IL-10 | 14.04 (7.85; 26.41) | 23.44 (9.05; 27.89) | 0.087 |
IL-13 | 19.47 (13.52; 24.02) | 20.24 (13.75; 24.02) | 0.479 |
TGF-α | 4.67 (3.7; 6.94) | 4.42 (3.44; 5.88) | 0.181 |
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Mednova, I.A.; Boiko, A.S.; Kornetova, E.G.; Semke, A.V.; Bokhan, N.A.; Ivanova, S.A. Cytokines as Potential Biomarkers of Clinical Characteristics of Schizophrenia. Life 2022, 12, 1972. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/life12121972
Mednova IA, Boiko AS, Kornetova EG, Semke AV, Bokhan NA, Ivanova SA. Cytokines as Potential Biomarkers of Clinical Characteristics of Schizophrenia. Life. 2022; 12(12):1972. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/life12121972
Chicago/Turabian StyleMednova, Irina A., Anastasiia S. Boiko, Elena G. Kornetova, Arkadiy V. Semke, Nikolay A. Bokhan, and Svetlana A. Ivanova. 2022. "Cytokines as Potential Biomarkers of Clinical Characteristics of Schizophrenia" Life 12, no. 12: 1972. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/life12121972