The Effect of Isothermal Multi-Directional Forging on the Grain Structure, Superplasticity, and Mechanical Properties of the Conventional Al–Mg-Based Alloy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Grain Structure Evolution at IMF
3.2. Grain Structure Evolution of IMF Proceeded Samples at Annealing in a Temperature Range of 450–540 °C (Mode A)
3.3. Grain Structure of the Sheets (Modes B and C)
3.4. Tensile Test
3.4.1. Superplastic Behavior at Elevated Temperatures
3.4.2. Room Temperature Tensile Tests
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The micro-shear bands were formed inside the original grains after the second (∑e = 1.4) and the third (∑e = 2.1) IMF passes, and the dynamic recrystallization started during the third IMF pass. The fraction of recrystallized grains increased, and their size decreased in both the periphery and central part of the sample as the cumulative strain increased from 2.1 to 6.3.
- (2)
- The IMF processed samples exhibited a non-homogeneous grain structure consisting of fine and coarse grain areas. The sizes of original coarse grains varied in a range of 30–140 µm. Fifty-seven percent of recrystallized grains with a mean size of 1.2 µm were observed in the central part and 43% of recrystallized grains with a mean size of 2.9 µm were observed in the periphery of the samples. The recrystallized fraction was unchanged, and the grain growth occurred in the fine-grained area during annealing in a temperature range of 450–540 °C, leading to an increase in the mean grain size of 1.9–9.4 µm. The IMF processed samples exhibited an ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 405 MPa, a yield strength (YS) of 300 MPa and an elongation to failure of 17%. The non-homogeneous grain structure resulted in non-superplastic behavior of the alloy in a strain rate range of 10−3 to 10−2 s−1 at 500 and 540 °C.
- (3)
- The sheets exposed to IMF with subsequent cold rolling and recrystallization annealing at 500 °C demonstrated a homogeneous fine grain structure with a mean size of 4.8 µm and high strain rate superplasticity with elongation of 350–500%, a strain rate sensitivity index of m = 0.5–0.6 in a strain rate range of 10−3 to 10−2 s−1 at 500 and 540 °C. In comparison, the elongation to failure was 250–350%, and the mean grain size was 8.0 µm in the sheets processed by simple thermo-mechanical treatment. Cold rolling of IMF-processed samples led to an increase in YS to 500 MPa: two times higher than that of samples subjected to a simple thermo-mechanical treatment which included hot and cold rolling.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Element | Mg | Mn | Zn | Zr | Cr | Ti | Fe+Si | Al |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Concentration | 5.66 | 0.81 | 0.67 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.3 | Base |
Treatment | Mode B | Mode C |
---|---|---|
Mean grain size, μm | 4.8 ± 0.1 | 8.0 ± 0.3 |
Form factor | 0.79 | 0.73 |
Mode | Yield Strength, MPa | Ultimate Tensile Strength, MPa | δ, % |
---|---|---|---|
Mode A | 300 ± 5 | 405 ± 4 | 17 ± 1 |
Mode B, as-rolled | 500 ± 5 | 525 ± 7 | 3 ± 1 |
Mode B, annealing at 500 °C for 30 min | 195 ± 3 | 335 ± 5 | 27 ± 2 |
Mode C, as-rolled | 235 ± 5 | 475 ± 6 | 10 ± 1 |
Mode C, annealing at 500 °C for 30 min | 175 ± 5 | 320 ± 5 | 21 ± 1 |
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Mikhaylovskaya, A.V.; Kotov, A.D.; Kishchik, M.S.; Prosviryakov, A.S.; Portnoy, V.K. The Effect of Isothermal Multi-Directional Forging on the Grain Structure, Superplasticity, and Mechanical Properties of the Conventional Al–Mg-Based Alloy. Metals 2019, 9, 33. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/met9010033
Mikhaylovskaya AV, Kotov AD, Kishchik MS, Prosviryakov AS, Portnoy VK. The Effect of Isothermal Multi-Directional Forging on the Grain Structure, Superplasticity, and Mechanical Properties of the Conventional Al–Mg-Based Alloy. Metals. 2019; 9(1):33. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/met9010033
Chicago/Turabian StyleMikhaylovskaya, Anastasia V., Anton D. Kotov, Mikhail S. Kishchik, Alexey S. Prosviryakov, and Vladimir K. Portnoy. 2019. "The Effect of Isothermal Multi-Directional Forging on the Grain Structure, Superplasticity, and Mechanical Properties of the Conventional Al–Mg-Based Alloy" Metals 9, no. 1: 33. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/met9010033