CD24 in Head and Neck Malignancies—An Uprising Biomarker?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Isolation of Peripheral Blood Leukocytes
2.3. Flow Cytometry
2.4. FITC Conjugation
2.5. Immunohistochemistry
2.6. Matching and Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Study Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Entire Cohort (n = 202) | Patients (n = 101) | Healthy Controls (n = 101) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, mean (SD), y | 63.71 (12.5) | 63.82 (12.49) | 63.6 (12.57) | 0.9 |
Gender, male, No. (%) | 144 (71.3) | 72 (71.3) | 72 (71.3) | 1 |
CD24, mean (SD), % of positive PBLs expressing CD24+/CD11b− | 24.68 (13.57) | 26.97 (12.92) | 22.39 (13.89) | 0.02 |
CD24 mean (SD), no. of patients with 10th top percentile of positive PBLs expressing CD24+/CD11b− | 34 (16.8%) | 20 (19.8) | 14 (13.9) | 0.26 |
Variable | Entire Cohort (n = 101) | CD24+/CD11b− PBLs Non High Percentage (n = 81) | CD24+/CD11b− PBLs High Percentage (n = 20) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, mean (SD), y | 63.82 (12.49) | 64.09 (13.15) | 62.75 (9.56) | 0.56 | |
Gender, male, n (%) | 72 (71.3) | 54 (66.7) | 18 (90) | 0.04 | |
CD24, mean (SD), % of positive cells | 26.97 (12.92) | 22.42 (9.9) | 45.39 (4.17) | n/a | |
Smoking status, n (%) | Never | 37 (36.6) | 33 (40.7) | 4 (20) | 0.19 |
Active | 36 (35.6) | 28 (34.6) | 8 (40) | ||
Past | 28 (27.7) | 20 (24.7) | 8 (40) | ||
Tumor type, n (%) | Salivary glands | 3 (3) | 3 (3.7) | 0 (0) | n/a |
Oral cavity | 38 (37.6) | 28 (34.6) | 10 (50) | ||
Larynx | 19 (18.8) | 16 (19.8) | 3 (15) | ||
Thyroid | 11 (10.9) | 10 (12.3) | 1 (5) | ||
Oro/hypopharynx | 19 (18.8) | 14 (17.3) | 5 (25) | ||
Unknown primary/other | 11 (10.9) | 10 (12.3) | 1 (5) | ||
Histopathological classification, n (%) | SCC | 83 (82.2) | 65 (80.2) | 18 (90) | n/a |
MEC | 4 (4) | 4 (4.9) | 0 (0) | ||
Sarcoma | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 1 (5) | ||
PTC | 11 (10.9) | 10 (12.3) | 1 (5) | ||
Other | 2 (2) | 2 (2.5) | 0 (0) | ||
T classification, n (%) | 0–2 | 50 (50.5) | 40 (50.6) | 10 (50) | <0.99 |
3–4 | 49 (49.5) | 39 (49.4) | 10 (50) | ||
N classification, n (%) | 0 | 52 (53.1) | 42 (53.2) | 10 (52.6) | 0.97 |
1–3 | 46 (46.9) | 37 (46.8) | 9 (47.4) | ||
Tumor size, mean (SD), mm | 24.06 (12.92) | 22.9 (16.95) | 30.11 (27.94) | 0.53 | |
Depth of invasion, mean (SD), mm | 7.67 (6.35) | 7.72 (6.47) | 7.49 (6.27) | 0.93 | |
Extra nodal extension, n (%) | 9 (25) | 7 (23.3) | 2 (33.3) | 0.63 | |
Total metastasis, median (IQR) | 1 (0–1) | 1 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0.47 | |
Total lymph nodes dissected, median (IQR) | 21 (12–35) | 19.5 (9.5–31.75) | 24 (23–41) | 0.04 | |
Angiolymphatic invasion, n (%) | 2 (3.5) | 2 (4.3) | 0 (0) | <0.99 | |
Perineural invasion, n (%) | 12 (19) | 10 (19.6) | 2 (16.7) | <0.99 | |
Recurrence, n (%) | 28 (28.9%) | 23 (29.9%) | 5 (25%) | 0.79 | |
Adjuvant treatment, n (%) | 56 (56%) | 46 (57.5%) | 10 (50%) | 0.55 |
Variable | Entire Cohort (n = 83) | CD24+/CD11b− PBLs Non High Percentage (n = 65) | CD24+/CD11b− PBLs High Percentage (n = 18) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, mean (SD), y | 64.66 (11.52) | 65.09 (12.29) | 63.11 (8.3) | 0.52 | |
Gender, male, n (%) | 66 (79.5) | 49 (75.4) | 17 (94.4) | 0.1 | |
CD24, mean (SD), % of positive cells | 27.19 (13.46) | 22.14 (10.37) | 45.44 (4.3) | n/a | |
Smoking status, n (%) | Never | 27 (32.5) | 24 (36.9) | 3 (16.7) | 0.16 |
Active | 32 (38.6) | 25 (38.5) | 7 (38.9) | ||
Past | 24 (28.9) | 16 (24.6) | 8 (44.4) | ||
Tumor type, n (%) | Oral cavity | 38 (45.8) | 28 (43.1) | 10 (55.6) | n/a |
Larynx | 17 (20.5) | 14 (21.5) | 3 (16.7) | ||
Oro/hypopharynx | 19 (22.9) | 14 (21.5) | 5 (27.8) | ||
Unknown primary/other | 9 (10.8) | 9 (13.8) | 0 (0) | ||
T classification, n (%) | 0–2 | 38 (45.8) | 29 (44.6) | 9 (50) | 0.69 |
3–4 | 45 (54.2) | 36 (55.4) | 9 (50) | ||
N classification, n (%) | 0 | 46 (56.1) | 37 (56.9) | 9 (52.9) | 0.77 |
1–3 | 36 (43.9) | 28 (43.1) | 8 (47.1) | ||
Tumor size, mean (SD), mm | 23.56 (19.58) | 22.42 (17.04) | 28.88 (29.61) | 0.85 | |
Depth of invasion, mean (SD), mm | 7.67 (6.35) | 7.72 (6.47) | 7.49 (6.27) | 0.93 | |
Extra nodal extension, n (%) | 7 (28) | 6 (30) | 1 (20) | <0.99 | |
Total metastasis, median (IQR) | 0 (0–1) | 0.5 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0.44 | |
Total lymph nodes dissected, median (IQR) | 22 (12–36) | 19 (11.5–35.5) | 29.5 (23–41.75) | 0.08 | |
Angiolymphatic invasion, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | n/a | |
Perineural invasion, n (%) | 10 (20.4) | 8 (20.5) | 2 (20) | <0.99 | |
Recurrence, n (%) | 24 (30) | 30 (32.3) | 4 (22.2) | 0.41 | |
Adjuvant treatment, n (%) | 46 (55.4) | 38 (58.5) | 8 (44.4) | 0.29 |
Correlation with CD24+/CD11b− Percentage in PBL | p-Value | |
---|---|---|
Age (years) | −0.099 | 0.162 |
Gender | 0.116 | 0.100 |
Smoking status | 0.117 | 0.242 |
Recurrence of tumor | −0.036 | 0.719 |
Tumor size (mm) | 0.006 | 0.967 |
Depth of invasion (mm) | −0.106 | 0.522 |
Angiolymphatic invasion | 0.039 | 0.771 |
T classification | −0.010 | 0.920 |
N classification | 0.042 | 0.680 |
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Carmel Neiderman, N.N.; Shapira, S.; Klein, L.; Rafael, D.; Gorelik, G.; Kampel, L.; Arber, N.; Muhanna, N. CD24 in Head and Neck Malignancies—An Uprising Biomarker? J. Pers. Med. 2023, 13, 1631. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jpm13121631
Carmel Neiderman NN, Shapira S, Klein L, Rafael D, Gorelik G, Kampel L, Arber N, Muhanna N. CD24 in Head and Neck Malignancies—An Uprising Biomarker? Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2023; 13(12):1631. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jpm13121631
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarmel Neiderman, Narin N., Shiran Shapira, Linor Klein, Dor Rafael, Gregory Gorelik, Liyona Kampel, Nadir Arber, and Nidal Muhanna. 2023. "CD24 in Head and Neck Malignancies—An Uprising Biomarker?" Journal of Personalized Medicine 13, no. 12: 1631. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jpm13121631